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THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  DAM! 
INDICATED  BELOW  AND  IS  SUB- 
TECT  TO  AN  OVERDUE  FINE  AS 
POSTED  AT  THE  CIRCULATION 
DESK. 


FEB  1 6  1977 


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JAN  -  4  1984 
OCT  -  9 1985 


DECi&995 


0CT21.«M 


MAR  -  3  1989 
Oil  1  9  1991 


A  DICTIONARY 


BOTANICAL    TERMS 


BY 

A.   A.   CROZIER 


NEW    YORK 
HENRY  HOLT  AND  COMPANY 

1892 


Copyright,  1893, 

BY 

HENEY  HOLT  &  CO. 


PREFACE. 


It  is  now  nearly  twenty  years  since  an  English  dictionary 
of  botanical  terms  was  published,  and  the  development  of 
botany  during  that  time  has  brought  into  use  many  new 
terms  and  led  to  the  abandonment  of  some  of  those  which 
were  formerly  employed.  The  present  work,  though  larger 
than  any  of  its  predecessors,  is  therefore  Avautiug  in  certain 
terms  which  are  found  in  the  earlier  botanical  dictionaries. 
A  few  obsolete  terms,  however,  which  occur  in  standard 
botanical  literature  are  retained  and  marked  as  such.  The 
scope  of  this  dictionary  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of  its 
predecessors,  except  that  it  is  broader  on  the  side  of  agri- 
culture and  horticulture,  as  it  aims  to  include  all  technical 
terms  applied  to  plants  both  by  botanists  and  others.  Very 
many  of  the  newer  terms  are  from  the  German  botanists,  to 
whom  we  owe  by  far  the  greater  part  of  modern  structural 
and  physiological  botany.  These  terms,  particularly,  in- 
clude an  unfortunately  large  number  of  synonyms,  which 
seem  to  be  a  necessary  result  of  active  research  by  inde- 
pendent workers  in  the  same  fields.  With  few  exceptions, 
no  definition  is  repeated,  all  approved  synonyms  being 
brought  together  under  one  term.  Where  a  choice  existed 
this  has  permitted  the  preferable  term  alone  to  be  defined. 
No  obsolete  or  wholly  undesirable  synonyms,  however, 
accompany  the  definitions,  and  such  of  these  as  occur  in 
alphabetical  order  have  usually  been  admitted  only  to  refer 


PREFACE. 

the  reader  to  the  proper  term.  The  cross-references  freely 
given  to  terms  of  similar  and  opposite  meanings  will  be 
found  useful  in  broadening  the  scope  of  the  definitions. 

I  desire  here  to  express  my  gratitude  to  various  botanical 
friends  for  their  contributions  to  this  work,  particularly  to 
Dr.  W.  J.  Beal,  of  the  Michigan  Agricultural  College,  who 
has  revised  the  entire  manuscript  and  improved  many  of 
the  definitions;  to  Professor  V.  M.  Spalding,  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  who  has  revised  and  corrected  the 
terms  relating  to  fungi;  to  Mr.  F.  0.  Newcombe  for  aid 
upon  the  terms  applied  in  karyokinesis;  and  to  Professor 
L.  H.  Bailey,  of  Cornell  University,  for  advance  proof-sheets 
of  his  glossary  of  horticultural  terms. 

The  marking  of  the  pronunciation  was  begun  by  Mr.  B. 
Pickman  Mann,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  and  completed  by 
Mr.  F.  P.  Jordan,  of  the  University  of  Michigan.  In  their 
work  Webster's  dictionary  was  mainly  followed  as  authority. 

Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  January,  1892. 


SIGNS  AND    ABBREVIATIONS. 


(T) annual. 

(2) biennial. 

if . .  ..perennial. 

5  . . .  .staminate. 

5 pistillate. 

£  ...  .perfect. 

oo numerous  ;      more      than 

twenty  when  applied  to 
stamens. 

? doubt. 

! certainty.      Indicates  that 

the  author  has  seen  the 
specimen  iu  question. 

n.  sp.  new  species.  Used  only 
with  the  first  printed 
description. 

Eu...the  Greek  word  "well," 
sometimes  written  after  a 
species  to  indicate  that  it 
is  certainly  a  well-defined 
species,  not  a  variety. 


MEASUREMENT. 

0 foot. 

' inch. 

" line  (TV  inch). 

cm. ..centimeter. 

c.c. .  .cubic  centimeter. 

m.m.  millimeter. 

/.i mu   (the   Greek  letter   m), 

micromillimeter,  j-J^  of 
a  millimeter,  the  unit 
of  microscopic  measure- 
ment. It  is  about  .000039 
of  an  inch. 

X.  •  ..used  to  express  magnifica- 
tion. Thus,  X  150  indi- 
cates a  magnification  of 
150  diameters.  The  im- 
proper fraction  ifa  indi- 
cates the  same,  but  this 
form  is  little  used. 


A  DICTIONARY 

OF 

BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


A,  prefixed  to  words  of  Greek 
origin  often  signifies  absence, 
as  apet'alous,  without  petals. 
Before  a  vowel  it  is  changed 
to  an,  as  anan'therous,  without 
anthers. 

ABAX  IAL,  out  of  the  axis.     See 

EXCENTRIC. 

ABBRE  VlATED,  shorter  than  an 
adjoining  organ,  or  one  with 
which  it  is  compared. 

ABERRANT,  differing  widely 
from  the  usual  form  or  struc- 
ture; as:  the  Fumariacese  have 
been  regarded  as  an  aberrant 
group  of  Papaveraceas. 

ABIOGENESIS,  see  Spontane- 
ous Generation. 

ABJEO'TION,  throwing  off  with 
force,  as  spores  or  seeds. 

ABJOINT',  to  separate  at  a  joint. 

AB  JUNCTION,  the  separation 
of  one  part  from  another;  de- 
limitation. Compare  Abstrio 
tion. 

ABNORMAL,  differing  from  the 
*  usual  structure  or  condition. 

ABORIG  INAL,  see  Indigenous. 

ABORTION,  the  non-formation 
or  imperfect  formation  of  an 
organ,  so  that  it  does  not  per- 


form its  usual  function.  Com- 
pare Suppression,  Degener 
ation,  Atrophy. 

ABORTIVE,  imperfect,  or  want- 
ing.    See  Obsolete. 

ABRUPT',  terminating  sud- 
denly, as  a  leaf  which  ends 
without  a  tapering  extremity, 
a  compouud  leaf  without  a 
terminal  leaflet,  or  a  stem 
which  is  sharply  bent. 

Abrupt  ly  Acuminate,  hav- 
ing a  broad  extremity  from 
which  a  point  arises. 

ABRUPT  LY  PINNATE,  pinnate 
without  a  terminal  leaflet,  and 
usually  with  an  even  number 
of  leaflets.  There  may  be  a 
terminal  point  or  tendril;  even 
pinnate;  equally  pinnate. 
Compare  Imparipinnate. 

ABSCIS  SION,  cutting  off  sharply, 
as  the  separation  of  the  f  rus- 
tules  of  diatoms.  Compare 
Abstriction. 

AB  SCISS  LAY'ER,  a  layer  of  cells 
formed  by  renewed  cell-divi- 
sion in  the  base  of  the  leaf- 
stalk in  autumn,  the  formation 
of  which  permits  the  fall  of 
the  leaf. 


Absorption 


A  DICTIONARY 


Acerose 


ABSORPTION,  the  method  by 
•which  fluids  enter  the  plant. 
See  Osmose  and  Imbibition. 

ABSTRIC  TION,  the  separation  of 
one  part  from  another  by  con- 
striction and  the  formation  of 
a  septum.  Applied  especially 
to  the  separation  of  spores  from 
their  hyphte.  Compare  Ab- 
scission aud  Abjunction. 

AcAL'YCINE,     without      calyx; 

acalycinous. 
ACALYC  INOtJS,  see  Acalycine. 

ACAN'THA  (pi.  Acan'thje),  a 
thorn,  spiue,  or  prickle. 

AcANTHA  CEOUS.  having  thorns, 
spines,  or  prickles. 

ACANTHOCAR  POUS,  having  the 
fruit  furnished  with  spiues  or 
prickles 

ACANTHOC  LADOTJS,  having 
spiny  branches. 

ACANTHOPH  OROtTS,  bearing 
prickles,  spines,  or  thorns. 

ACANTHOP  ODOIJS,  having  the 
petiole  or  pedicel  furnished 
with  spines  or  prickles. 

AcAR'POUS,  not  producing  fruit. 

ACAULESCENCE,  an  abnormal 
suppression  of  the  stem. 

ACAULESCENT,  having  only  a 
very  short  atrial  leaf-bearing 
stem,  apparently  none,  as  in  the 
dandelion;  acauline;  acaulose; 
acaulous. 

ACAU'LINE,  see  Acatjlescent. 

ACAU'LIS,  see  Acaulescent. 

ACAULOSE,  see  Acaulescent. 

ACAU  LOUS,  see  Acaulescent. 

ACCESSORY,  additional  to  the 
usual  number,  or  accompany- 
ing something  else;  supernu- 
merary. Said  of  the  additional 
buds  when  more  than  one 
occur  in  an  axil ;  applied  to 
the  border  of  the  apothecium 
in  lichens  when  of  a  different 


substance  or  color  from  the 
disk. 

ACCESSORY  BUDS,  also  called 
secondary  buds  and  super- 
numerary buds;  the  additional 
buds  when  more  than  one  occur 
in  or  near  the  axil,  as  in  the 
butternut. 

ACCES  SORY  CELL,  the  sister-cell 
of  a  guard-cell;  subsidiary  cell. 

ACCESSORY  FRUIT,  one  in 
•which  some  additional  part  or 
parts  is  associated  with  the 
matured  ovary,  as  in  the  win- 
tergreen,  Qcmltheria  procum- 
bens;  anthocarpous  fruit.  The 
term  is  not  applied  to  fruits 
with  an  adherent  calyx-tube, 
as  the  apple  and  currant.  Com- 
pare Aggregate  Fruit  and 
Collective  Fruit. 

ACCESSORY  GONID'lA,  gonidial 
formations  in  some  species  of 
Mucorini  in  addition  to  the 
typical  kind. 

ACCIDENTAL,  see  Adventi- 
tious. 

ACCOMMODA'TION,  see  Adapta- 
tion. 

ACCRES'CENT,  increasing  in  size 
after  Idoweriug; — applied  to 
parts  accessory  to  the  fruit,  as 
the  calyx  of  Physalis. 

ACCRETE',  grown  together  in 
any  manner. 

ACCRETION,  the  growing  of  one 
thing  to  another  ;  growth  by 
addition  of  particles  to  the  out- 
side. 

ACCUM'BENT,  lying  upon  or 
against  another  body,  as  the 
edge  of  the  cotyledons  against 
the  caulicle  in  some  Crucif era1. 
Compare  Incumbent. 

ACEPH'ALOUS,  headless;  said  of 
an  ovary  when  the  style  is  at- 
tached to  some  other  part  than 
the  summit. 

ACEROSE',    narrow,     stiff,     and 


Acervate 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Acrogynous 


pointed,  like  the  leaves  of  the 
hr.  Intermediate  in  form  be- 
tween Acicular  and  Subulate. 

ACER'VATE,  growing-  in  heaps  or 
"clusters;  coacervate. 

ACER'VULtJS  (pi.  Acer'vuli),  a 
small  heap,  as  of  spores. 

ACETABU'LIFORM,  deep  saucer- 
shaped,  with  a  broad  concave 
bottom  and  nearly  upright 
sides.     Compare  Cotyliform. 

ACETA'RlOtJS,  used  for  salads. 

AC'ETOSE,  sour;  acid. 

ACHiE'NlUM,  see  Acheniu.m. 

ACHiE'NOCARP,  any  simple  dry 
indehiseent  fruit.    (Masters.) 

ACHEI'lARY,  destitute  of  a  label- 
lum,  as  some  orchids. 

AOHENE',  see  Achenium. 

ACHE'NltJM  (pi.  Ache'nia),  a 
small,  dry,  indehiseent,  one- 
seeded  seed-like  fruit  or  carpel 
in  which  the  covering  does  not 
adhere  to  the  seed,  as  in  the 
sunflower  or  buttercup;  aclnp- 
niuni;  achene;  akene.  Com- 
pare Caryopsis,  Utricle, 
Cypsela. 

ACHENO'DIUM,  see  Cremocarp. 

AOHlAMY'DEOUS,  destitute  of 
calyx  and  corolla. 

Achromatic,      not     readily 

colored  by  the  usual  staining 
agents. 

ACHRO'MATIN,  the  basic  sub- 
stance of  the  nucleus,  less 
highly  colored  by  staining 
agents  than  the  rest. 

ACIC'ULA  (pi.  Aqic'uIS),  a  needle- 
shaped  spine,  prickle,  or  other 
body. 

ACICULAR,  slender  needle-  or 
bristle-shaped,  as  the  leaves  of 
most  pines;  aciculate;  aeiculi- 
form;  aciform.  Compare 
Acerose. 

ACICULATE,  see  Acicular. 

AciC'tJLATED,    marked   by  fine 


grooves,  as  if  scratched  with 
a  needle.  Finer  than  striate, 
and  not  necessarily  parallel. 

AciC'tJLIFORM,  see  Acicular. 

A'CIES,  an  edge. 

ActFORM,  see  Acicular. 

ACINACEOUS,   full    of    kernels. 

(Rare.) 
AclNAC'IFORM,       s  c  y  m  i  t  a  r  - 

shaped, — having  one  edge  thin 
and  convex,  and  the  other 
thick  and  straight  or  concave, 
like  many  bean-pods. 

AC'INE,  one  of  the  succulent  car- 
pels of  a  fruit  like  the  rasp- 
berry; acinus..  (Originally 
Acinus  meant  a  bunch  of  grapes 
or  similar  fruit,  as  the  currant, 
and  later  the  term  was  applied 
to  one  of  the  berries  of  such  a 
bunch  and  to  the  seeds  of  the 

„  grape.) 

AfJINOSE',  consisting  of  granular 
bodies  somewhat  resembling 
grape-seed.  More  rarely,  re- 
sembling a  grape-berry  or 
bunch  of  grapes. 

AC'INUS  (pi.  As'inl),  see  Acine. 

ACOTYLED'ONOUS,  destitute  of 
cotyledons,  as  Cuscuta. 

ACRAMPHIB'RYOUS,  said  of 
plants  whose  growth  is  not 
confined  to  the  apex,  i.e.,  which 
produce  lateral  as  well  as 
terminal  buds.  (Rare. )  Com- 
pare.    Acrogenous. 

ACROB'RYOUS,  see  Acrogenous. 

ACROCARPOUS,  having  terminal 
fructification.  Used  chiefly  in 
mosses.       Compare       Clado- 

CARPOUS. 

ACROG'ENOUS,  growing  chiefly 
at  the  apex,  as  the  stem  of 
ferns;  produced  at  the  apex  of 
a  filament,  as  the  spores  of 
some  fungi. 

ACROGYNOUS,  having  the  stem 
terminated   by    archegonia   or 


Acropetal 


A  DICTIONARY 


Adnate 


other  female  organs.    Compare 
Anacrogynous. 

ACROP'ETAl,  produced  iu  suc- 
cession toward  the  apex;  in 
the  direction  of  the  summit; 
basifugal;  centripetal  (when 
applied  to  the  order  of  inflores- 
cence only).  Compare  Basip- 
etal. 

ACROSCOP  IC,  facing  the  apex. 
Compare  Basiscopic 

ACROSPIRE,  an  old  name  for 
the  plumule  of  a  grain  in  ger- 
minatiou. 

ACROSPORE,  a  spore  borne  at 
the  summit  of  a  filament. 

ACTINOMOR'PHIC,  regular  and 
poly  symmetrical,  as  the 
dowers  of  radish,  i.e.,  capable 
of  bisection  iu  two  or  more 
planes  into  similar  halves. 
Compare  Zygomoisfhic 

ACTINOMOR'PHOUS,  see  Actino- 

MOKPniC. 

ACTIVE,  in  a  growing  condition; 

opposed  to  Dormant. 

ACULEATE,  having  prickles, 
prickle-pointed;  aculeated. 

AcU'LEOlATE,  having  small  or 
f  ew  prickles. 

ACU'LEUS  (pi.  Acu  lei),  see 
Prickle. 

ACU'MINATE,  ending  in  a  pro- 
longed tapering  point. 

ACtTMINOSE,  having  a  sharp  or 
tapering  point;  somewhat  acu- 
minate.    (Bare.) 

ACUMINULATE,  having  a  small 
acuminate  point. 

ACUTE',  ending  in  a  distinct 
angle,  but  not  prolonged. 

ACYC'LfC,  having  all  the  organs 
of  a  flower  iu  a  continuous 
spiral.  Compare  Hemicyclic 
aud  Cyclic 

ADAPTATION,  the  modification 
of  a  plant  to  better  fit  it  for 
surrounding  conditions,  or  of 


an  organ  for  a  particular  func- 
tion; accommodation.  Com- 
pare Metamorphosis. 

ADEL'PHlA,  (pi.  Adel'phiae),  a  col- 
lection of  stamens  united  by 
their  filaments.  Compare 
Phalanx. 

ADEL'PHOtJS,  having  the  stamens 
united  by  their  filaments  in  an 
adelphia  or  bundle. 

ADEN'IFORM,  gland-shaped; 
adenoid. 

ADEN'OPHORE,  a  stalk  support- 
ing a  gland. 

ADENOPH'OROUS,  gland-bear- 
ing. 

ADENOPHYL'LOUS,  having  on 
the  leaves  glands,  or  gland-like 
spots  or  tubercles. 

ADENOP'ODOUS,  having  glands 
or  gland- like  tubercles  on  the 
petioles. 

ADENOSE',  gland-like,  or  bearing 
glands;  adenoid;  adenous. 

AD'ENOtJS,  see  Adenose. 

AD'ESMY,  the  separation  of  parts 
usually  joined.  Compare 
Chorisis,  Dialysis,  Fission. 

ADGLU'TINATE,  see  Aggluti- 
nate. 

ADHERENT,  attached  or  grow- 
ing to  an  organ  or  body  of  a 
different  nature,  as  the  calyx 
to  the  ovary.  The  parts  may 
or  may  not  have  grown  together 
from  the  first.  Compare  Cohe- 
rent and  Adnate. 

ADHESION,  the  sticking  or 
growing  together  of  organs  of 
a  different  nature,  as  a  leaf  to 
the  stem.  It  implies  a  union  of 
parts  which  in  most  other 
plants  or  iu  a  younger  state  of 
the  same  plant  are  separate. 

ADNAS'CENT,  growing  to  or  upon 
something  else;  as,  "moss  is 
an  adnaacent  plant." 

AD'NATE,  said  of  parts  of  a  dif- 


Adnation 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Agamospore 


fereut  nature  which  are  grown 
together  from  the  first,  or  over 
their  whole  surface  or  length. 
(Compare  Connate.)  Applied 
to  an  anther,  it  indicates  that 
it  is  attached  throughout  its 
length  to  the  upper  or  lower 
surface  of  the  filament.  Com- 
pare Innate.   See  Adherent. 

ADNA'TION,  the  same  as  adhe- 
sion, but  implying  an  earlier 
or  more  complete  union. 

ADPRESS  ED,  see  Appressed. 

ADSCEN'DENT,  see  Ascending. 

ADStfR  GENT,  see  Ascending. 

ADUN'COUS,  crooked,  twisted,  or 
hooked.     (Rare.) 

ADVENTITIOUS,  out  of  the  usual 
place,  as  buds  on  a  leaf  or  at  a 
distance  from  a  node;  growing 
spontaneously  out  of  its  native 
locality,  but  not  fully  estab- 
lished; adveutive. 

AdVEN'TIVE,  see  Adventi 
tious. 

AD' VERSE,  (1)  opposite  (rare); 
(2)  directed  toward  or  facing 
the  main  axis  or  other  object. 
Compare  Averse. 

ADVERSIFO'LIATE,  see  Adver- 
sifolious. 

ADVERSIFO'LIOUS,  having  op- 
posite leaves;  adversifoliate. 

JECID'IOSPORE,  a  spore  pro- 
duced in  an  secidium. 

JECID'IUM  (pi.  Mqi&'ik),  the  cup 
shaped  spore-case  with  its  con- 
tents in  certain  Urediuere,  in 
which'the  spores  are  produced 
serially  from  below;  a3cidium 
fruit. 

AEREN'CHYMA,  tissue  homolo- 
gous with  cork,  with  thin  cell- 
walls  and  large  intercellular 
spaces,  found  in  the  stems  of 
some  marsh-plants,  as  Lythrum 
salicaria.  It  is  supposed  by 
Schenk,  the  author  of  the  term. 
to  serve  for  aeration,  but  by 


others  it  is  regarded  as  floating 
tissue. 

AE'RIAL,  growing  in  the  air,  not 
attached  to  the  soil,  as  a  para- 
site or  epiphyte  upon  the  top 
of  some  other  plant. 

AE'RIAL  ROOTS,  those  appearing 
above  ground,  whether  they 
afterwards  enter  the  ground 
or  not,  as  the  clinging  roots  of 
the  ivy  and  the  brace-roots  of 
Indian  corn. 

AERO'BLA  (sing.  Aero'bium),  or- 
ganisms which  thrive  only  in 
the  presence  of.  air  or  free 
oxygen.  Applied  in  bacteria. 
Compare  Anaerobia. 

AERIOBIOT'IC,  thriving  only  in 
the  presence  of  air. 

A'EROCYST,  an  old  name  for  air- 
bl  adder. 

A'EROPHYTE,  see  Air-plant. 

A'EROTROP'IC,  seeking  the  air, 
as  certain  roots. 

.ERU'GINOSE,  clear  light  bluish 
green;  verdigris-green. 

JERTJ  GINOUS,  see  ^Eruginose. 

JESTI  VAL,  see  Estival. 

AESTIVATION,  the  arrangement 
of  the  floral  organs  in  the  bud; 
proefloratiou. 

JETHA'LlfJM,  a  compound  spo- 
riferous  body  in  Myxomycetes, 
formed  from  a  large  combina- 
tion of  plasmodia. 

AFFIN'ITY,  true  or  near  relation- 
ship. Compare  Analogy  and 
Homology. 

AgAm'IC,  destitute  of  sex. 
Formerly  applied  to  all  cryp- 
togams. 

AG'AmOGEN'ESIS,  asexual  repro- 
duction of  auy  kind.  See 
Parthenogensis  and  Apog- 
amy. 

AgAM  OSPORE,  a  spore  formed 
without    fertilization;  —  a  go- 


Agamous 


A  DICTIONARY 


Albumen 


nidium  or  asexually  produced 
spore  of  an}- kind.    (Rare.) 

AgAmOUS,  see  Agamic. 

AGGLOMERATE,  see  Agglom- 
erated. 

AGGLOMERATED,  clustered  or 
crowded  together  but  not  co- 
hering, as  the  staininate  flowers 
of  pines. 

AGGLUTINATED,  glued  to- 
gether.    Compare  Accrete. 

AGGREGATED,  collected  to- 
gether but.  not  cohering. 
About  the  same  as  Agglomer- 
ated. 

AGGREGATE  FLOWERS,  those 
with  several  in  the  same  head, 
as  in  clover.  The  term  ex- 
cludes Composite. 

Aggregate  fruit,    one  in 

which  distinct  carpels  of  a 
single  flower  are  crowded  on 
the  receptacle  into  one  mass, 
as  in  the  raspberry  and  magno- 
lia; syncarp.  Compare  Col- 
lective Fruit. 

AGGREGATION,  the  condensa- 
tion of  the  protoplasm  of  a  liv- 
ing cell,  or  of  some  of  the 
contained  proteids  under  stimu- 
lation, hist  observed  in  the 
tentacle  cells  of  Drosera  and 
subsequently  produced  in  the 
cells  of  other  plants  by  means 
of  various  basic  substances 

Agricultural  botany,  that 

branch  of  economic  botany 
which  treats  of  weeds  and  cul- 
tivated plants.  It  includes  the 
systematic  study  of  such  plants 
and  their  methods  of  reproduc 
tion,  the  laws  of  improvement 
and  degeneration  in  plants, 
etc.,  also  vegetable  pathology 
in  its  application  to  cultivated 
plants. 
AgrOSTOG'RAPHY,  see  AGROS- 
TOLOGY. 


AGROSTOLOGY,  the  part  of  bot- 
any relating  to  grasses. 

AG'YNOUS,  without  pistils. 

Al'GRET,  any  feathery  crown  or 
tuft  attached  to  the  seed,  as 
the  coma  of  the  milkweed  or 
pappus  of  the  thistle;  aigrette; 
egret. 

AIGRETTE',  see  Aigret. 

AIR-BLADDER,  an  organ  filled 
with  air  for  the  purpose  of 
floating  the  plant  in  water,  as 
in  the  sea- weed  Fucus;  air-sac; 
air-cell. 

AIR-CHAMBER,  see  Stomatic 
Chamber   and    Air-passage. 

AIR-PASSAGE,  an  extended  open- 
ing between  the  cells  contain- 
ing air,  as  in  the  stems  of 
many  water-plants;  lacuna; 
air-chamber. 

AIR-PLANT,  a  plant  growing  in 
the  air  detached  from  the  soil, 
as  certain  orchitis;  aerophyte. 
Generally  applied  only  to  epi- 
phytic flowering  plants. 

AIR  PORE,  see  Stoma. 

AKENE'  see  ACHENIUM. 

ALA  (pi.  Alse),  see  Wing. 

AlAbAS'TRUM,  an  old  term  for 
flower-bud. 

A'LAR,  (1)  borne  in  the  forks  of 
a  stem ;  (2)  relating  to  or  hav- 
ing wings.     See  Alate. 

A'LATE,  see  Winged. 

A'LATE-PIN'NATE,  pinnate  with 
a  winged  petiole. 

ALBES'CENT,  whitish;  candi- 
cant.  * 

Al'BICANT,  see  Albescent. 

AL  BINISM,  see  Chlorosis. 

ALBI'NO,  a  plant  or  variety  near- 
]}'  destitute  of  chlorophyll,  or 
of  which  the  fruit  is  abnormal- 
ly white  or  colorless. 

ALBU'MEN,  nutritive  material  in 
many    seeds    surrounding    or 


Albumen  Crystals      OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Ambigenus 


adjoining  the  embryo,    endo- 
sperm or  perisperm. 

ALBUMEN  CRYSTALS,  see 
Crystalloids. 

ALBU'MINOID,  an  organic  sub 
stance  containing  nitrogen  in 
its  composition,  as  protoplasm; 
proteid. 

ALBUMINOUS,  furnished  with 
albumen. 

ALBUR'NOUS,  having,  consist- 
ing of,  or  pertaining  to,  albur- 
num. 

ALBUR'NUM,  sap-wood;  a  some- 
what distinct,  usually  lighter 
colored,  outer  zoue  of  wood  in 
many  exogenous  trees  and 
shrubs. 

ALECTO'RIOId,  filiform,  like  the 
thallus  of  the  genus  Alectoria 
in  lichens. 

ALEU  RONE,  proteine-grains 
which  replace  starch  in  the 
cotyledons  or  albumen  of  cer- 
tain oily  seeds. 

AlGOLOGY,  the  part  of  botany 
relatiug  to  algoe. 

AlIF  EROUS,  having  wings. 

AL'IFORM,  wing-shaped. 

ALIG'EROUS,  see  Aliferous. 

AhAN'TOID,  sausage-shaped; 
botuliform;  narrowly  oblong; 
cylindrical  with  somewhat 
hemispherical  terminations. 

AllASSOTON'IC  MOVEMENTS, 
a  term  applied  by  Vries  to  the 
movements  of  mature  orgaus,as 
the  sleep  of  plants;  movements 
of  variation.  Compare  Auxo- 
tonic  Movements. 

ALLlA'CEOUS,  having   the  odor 
or  otrier  qualities  of  the  genus 
Allium,    which    includes    the 
onion  and  garlic. 
AXLi'ANCE,  see  Cohort. 

AllOG'AMOUS,  habitually  cross- 
fertilized. 


ALLOGAMY,  cross-fertilization. 
Compare  Autogamy. 

AlLOT'ROPISM,  appearance  un- 
der an  unusual  form. 

ALPES'TRINE,  growing  on  high 
mountains  below  the  timber- 
line,  or  on  the  tops  of  inferior 
mountains;  mountainous. 

ALPHITOMOR'PHOUS,  resem 
bling  barley  meal,  said  of  cer- 
tain fungi    (Rare.) 

ALPINE,  growing  on  mountains 
above  the  timber-line. 

ALTER'NATE,  applied  to  leaves, 
indicates  one  at  a  node;  ap 
plied  to  parts  of  the  flower,  in- 
dicates that  the  members  of 
one  whorl  are  placed  opposite 
the  intervals  between  the  mem- 
bers of  the  next  whorl. 

Alternately  -pin'nate, 

pinnate  with  the  pinna?  or  leaf- 
lets alternating  on  opposite 
sides  of  the  rachis. 

Alternation  of  genera- 
tions, the  growth  of  reproduc- 
tive bodies  into  structures  dif- 
fering from  that  on  which  they 
were  produced,  to  return  after 
one  or  more  generations  to  the 
original  stage  or  form.  Thus, 
the  spore  of  ferns  produces  a 
small  prothallus,  and  upon  this 
sexual  bodies  are  borne  which 
after  fertilization  reproduce 
the  original  fern-plant.  See 
Metagenesis. 

AlUTA'CEOUS,  of  a  pale  brown 
color;  resembling  soft  tanned 
skin  in  color  or  texture. 
(Rare.) 

AL'VEOLATE,  deeply  pitted  so 
as  to  resemble  honey-comb, 
like  the  receptacle  of  many 
Composite ;   faveolate;  favose. 

AMBIG'ENtJS,  having  the  outer 
surface  of  the  perianth  resem- 
bling a  calyx  and  the  inner 
surface  a  corolla. 


Ambiguous 


A  DICTIONARY 


Amphitropous 


AMBIG'tJOtTS,  indistinct  or  doubt- 
ful, so  that  it  cannot  well  be 
referred  to  any  definite  condi 
tion  or  place  in  a  system  of  clas- 
sification, as  a  bract  which  has 
nearly  the  appearance  of  an 
ordinary  leaf,  or  a  species 
which  is  doubtfully  of  higher 
rank  than  a  variety,  or  one 
which  it  is  difficult  to  deter- 
mine into  which  of  two  genera 
il  should  be  placed. 

AMBtP'AROUS,  producing  two 
kinds,  as  a  bud  which  pro- 
duces directly  both  flowers 
and  leaves. 

Am'ENT,  a  slender  spike  of 
naked  and  usually  separated 
flowers  with  imbricated  scales 
or  bracts;  amentum;  julus; 
catkin.  Staminate  aments  are 
usually  deciduous. 

AMEN'TA,  pi  ,  see  Amentum. 

AMENTACEOUS,  resembling, 
consisting  of,  pertaiuing  to,  or 
bearing  aments;  as  an  amenta- 
ceous inflorescence  or  plant. 

AmENT'IFORM,  amentaceous; 
juliform. 

AMEN'TUM  (pi,  Amen'ta),  see 
Ament. 

Am  IDOPlAST,  see  Leucoplast. 

AMMOPH'ILOUS,  growing  in 
sandy  places. 

AM'NIOS,  the  contents  of  the 
embryo-sac  before  the  forma- 
tion of  the  embryo.  Seldom 
used. 

AMCE'BOID,  assuming  various 
shapes,  like  the  Amoeba 

AMORPHOUS,  without  definite 
form,  structure,  or  position. 

AMPHA^N'THIUM,    see    Clinan- 

THIUM. 

Am'PHIASTER,  a  term  for  the 
combined  nuclear  spindle  and 
cytasters  in  karyokinesis  when 
the  latter  are  present,  which  is 
rare  in  plants.     The  term  is 


also  applied  to  the  combined 
cytasters  only. 

AMPHIBIOUS,  growing  readily 
either  in  water  or  upon  dry 
land. 

AMPHIB'RYOUS,  growing  by  ad- 
ditions over  the  whole  surface. 

AmPHICAR'PIC,  producing  two 
kinds  of  fruit,  either  as  regards 
form  or  period  of  ripening; 
amphicarpous.  Compare  Het- 
erocarpous. 

AMPHICAR'POUS,    see     Amphi- 

CARPIC 

AmphIG'Amous,  see  Agamic. 

AMPHIGAS'TER,  used  by  Bennett 
and  Murray  for  Amphigas- 
trium. 

AMPHIGAS'TRlA  (sing.  Amphi- 
gastrium),  peculiar  scale-like 
leaves  accompanying  those  of 
ordinary  form  as  a  third  row 
upon  the  underside  of  the  stem 
in  certain  Hepatic*. 

AMPHIG'ENOUS,  growing  on 
either  surface  of  a  leaf.  Said 
chiefly  of  certain  parasitic 
fungi. 

AmpHISAR'CA,  any  indehiscent 
fruit,  hard  and  dry  externally 
and  pulpy  within,  as  a  gourd. 
(Rare.) 

AmPHISPER'MOUS,  closely  in- 
vesting the  seed  so  as  to  have 
the  same  form,  as  the  ovary  in 
Graminese. 

AMPHIT'ROPAL,  see  Amphit- 
ropous. 

AMPHIT'ROPOUS,  having  the  fu- 
niculus attached  to  the  ovule 
or  seed  for  half  the  distance  be- 
tween the  chalaza  and  micro- 
P3'le;  semiauatropous;  half- 
ana  tropous;  half-inverted; 
hemitropous;  heterotropous; 
transverse;  amphitropal.  Ap- 
plied to  the  embryo  it  means 
curved  so  that  both  ends  are 
brought  close  together. 


Amphora 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Anamorphism 


Am'PHORA,  the  lower  division 
of  a  pyxis. 

AMPLEC'TANT,  embracing  or 
clasping,  as  tendrils,  or  the 
sheath  of  grasses. 

AMPLEX'ICAUL,  partially  sur- 
rounding or  clasping  the  stem, 
as  the  base  of  many  leaves. 
Compare  Sheathing  and  Per- 
foliate. 

Am'PLIATED,  enlarged,  or  mod- 
erately dilated. 
AMPUL'LA,  see  Bladder. 
AMPULLA'CEOUS.    inflated,  and 

swelling  'out  toward  the  base 
like  a  bladder  or  short   flask. 
Compare  Lageniform. 
AMYG'DALINE,  pertaining  to  or 
resembling  the  almond. 

Amylaceous,    pertaining  to, 

composed  of,  or  resembliug 
starch. 

AMYLOGEN'ESIS,  starch-forma- 
tion. 

AMYLOGEN'IC,  starch-forming. 
Applied  to  chlorophyll-gran- 
ules and  similar  bodies  which 
originate  starch. 

AM'YLOID,  a  colloid  substance 
having  nearly  the  properties 
of  boiled  starch  which  is  found 
in  many  sea-Aveeds  and  in  the 
seeds  of  the  bean,  the  almond, 
etc. 

AMYLOLYT'IC,  pertaining  to  the 
transformation  of  starch  into 
other  substances,  as  amylolytic 
diastase. 

AM'YLUM,  starch. 

AMYLUM  BODIES,  see  Pyre- 
NOIDS. 

AMYLUM    STAR,    see    Starch- 

BTAK. 

AN'ABIX  (pi.  Anab'ices),  a  stem 
like  that  of  many  ferns,  etc., 
which  continually  dies  below 
and  grows  above.     (Rare.) 

ANABOLIC,   applied  by  Geddes 


to  the  series  of  ascending  meta- 
bolic changes  in  protoplasm 
by  which  food  is  assimilated. 
Compare  Katabolic.  See 
Assimilation. 

AnAcAn'XHOUS,  without  spines. 

AnACROG'YNOUS,  applied  in 
Jungermanuieae  hy  Leitgeb  to 
forms  in  which  the  archegonia 
do  not  arise  upon  or  near  the 
apex  of  the  shoot,  which  there- 
fore usually  continues  to  grow 
after  their  formation.  Com- 
pare ACROGYNOUS. 

ANAERO'BiA  (sing.  Anaerobium), 
organisms  unable  to  live  or 
thrive  in  the  presence  of  free 
oxygen.  Applied  to  certain 
bacteria.     Compare  Aerobia. 

AnAEROB'IC,  see  Anaerobiotic. 

AnAEROBIOT'IC,  being  unable 
to  live  in  contact  with  air  or 
free  oxygen,  as  some  bacteria. 
or  capable  of  living  in  an  at- 
mosphere destitute  of  oxygen; 
anagrobious;  anaerobic. 

AnAEROB'IOUS,  see  Anaerobi- 
otic. 

AnAE'ROPHYTE,  a  plant  which 
does  not  need  a  direct  supply 
of  air. 

AN'ALOGUE,  an  organ  or  body 
resembliug  or  having  the  func- 
tion of  another  with  which  it 
is  compared. 

AnAL'OGY,  resemblance  in  cer- 
tain respects,  as  in  general 
appearance  or  function.  Ap- 
plied to  organs  or  to  classes  of 
plants.  Compare  Affinity. 
Homology,  and  Morphology. 

AnAL'YSIS,  the  systematic  ex- 
amination of  a  plant  prelimi- 
nary to  determining  its  position 
in  the  classification.  Compare 
Determinatk  )X. 

ANAMORPHISM,  see  Anamor- 
phosis. 


9 


Anamorphosis 


A  DICTIONARY 


Androus 


AnAMOR'PHOSIS,  (1)  a  gradual 
change  of  form  (generally 
ascending)  traced  in  a  group 
of  plants  the  members  of  which 
have  succeeded  each  other  in 
point  of  geological  time;  (2)  a 
similar  gradation  of  form  be- 
tween the  members  of  a  group 
now  existing;  (3)  a  remarkable 
or  profound  alteration  of  form 
resultiug  immediately  from  a 
change  in  the  conditions  of 
growth. 

AnAN'DROUS,  without  stamens. 
AnAN'THEROUS,     without    an- 
thers. 
ANAN'THERUM  (obs.),  see  Sta- 

MINODIUM. 

ANAN'THOUS,  without  flowers. 

ANAPHASES.  Strasburger's  term 
for  the  phenomena  of  karyoki- 
nesis  following  the  metaphases 
(which  see)  up  to  the  formation 
of  the  resting  daughter  nuclei. 

AN'AplAsT,  see  Leucoplast. 

Anastomose,  to  communicate 

or  unite  with  one  another,  as 
the  veins  of  leaves. 

AnASTOMO'SIS  (pi.  Anastomo- 
ses), the  inosculation  or  junc- 
tion of  similar  parts,  often 
forming  a  network,  as  in  the 
veins  of  leaves. 

ANATOMY,  VEGETABLE,  see 
Vegetable  Anatomy. 

AnAT'ROPOUS,  applied  to  an 
ovule  or  seed  which  grows  so 
that  the  funiculus  coheres  to 
and  forms  a  raphe  along  its 
whole  length,  bringing  the  hi- 
lum  near  the  foramen  and  the 
chalaza  at  the  apparent  apex, 
as  in  Liliaceae;  anatropal. 

ANCIP'ITAL,  flattened  and  two- 
edged,  as  the  stem  of  Panicum 
anceps;  ancipitous. 

ANCIP'ITOtJS,  see  Ancipital. 

ANDROCLIN'IUM,    see    Clinan- 

DRIUM. 


ANDRODiffi'CIOIJS,  having  per- 
fect flowers  on  one  set  of 
plants  and  staminate  flowers 
on  another  set,  but  no  indi- 
viduals with  pistillate  flowers. 
Compare  Andromoncecious 
and  Gynodicecious.  See  Po- 
lygamous. 

ANDRffi'CIUM,  the  stamens  of  a 
flower  taken  together. 

ANDRdGONiD'lUM,  see    Andro- 

SPORE. 

ANDROG'YNAL,  see  Androgy- 
nous. 

ANDROG'YNIsM,  the  change 
from  a  dioecious  to  a  monoe- 
cious condition. 

ANDROGYNOUS,  monoecious 
with  the  staminate  and  pistil- 
late flowers  in  the  same  inflo- 
rescence. Said  mainly  of  the 
heads  of  certain  Composite. 
Compare  Polygamous. 

ANDROMONCECIOUS,  having 
staminate  and  perfect  flowers 
on  the  same  plant,  but  no  pis- 
tillate flowers.  Compare  An- 
drodioscious.  See  Polyga- 
mous. 

ANDROPET'AlOtJS,  said  of  flow- 
ers which  have  become  double 
by  the  conversion  of  petals  into 
stamens.     (Rare.) 

AN'DROPHORE,  a  column  of 
united  filaments,  supporting 
the  anthers;  stamineal  column. 

ANDROPH'ORUM,    see    Andro- 

PHORE. 

ANDROSPORAn'GIUM,  a  sporan- 
gium containing   audrospores. 

AN'DROSPORE,  a  kind  of  asexual- 
ly  produced  zoogonidium  or 
swarm-pore  in  CEdogonieae 
which  develops  into  small 
male  plants  called  "dwarf 
males;"  androgonidium. 

AN'DROUS,  pertaining  to  sta- 
mens; male. 


10 


Anemophilous 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Annual  Ring 


ANEMOPHILOUS,    having      the 

pollen  or  seeds  conveyed  by 
the  wind. 

AnfrACT'UOSE,  bent  hither  and 
thither,  as  the  stamens  of  the 
melon. 

ANGIOcAR'POUS,  having  the 
fruit  invested  with  a  calyx,  re- 
ceptacle, or  other  covering; 
having  spores  enclosed  by  a  re- 
ceptacle of  some  kind;  angio- 
sporous.  Especially,  having  a 
closed  instead  of  open  apothe- 
cium  in  lichens.  Compare 
Gymnocarpous. 

ANGIOSPERM'OtJS,  having  seeds 
produced  in  a  closed  ovary. 

ANGldS'PdROUS,  having  spores 
or  asci  produced  in  a  closed 
receptacle,  angiocarpons. 

Angle   of  deviation,  the 

augle  which  a  leaf,  branch,  or 
root  makes  with  the  axis  on 
which  it  is  borne — on  the  upper 
side  in  branches  and  leaves,  on 
the  lower  side  in  root. 

Angle  of  divergence,    the 

angle  measured  by  the  part  of 
a  cycle  between  succeeding 
organs  in  the  same  spiral  or 
whorl;  divergence. 

AN'GULAR,  having  angles  or 
ridges  prismatic.  In  Pomolo- 
gy, having  one  side  developed 
more  than  the  other,  as  in  the 
Newtown  Pippin  apple.  Com- 
pare Oblique. 

AN'GULAR  DIVER'GENCE,  see 
Angle  of  Divergence. 

AnGULATE,  see  Angular. 

AnGULODEN'TATE,  having  an- 
gular teeth. 

ANGUS'TATE,  narrow. 

ANGtJS'TIFO'LlATE,  having  nar- 
row leaves;  angustifolious. 

ANGUSTIFO'LIOUS,    see   Angus- 

TIPOLIATE. 

ANGUSTISEP'TATE,     having     a 


narrow  septum  or  partition,  as 
the  pod  of  shepherd's-purse. 

AnISOG'YNOUS,  having  fewer 
carpels  than  sepals. 

AnISOM'EROUS,  not  having  the 
same  number  of  floral  organs  in 
the  different  whorls.  Compare 
Isomerous  and  Unsymmetri- 

CAL. 

AnIsOPET'ALOUS,  having  petals 
of  unequal  size.     (Rare.) 

ANIS&PHYL'LOUS,  unequal- 

leaved,  as  when  the  two  leaves 
.  of  a  pair  are  of  unequal  size. . 

ANISOP'TEROUS,  having  wings 
of  unequal  size. 

AnIsOSTAM'ENOUS,  see  Aniso- 
stemonous. 

AnISOSTEMONOUS,  having  the 
stamens  differing  in  number 
from  the  petals  (or  parts  of  the 
perianth  when  the  sepals  are 
petaloid).  Compare  Isostem- 
onous. 

ANISOTRdPiC,  having  the  dif- 
ferent parts  or  organs  endowed 
with  different  kinds  of  irrita- 
bility, or  in  different  degrees, 
as  stems  which  seek  the  light 
and  roots  which  shun  it. 

ANNOT'INUS,  the  ring  upon  a 
stem  which  marks  the  close  of 
a  season's  growth.  It  consists 
of  the  scars  left  by  the  fallen 
scales  of  the  bud  from  which 
the  next  year's  growth  pro- 
ceeded. 

AnNOT'INOUS,  having  distinct 
yearly  growths. 

AN'NUAL,  a  plant  which  usually 
lives  but  one  year  or  season. 

ANNUAL  RING^  the  ring  or  cyl- 
inder of  wood  produced  by 
exogenous  plants  during  the 
year.  In  some  cases  the  an- 
nual ring  consists  of  more  than 
one  ring  of  growth,  hence  the 
term  "growth-ring"  is  now 
often  used. 


11 


Annular 


A  DICTIONARY 


Antherozoid 


ANNULAR,  in  the  form  of  a  cir- 
cle or  zone. 

ANNULAR  DUCTS,  see  Vessels. 

ANNULAR  VESSELS^  vessels 
marked  with  thickenings  in 
the  form  of  a  ring. 

AN'NULATE,  marked  with  rings 
or  circular  transverse  lines;  an- 
nulated. 

AN'NULATED,  see  Annulate. 

ANNUlA'TION,  a  ring  or  belt. 

AN'NULOSE,  furnished  with  or 
composed  of  rings. 

AN'NULUS  (pi.  An'null),  any 
body  in  the  form  of  a  ring;  the 
ring  or  band  of  thick-walled 
cells  in  the  sporangium  of 
most  ferns  which  by  contrac- 
tion bursts  the  sporangium  and 
liberates  the  spores;  the  ring 
of  cells  upon  the  inner  side  of 
the  base  of  the  peristome  at 
the  orifice  of  the  theca  in  many 
species  of  mosses  which  is 
thrown  off  to  detach  the  oper- 
culum; the  ring  on  the  stem  of 
mushrooms;  the  abortive  foliar 
sheath  at  the  base  of  the  spike 
in  Equisetum. 

AN'6dAl,  see  Anodic. 

ANOD'IC,  applied  to  the  edge  of 
a  leaf  which  a  leaf-spiral  leaves 
in  its  upward  course.  In  a 
right-handed  spiral  it  would 
be  the  right  edge  of  the  leaf, 
and  vice  versa.  Compare 
Cathodic. 

An&M'ALOUS,  unusual  in  appear- 
ance; contrary  to  rule;  abnor- 
mal; irregular. 
ANOM'ALY,  any  deviation   from 
the  essential  or  usual  character. 
AN'SULATE,  coiled   at  the   apex 
and  the  whole  coil  bent  over  so 
as  to  make  a  loop  projecting 
above  the  coil,  as  the  growing 
extremity  of  the  vine   of   the 
musk-melon. 
AN' TECH  AMBER,     the       upper 


(outer)  angle  or  space  between 
the  guard-cells  of  a  stoma. 
Compare  Vestibule. 

ANTEN'NJE  (sing.  Anten'na), 
two  sleuder  horn-like  prolonga- 
tions of  the  rostellum  in  the 
genus  Catasetum  in  orchids 
which,  upon  being  touched  by 
an  insect  or  other  object,  cause 
the  liberation  of  the  retinacu- 
lum at  their  base  and  the  ejec- 
tion of  the  pollinium. 

ANTEPOSI'TION,  see  Superposi- 
tion. 

ANTE'RIO-POSTE'RIOR  PLANE, 
see  Median  Plane. 

ANTE'RIOR,  the  side  of  a  flower, 
leaf,  or  other  organ  away 
from  the  main  stem  or  axis; 
inferior;  exterior;  in  front. 
Compare  Dorsal. 

ANTHE'LA,  a  paniculate  cyme 
with  the  lateral  axes  over- 
topping the  central,  as  in 
many  species  of  Juncus  and 
Luzula. 

AN'THEMY,  a  flower-cluster  of 
any  kind.     (Obs.) 

AN'THER,  the  pollen-bearing 
part  of  a  stamen. 

An'THERID'IUM  (pi.  Anther- 
Id'ia),  the  male  organ  in  the 
higher  cryptogams  within 
which  antherozoids  are  pro- 
duced. 

ANTHERIF'EROUS,  anther-bear- 
ing. 

AN'THER-LOBES,  the  cells  or 
sacs  of  an  anther,  usually  two 
in  number,  containing  the 
pollen. 

AN'THEROID,  anther-like. 

AntherosporAngium  (pi. 
Antherosporan'gia),  see  Micro- 
sporangium. 

AN  THEROZOID,  one  of  the  mo- 
tile fertilizing  bodies  produced 
in  an  antheridium;  spermato- 
]       zoid. 
12 


Anthesis 


OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Apical  Cell 


ANTHE'SIS,  the  time  or  act  of 
flowering;  florescence. 

ANTH6cAR  P0US  FRUIT,  gener- 
ally used  for  Collective  fruit, 
but  more  properly  for  Acces- 
sory fruit. 

ANTHOCLIN IUM,    see    Clinan- 

THIOM, 

ANTHO  DIUM,  the  capitulum  or 
head  of  flowers  in  Composite 
(popularly  culled  a  flower). 
Compare  Clinanthium. 

AN'THOID,  resembling  a  flower. 

AN  THOLITE,  a  fossil  flower. 

ANTHOL'YSlS,  a  retrograde  met- 
amorphosis of  a  flower  b}r 
which  normally  united  or  con- 
tiguous parts  are  separated; 
solution  of  a  flower.  The 
parts  of  the  altered  flower  may 
or  may  not  be  changed  in  char- 
acter. 

AN'THOPHORE.  a  stalk  or  inter- 
node  sometimes  developed  be- 
tween the  calyx  and  corolla, 
as  in  Sileue. 

ANTHOTAX'IS,  the  arrangement 
of  flowers  in  an  inflorescence; 
anthotaxy. 

AN'THOtAXY,  see  Axtiiotax- 
is. 

ANTICLI'NAL,  said  of  cell-walls 
or  any  lines  when  perpendicu- 
lar to  the  outer  surface.  Com- 
pare Periclinal. 

ANTI'COUS.  facing  anteriorly. 

ANTID  ROMAL,  twisted  or  coiled 
in  an  opposite  direction  to  that 
with  which  it  is  compared,  as 
when  the  leaf  -  spiral  of  a 
branch  turns  in  the  opposite 
direction  from  that  of  the 
stem;  antidromous.  Compare 
Homodromous  and  Heterod- 

ROMOUS. 

ANTID'ROMOUS,   see    Antidro- 

mal. 
ANTID  ROMY,  haviug  the  course 


of  a  spiral  reversed  from  the 
usual  direction. 

ANTIMYCOT'IC,  see  Fungici- 
dal. 

Antipathetic,  said  of  plants 

which   do    not    unite    readily 
when  grafted. 

ANTlPEDUN'CULAR,  situated 
opposite  to  a  peduncle. 

ANTIPET'ALOtJS,  situated  oppo- 
site to  a  petal,  i.e.,  directly  be- 
tween the  petal  and  the  axis; 
antepetalous. 

ANTIPODAL  CELLS,  a  group  of 
four  cells  at  the  lower  end  of 
the  embryo-sac,  one  of  which, 
destitute  of  a  wall,  is  the  lower 
polar  nucleus.  Compare  Egg- 
apparatus. 

ANTISEP'TIC,  preventing  putre- 
faction. 

ANTIT'ROPAL,  see  Antitro- 
pous. 

ANTIT'ROPOUS,  having  the  rad- 
icle of  the  embryo  directed 
away  from  the  hilum,  as  in 
orthotropous  seeds. 

ANTIZYMOT'IC,  preventing  or 
checking  fermentation. 

ANTRORSE',  directed  upward 
or  forward.  Compare  Anti- 
cous. 

APERISPER'MIC,  see  Exalbumi- 
nous. 

APET'ALOUS,  destitute  of  corol- 
la. 

A'PEX  (pi.  Apexes  or  Ap'ices), 
the  extremity  opposite  the 
point  of  attachment. 

APHELIOTROP'IC,  turning  from 
the  sun;  negatively  heliotrop- 
ic. 

APHYL'LOUS,  without  leaves. 

APHYL'LY,  the  abnormal  sup- 
pression of  leaves. 

APICAL  CELL,  the  generating 
cell  of  a  growing  point. 


13 


Apical  Cone 


A  DICTIONARY 


Aquatic 


APICAL  CONE,  see  Punctum 
Vegetationis. 

APIC'tJXATE,  terminated  by  an 
abrupt  short  acute  point. 

ApICULATED,  see  Apiculate. 

APIC'ULUS  (pi.  Apic'uli),  a  small 
acute  point. 

APLAN  OSPORE,  applied  by  Wille 
to  non  -  motile  reproductive 
cells  formed  by  rejuvenescence 
in  Conjugate*  and  some  other 
greeu  algae. 

APLAS'TIC,  not  capable  of  being 
organized,  or  converted  into 
animal  or  vegetable  tissue. 

APOCARPOUS,  having  the  car- 
pels separate  or  easily  sepa- 
rable, as  in  Ranunculus;  dialy 
carpous. 

AP6G'AMY,  habitual  non-sexual 
reproduction,  especially  vege- 
tative reproduction  where 
sexual  reproduction  usually 
occurs,  as  in  the  budding  of  a 
prothallus  in  ferns.  Compare 
Parthenogenesis  and  Vege- 
tive  Apogamy. 

APOGEdTROP'iC,  growing  away 
from  the  earth,  as  ordinary 
stems. 

ApOPETALOUS,  having  the  pet 
als  of  the  corolla  unattached 
to  each  other;  eleutheropetal- 
ous;  polypetalous. 

APOPHYL'LOtJS,  sometimes  used 
for  aposepalous,  especially  in 
flowers  having  but  one  perianth 
whorl. 

APOPH'YSATE,  having  an  apoph- 
ysis. 

APOPH'YSIS,  an  enlargement  of 
the  seta  below  the  theca  in  cer- 
tain mosses;  a  thickening  on 
the  scales  of  the  cones  of  cer- 
tain pines;  any  irregular  swell- 
ing. 

APOSEP'ALOUS,  having  the  leaves 
of  the  calyx  unattached  to  each 
other. 


APOS'TASIS,  a  term  applied  by 
Engelmanu  to  the  separation 
of  organs  by  an  unusual  exten- 
sion of  the  iuternodes;  solu- 
tion.    Compare  Dialysis. 

APOS'TROPHE,  the  collection  of 
the  protoplasm  and  chlorophyll 
grains  along  the  side  walls  of 
a  cell  instead  of  the  outer  sur- 
face— often  caused  by  cold  or 
excess  or  deficiency  of  light. 
When  caused  by  deficiency  of 
light,  as  at  night,  it  is  called 
"negative  apostrophe";  when 
caused  by  too  bright  a  light, 
"positive  apostrophe."  Com- 
pare   Epistrophe    and    Sys- 

TROPHE. 

APOTHE'CIUM  (pi.  Apothecia), 
the  ascocarp  in  lichens.  See 
Discocarp,  Shield,  and  Peri- 
thecium. 

APPENDAGE,  any  superadded 
or  subordinate  part;  as  hairs, 
prickles,  leaves,  etc.,  upon  a 
stem. 

APPENDIC'ULATE,  having  an 
unusual  appendage  or  append- 
ages, as  a  winged  petiole,  or 
spurred  corolla. 

AP'PLANATE,  flattened  out  or 
horizontally  expanded.  Com- 
pare Explanate    and    Com- 

PLANATE. 

Applicative,  see  Condupli- 

CATE. 

AP'POSITE,  close  together;    side 

by  side. 
APPRESSED',     lying    close,     as 

leaves  to  a  stem;  ad  pressed. 

Approximate,  close  together 

but  not  united.  Compare  Re- 
mote. 

APTEROUS,  having  no  dilated 
appendage  or  wing.  Com- 
pare Alate. 

AQUAT'IC,  growing  in  water  or 
wet  soil.     See  Palustrine. 


14 


Aqueous 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS 


Armed 


AQUEOUS,  nearly  colorless.  See 
Hyaline. 

ARACHNOID,  covered  with  long 
and  loosely  entangled  hairs, 
the  hairs  fewer  and  longer 
than  in  Tomentose;  cobwebby. 

ArA'NEUS,  see  Arachnoid. 

ARBOR,  see  Tree. 

ARBOREAL,  pertaining  to  trees 
or  forests. 

ARBOREOUS,  having  the  nature 
of  a  tree;  pertaining  to  trees. 

ARBORESCENT,  tree-like  in  size 

or  form. 
ARBORETUM,  a  botanical  tree 

garden. 
AR'BUSCLE,  a  low  shrub  having 

the  form  of  a  tree. 
ARCES'THIDA  (obs.),    see  Gal- 

BULTJS. 

AROHEbIO'SIS,  the  origin  of  life. 
See  Spontaneous  Genera- 
tion. 

AR€HEGO'NlUM  (pi.  ArehegS'- 
nia),  the  female  organ  in  the 
higher  cryptogams.  Com- 
pare Oogonium.  See  Anthe- 
ridium. 

AR€HESPO'RlUM,  the  cell, 
group,  or  layer  of  cells  from 
which  the  spore-mother-cells, 
and  tapetum  if  any,  are  de- 
rived in  the  higher  cryptogams 
and  flowering  plants. 

ARCHETYPE,  the  original  type 
or  condition. 

ARCH'ICARP,  the  beginning  of  a 
fructification;  a  cell  or  group  of 
cells  fertilized  by  a  sexual  act, 
as  an  ascogonium  or  carpogo- 
nium. 

ARCUATE,  curved  like  a  bow. 

AREA,  a  rather  large  space 
bounded  by  cracks,  lines,  veins, 
or  part  differing  in  color  or 
texture.     Compare  Areola. 

ARENA'CEOUS,  growing  in  sandy 


places;    arenareous;     arenose; 
sabuline;  sabulose. 

ARENA'RIOtJS,  see  Arena- 
ceous. 

AR'ENOSE,  see  Arenaceous. 

ARE'6LA(pl.  Are'olae),  diminutive 
of  area,  any  small  space  sur- 
rounded by  a  part  differing  in 
structure  or  color,  as  the  spaces 
bounded  by  the  veins  in  reticu- 
late leaves,  by  the  cracks  in 
the  surface  of  the  thallus  of  cer- 
tain lichens,  or  by  the  cell- 
walls  in  the  leaves  of  mosses; 
areolation ;  areole. 

ARE'OLATE,  divided  into  areolae. 

AREOLA'TION,  (1)  see  Areola; 
(2)  the  form  and  arrangement 
of  the  areoke  in  mosses,  etc. 

A'REOLE,  see  Areola. 

ARGEN  TEUS,  white  with  a  tinge 
of  gray;  silvery. 

ARGILLA'CEOUS,  growing  in  a 
clayey  soil;  argillose. 

AR  GlLLOSE,  see  Argillaceous. 

ARHI'ZAL,  without  roots. 

AR'IL,  a  false  coat  which  some- 
times surrounds  the  seed, 
growing  from  the  funiculus, 
hilum,  or  placenta,  as  the  mace 
of  nutmeg.  Compare  Stro- 
phiole. 

ARIL'lA,  see  Aril. 

AR'ILLATE,  having  an  aril. 

AR'ILLATED,  see  Arillate. 

AR'ILLODE,  a  false  covering  to  a 
seed  resembling  an  aril. 

ARIL'LUS,  see  Aril. 

ARISTA,  see  Awn. 

ARIS'TATE,  having  an  awn. 

ARIS'TUlATE,  having  a  small 
awn. 

ARM,  in  horticulture,  a  large 
branch  of  a  vine  trained  hori- 
zontally. 

ARMED,  having  thorns,  spines, 
or  prickles. 


15 


Armilla 


A  DICTIONARY 


Ascus 


ARMfL'LA,  an  anuulus  in  the 
form  of  a  plaited  frill  sus- 
pended from  the  top  of  the 
stipe  below  the  cap  in  certain 
mushrooms. 

AROMA,  a  pleasant  characteristic 
odor. 

AROMAt'IC,  possessing  aroma, 
especially  if  spicy. 

ARRECT',  directed  upward  from 
an  inclined  base,  as  the  pods 
of  milkweed.     (Asclepias.) 

ARROW-HEADED,  see  Sagit- 
tate. 

ARROW-SHAPED,  see  Sagit- 
tate. 

AR'TH6n6ID,  resembling  the 
apothecium  of  the  genus  Ar- 
thouia  in  lichens. 

AR'THROSPORE,  used  mainly  in 
bacteria  for  a  spore  formed  by 
segmentation,  as  opposed  to 
Endospore. 

ARTHROSTERIG'MA  (pi.  Arthrd- 
sterig'mata),  a  jointed  sterigma 
in  many  lichens,  composed  of 
a  row  of  cells  from  each  of 
which  spores  are  abstricted. 

ARTICULATE,  jointed;  articu- 
lated. 

ARTICULATED,  see  Articu- 
late. 

ARTICULA'TION,  (1)  a  node, 
joint,  septum,  or  separable 
place;  (2)  oue  of  the  segments 
so  marked  off  or  separated. 

ARTICULUS,  formerly  used  both 
for  node  and  internode. 

Artificial  system,  a  system 

of  classification  based  on  oue 
or  a  few  features  only,  and  not 
intended  to  show  true  relation- 
ship, as  that  of  Linnaeus. 

ArUNDINAQEOUS,  reed-like. 

ASCEND'ENT,  see  Ascending. 

As§END'ING,  rising  obliquely, 
or  curving  upwards  from  near 
the    base,    as    the    stems    of 


Stellaria  or  the  branches  of 
Norway  spruce;  adsceudent; 
ascendent:  assurgent;  adsurg- 
ent.  Said  of  ovules  which 
are  attached  to  the  middle  por- 
tion of  the  placenta  or  sides 
of  the  ovary  and  are  directed 
upward.  Also,  directed  up- 
ward in  any  manner  in  con- 
trast to  descending,  as  the 
ascending  axis. 

AscEnD'ING  Axis,  the  stem. 

Ascending     metAmor'pho 

SIS,  see  Progressive  Meta- 
morphosis. 

AS'CI,  pi.,  see  Ascus. 

ASCID'lA,  pi.,  see  Ascidium. 

ASCID'IFORM,   ascidium- shaped. 

ASCID'IUM  (pi.  As9id'ia),  a  hollow 
pitcher-shaped  leaf,  like  that  of 
Sarracenia. 

ASCIF'EROUS,  see  Ascophorous. 

ASCIG'EROUS,  see  Ascogenous. 

AS'COCARP,  the  sporocarp  of 
Ascomycetes.  See  Apothe- 
cium, Perithecium,  and 
Cleistocarp. 

ASCOG'ENOUS,  producing  asci; 
ascigerous. 

AS'COGONE,  see  Ascogonium. 

ASCOGO'NIUM,  the  carpogonium, 
or  female  organ  in  Ascomy- 
cetes before  fertilization. 

AS'COPHORE,  the  ascus-bearing 
layer  of  hyphse  liniug  an  asco- 
carp. 

ASCOPHOROUS,  ascus-bearing; 
asciferous.  Compare  Ascoge- 
nous. 

AS'COSPORE,  a  spore  produced 
in  an  ascus.  Often  inappro- 
priately called  sporidium  or 
sporule. 

ASCUS  (pi.  As'91),  one  of  the  char- 
acteristic spore-cases  of  Asco- 
mycetes borne  in  an  ascocarp. 
It  consists  of  an  enlarged 
terminal    cell  containing  free 


16 


Ascus-apparatus       OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Auriculate 


spores,  most  frequently  eight 
in  number. 

As  CUS-APPARA  TUS,  the  asci, 
together  with  the  ascogenous 
cells.  See  Envelofe-appara- 
tus. 

ASCY'PHOUS,  without  scyphi. 

ASEP'TIC,  not  liable  to  putre- 
faction. 

ASEXUAL,  without  sex;  desti- 
tute of  stamens  and  pistils  in 
flowering  plants,  or  other  sex- 
ual organs  in  cryptogams. 

Asexual    generA'tion,  the 

second  stage  or  generation  in 
plauts  having  an  alternation 
of  generations.  It  produces 
spores  asexually,  but  is  itself 
the  result  of  fertilization.  In 
ferns  the  prothallus  is  the  sex- 
ual, and  the  leaf-bearing  plant 
the  asexual,  generation.  See 
Sporogonium. 

AS'PERATE,  see  Scabrous. 

AS  PERGIL'LIFORM,  resembling 
an  aspergillus  (a  round  brush 
used  to  spriukle  holy  water  in 
Roman  Catholic  churches),  as 
the  stigmas  of  some  grasses. 
Compare  Muscariform. 

AspERIFO'LIATE,  having  leaves 
rough  to  the  touch. 

ASPERIFO'LIOUS,  see  Asperfo- 

LIATE. 

ASPER'MOUS,  without  seeds. 
As'PEROUS,  see  Scabrous. 

Assimilation,  the  conversion 

of  foreign  material  into  the 
substance  of  the  plant;  con- 
structive metabolism. 

ASSUR  GENT,  see  Ascending. 

AS'TER,  see  Mother-star,  Dt- 
aster,  Amphiaster,  and  Cy- 

TASTER. 

ASTEROID,  having  flowers  like 
the  Aster.  Compare  Actini- 
form 

AS'TICHOUS,  not  in  rows. 


AS'TOMOUS,  without  aperture,  as 
mosses  which  have  not  a  de- 
ciduous operculum. 

Asymmetrical,  not  symmet- 
rical, which  see. 

ATAVISM,  resemblance  to  a  dis- 
tant ancestor;  remote  heredity. 

A'TER  (in  composition,  atro-), 
pure  black,  as  distinguished 
from  Niger. 

AthAL'LINE,   without    thallus. 

AT  ROPAl,  see  Obthotropous. 

AT'ROPHY,  a  dwarfed  or  stunted 
condition  of  an  organ  as  com- 
pared with  others,  or  with  the 
usual  state.  Especially  ap- 
plied to  parts  which  seem 
wasted  away  from  lack  of 
nourishment  or  other  cause. 
Compare  Abortion  and  De- 
generation. 

AT'ROPOUS,  see  Orthotropous. 

ATROPURPU'REUS,  dark  purple. 

ATTEN'UATE,  tapering  gradu- 
ally to  a  point  or  narrow  ex- 
tremity. 

ATTENUATED,  see  Attenuate. 

AUGMENTATION,  increase  be- 
yond the  normal  number,  espe- 
cially the  production  of  addi- 
tional floral  whorls. 

AU'LOPHYTE,  a  plant  which 
lives  within  another  for  shelter 
only,  not  as  a  parasite,  as  some 
Protococcaceae. 

AURANTIA'CEOUS,  orange-col- 
ored.    Darker  than  Aureus. 

AU'REUS,  yellow,  with  a  slight 
admixture  of  red;  golden. 

AU'RICLE,  any  ear-like  append- 
age, as  the  lobes  at  the  base  of 
the  leaves  in  sorrel. 

AU  RICLED,  see  Auriculate. 

AURICULA  (pi.  Auric'ulee),  see 
Auricle. 

AURICULATE,  having  auricles, 
or  ear-like  lobes  or  append- 
ages. 


17 


Auriculated 


A  DICTIONARY 


Ax-shaped 


AURICULATED,      see    Auricu- 

LATE. 

AU  RIFORM,  having  the  form  of 
the  human  ear. 

AUSTERE',  astringent  or  harsh  to 
the  taste. 

AUTOCAR  POUS,  said  of  ovaries 
which  are  not  adherent  to  the 
calyx;  superior. 

AUTffi'CIOUs,  said  of  a  parasitic 
fuugus  which  inhabits  the 
same  host-plant  through  all  its 
stages  of  growth.  Compare 
Heteiwecious.  Applied  in 
mosses  when  the  male  and  fe- 
male "tiowers"  are  in  sepa- 
rate involucres  upon  the  same 
plant. 

AUTOGAMOUS,  self-fertilizing. 

AUTOG'AMY,  close-fertilization ; 
the  fertilization  of  a  flower  by 
its  own  pollen.  Compare  Al- 
logamy. 

AUTOGEN'ESIS,  see  Spontane- 
ous Generation. 

AUTOGENOUS,  self-originating. 
Applied  to  diseases  which  have 
their  origin  or  cause  within  the 
effected  organism.  Compare 
Infection,  Esoteric,  and  Ex- 
oteric. 

AUTOG'ENUS  or  MONdG'ENUS, 
terms  proposed  in  place  of 
Monotypic,  to  indicate  that  a 
genus  contains  but  a  single 
species. 

AUTON'OMOUS,  complete  in  it- 
self. Applied  to  forms  which 
continually  and  directly  repro- 
duce themselves,  and  are  not 
mere  stages  in  the  life  of  a 
plant. 

AUTOPHYLLOG  ENY,  the  growth 
of  one  leaf  upon  another. 

AU'TOPLAST,  see  Chlorophyll- 
body. 

AUTOTEM'NOUS,  capable  of  spon- 
taneous division,  as  ordinary 
growing  cells. 


AUX'OSPORE,  a  large  renewal- 
cell  in  Diatomaeese,  formed 
either  by  rejuvenescence,  or 
developed  from  a  zygospore 
produced  by  conjugation. 

AUXOTONIC  MOVEMENTS, 

those  made  by  growing  organs, 
as  the  twining  of  stems.  Com- 
pare Allassotonic  Move- 
ments. 

AVERSE',  turned  or  facing  away 
from  the  central  axis  or  other 
object.     Compare  Adverse. 

AWL  -SHAPED,  see  Subulate. 

AWN,  a  bristle-shaped  append- 
age, like  those  on  the  glumes  of 
many  grasses;  arista;  beard. 

AWNED,  having  an  awn  or 
beard;   aristate. 

AX'-FORM,  see  Dolabriform. 

Ax'IAL,  pertaining  to  an  axis; 
extending  in  the  direction  of 
an  axis;  forming  an  axis.  Com- 
pare Axile. 

AXIFEROUS,  having  an  axis; 
producing  stems  but  no  leaves. 

Ax'IL,  the  upper  angle  between 
leaf  and  stem;  any  angle. 

AX  ILE,  occupying  or  belonging 
to  the  axis,  as  an  axile  placenta. 

AXIL'LA  (pi.  Axil'lsie),  see  Axil. 

AX'ILLAR,  see  Axillary. 

AX'ILLARY,  pertaining  to  or  oc- 
cupying an  axil. 

AX'IS,  the  central  line  of  any 
body;  an  organ  around  which 
others  are  attached,  especially 
a  main  stem  or  root. 

AXIS,  ASCENDING,  see  Ascend- 
ing Axis. 

AXIS,  DESCENDING,  see  De- 
scending Axis. 

AXIS  OF  INFLORES'CENgE,  the 
part  of  the  stem  or  branch 
along  which  flowers  are  borne. 
See  Receptacle  and  Rachis. 

AX'-SHAPED,  see  Dolabri- 
form. 


18 


Azygospore 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Basin 


AZYGOSPORE,  a  spore  in  certain 
algae  and  fungi  resembling  a 
zygospore,  but  produced  asex- 
ually. 

AZ  YGOUS,  without  a  fellow  or 
corresponding  part,  as  a  leaflet 
which  does  not  have  another 
leaflet  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  rachis. 

BACCA,  see  Berry. 

BACCATE,  berry -like;  pulpy. 

BAC'CATED,  covered  with  ber- 
ries, or  bodies  resembling  ber- 
ries. 

BACCJF'EROUS,  producing  ber- 
ries. 

BAC'CfFORM,  see  Baccate. 

BA'CILLAr,  rod-  or  club-shaped, 
like  a  bacillus;  bacilliform. 

BACK,  see  Dorsum. 

BACTE'RIOIDS,  protoplasmic 
bodies  endowed  with  Brown 
ian  movement,  and  resembling 
bacteria. 

BALD,  destitute  of  the  usual  cov- 
ering, as  of  hair,  foliage,  etc. ; 
destitute  of  beards  or  awns. 

BAlUS'TRA,  sometimes  applied 
to  fruits  like  the  pomegranate. 

BAND,  (1)  a  space  between  two 
ridges  on  the  fruit  of  Umbel 
liferae;  (2)  a  broad  stripe,  es 
pecially  if  transverse. 

BAN'NER,  see  Vexilltjm. 

BARB,  a  sharp  reflexed  point  on 
an  awn  or  other  process;  a 
hair  or  other  process  having 
such  reflexed  points,  or  with  a 
reflexed  tip. 

BAR'BATE,  see  Bearded. 

BAR'BATED,  see  Bearded. 

BARBE,  see  Barb. 

BAR'BELLATE  (diminutive  of 
Barbate),  having  minute  barbs; 
barbel  lulate. 


BARBEL'LULATE,  see  Barbel- 
late. 

BAR  BULE,  a  small  barb. 

BARK,  the  covering  of  the  stem 
and  roots  of  exogeus,  separated 
from  the  wood  by  the  cambi- 
um. 

BARRED,  crossed  by  parallel 
horizontal  bands  or  lines. 

BARREN,  unproductive;  un- 
fruitful; sterile, — said  of  a 
plant  or  organ.  The  term  "bar- 
ren" is  seldom  applied  except 
to  a  plant  as  a  whole,  and  even 
then  the  term  "sterile"  is  more 
often  used. 

BA'SAL,  pertaining  to  the  base. 

BASE,  the  part  of  an  organ  by 
which  it  is  attached  to  its  sup- 
port. 

BASIDIOGENET'IC,  borne  on  a 
basidium. 

BASID'IOPHORE,  a  sporophore 
bearing  a  basidium. 

BASID'IOSPORE,  a  spore  borne 
on  a  basidium,  as  those  of 
mushrooms. 

BASID'ltJM  (pi.  Basid'ia),  one  of 
the  branched  cells  on  the 
spore-bearing  surface  of  mush- 
rooms, etc.,  which  bear  the 
spores.     Compare  Sterig.ma. 

BAS'IFIXED,  attached  by  its 
base,  as  an  inuate  anther. 

BASIF'tJGAL,  (1)  proceeding 
away  from  the  base;  upward; 
acropetal;  centrifugal  (centrip- 
etal when  applied  to  the  or- 
der of  inflorescence);  (2)  de- 
rived from  the  base  or  situ- 
ated at  the  base,  as  basifugal 
growth  in  the  leaves  of  certain 
grasses. 

BASIGYN'IUM,  see  Gynophore. 

BASILAR,  relating  to  or  situated 
at  the  base. 

BA  SIN,    the    depression   at    the 


19 


Basipetal 


A  DICTIONARY 


Eicrenate 


apex  of    an  apple.     Compare 
Cavity  and  Eye. 

BASIPETAL,  proceeding  or  pro- 
duced in  succession  toward 
the  base;  downward;  centrifu- 
gal (when  applied  to  the  order 
of  inflorescence  only).  Com- 
pare Acropetal. 

BASISCOP'IC,  on  the  side  toward 
the  base;  facing  the  base. 

BASS,  see  Bast. 

BAST,  the  liber  or  inner  bark; 
particularly  the  long,  taper- 
ing, thick-walled  phloem-cells 
characteristic  of  such  bark. 

BAS'TARD,  spurious;  resembling 
something  else.  Used  improp- 
erly for  Hybrid. 

BAST-CELLS,  thick-walled  elon- 
gated spindle-shaped  cells  in 
the  phloem  portion  of  fibro- 
vascular  bundles.  They  give 
strength  and  flexibility  to  the 
tissues;  bast-fibres. 

BAST  FIBRES,  see  Bast-cells. 

BAST  SHEATH,  see  Phloem- 
sheath. 

BAST,  SOFT,  see  Soft  Bast. 

BAST-TISSUE,  see  Phloem 

BAST-VES'SEL,  see  Sieve-tube. 

BEAK,  a  process  like  the  beak  of 
a  bird  terminating  the  fruit  of 
many  leguminous  and  other 
plants;  rostrum. 

BEAKED,  ending  in  a  prolonged 
narrow  rigid  tip  like  a  beak; 
rostrate. 

BEARD,  the  awns  of  grasses, 
singly  or  collectively;  a  tuft 
of  hairs,  especially  if  stiff  and 
long;  sometimes  applied  im- 
properly to  the  lower  lip  of 
labiate  corollas. 

BEARDED,  having  a  beard;  be- 
set with  hairs,  especially  if 
stiff  and  long. 

BEARD'LETED,  having  minute 
beards  or  awns. 


BELL'-SHAPED,  see  Campanu- 
late. 

BEL/LYING,  swelling  out  on  one 
side,  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla 
in  many  Labiateae. 

BISR'RIED,  see  Baccated. 

BER'RY,  an  indehiscent  fruit 
pulpy  or  fleshy  throughout,  as 
the  grape,  currant,  and  tomato. 

BIACU'MINATE,  two-pointed. 

BIAN'GUlATE,  having  two  an- 
gles or  corners. 

BIARTIC  ULATED,  having  two 
joints. 

BIAURIC'ULATE,  two-eared. 

BIBRAC'TEATE,  with  two  bracts. 

BIBRAC'TEOLATE,  having  two 
bractlets. 

BICAL'cArATE,  having  two 
spurs. 

BlcAl'LOSE,  having  two  small 
hard  spots  or  protuberances. 

BICAP'SULAR,  having  two  cap- 
sules. Sometimes  applied  to 
capsules  which  are  divided  be- 
fore dehiscence  into  two  parts. 

BIcAR'PELLARY,  see  Dicarpel- 

LARY. 

BICAR'InATE,  two-keeled,  as  the 
palet  of  grasses. 

BICEPHALOUS,  having  two 
heads. 

BICIPITAL,  divided  into  two 
parts. 

BlCIP'ITOUS,  see  Bicipital. 

BlCOLLAT'ERAL  BUNDLE,  a 
tibro-vascular  bundle  in  which 
a  strand  of  xylem  lies  between 
two  strands  of  phloem. 

BI'COLOR,  of  two  colors. 

BI'COLORED,  see  Bicolor. 

BICON'JUgATE,     see      Bigemi- 

NATE. 

BlCOR'NUTE,  with  two  horn-like 

processes. 
BlCRE'NATE,   with    two   crena- 
20 


Bicrural 


OF   BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Binate 


tures  or  rounded  teeth.     Com- 
pare DoUBLY-CRENATE. 

BICRU'RAL,  having  two  legs  or 
narrow  elongations,  as  the  lip 
of  the  "  man-orchis." 

BICUSPID,  having  two  sharp 
stiff  points  or  cusps;  bicuspi- 
date. 

BICUS'PIDATE,  see  Bicuspid. 

BIDEN'TATE,  having  two  teeth. 
Compare  Doubly -dentate. 

BIDIG  ITATE,  having  two  finger- 
like divisions. 

BID'UOUS,  lasting  two  days  onty. 

BIENNIAL  (adj.),  living  two 
years,  or  requiring  two  seasons 
to  come  to  maturity. 

BIEN'NIAL,  (n.),  a  plant  which 
usually  matures  its  fruit  the 
second  year  aud  then  dies. 

BIFA'CLAL,  applied  to  leaves 
which  have  a  distinct  upper 
and  lower  surface  differing  in 
texture.    Compare  Centric. 

BlFA'RIOtJS,  pointing  in  two 
directions;  two-ranked;  disti- 
chous. 

BITER,  a  plant  which  ripens 
fruit  twice  a  year. 

BIF'ERO US,  fruiting  twice  a  year. 

BI'FID,  divided  about  to  the  mid- 
dle in  two  parts;  two-cleft. 

BIF'IDATE,  see  Bifid. 

BIFIS'TULAR,  containing  two 
tubular  openings. 

BIFLO'RATE,  see  Biflorous. 

BIFLO'ROUS,  two-flowered. 

BIFO  LlATE,  having  two  leaves 
or  leaflets. 

BIFO'LIOLATE,  having  two  leaf- 
lets. 

BLFdLLIC'tJLAR,  with  a  double 
follicle. 

BIFO'RATE,  having  two  perfora- 
tions, as  the  anthers  of  Rhodo- 
dendron. 

BIF'ORINE,  a  peculiar  cell  con- 


21 


taining  raphides  found  in 
arums  and  certain  other  plants 
— so  called  because  when 
placed  in  water  they  become 
turgid  aud  discharge  their  con- 
tents, often  from  both  ends. 

BIF'OROUS,  see  Biforate. 

BI'FRONS,  having  two  faces  or 
aspects;  growing  on  both  sur- 
faces of  a  leaf  (amphigeuous). 

BIFUR'CATE,  forked;  divided 
into  two  branches. 

BIFURCATED,   see  Bifurcate. 

BIFURCATION,  division  into 
two  branches. 

BIFUR'COUS,  see  Bifurcate. 

BIGEM'INATE,  twice  paired,  as 
a  decompound  leaf  with  two 
pairs  of  leaflets,  i.e.,  having  a 
forked  petiole  with  a  pair  of 
leaflets  at  the  end  of  each  divi- 
sion; bicon  jugate. 

BI'GENER,   see  Genus-Hybrid. 

BIGLAnD'ULAR,  having  two 
glands  or  gland-like  bodies. 

BIJU'GATE,  having  two  pairs,  as 
a  leaf  with  two  pairs  of  leaflets. 

BIJU'GOUS,  see  Bijugate. 

BILABIATE,  see  Labiate. 

BILAM'ELLAR,  see  Bilamel- 
late. 

BIlAM'ELLATE,  of  two  plates 
or  lamellae. 

BILAm'ELLATED,  see  Bilamel- 
late. 

BILAT'ERAL,  two-sided. 

BILO'BATE,  two-lobed. 

BILO'BATED,  see  Bilobate. 

BI'LOBED,  see  Bilobate. 

BILOC'ULAR,  two-celled— ap- 
plied to  ovaries,  anthers,  etc. 

BImACULATE,  having  two  spots. 

BImACULATED,     see     Bimacu- 

LATE. 

BINARY,  in  twos;  double. 
BI'NATE,  in  twos  or  pairs;  con- 
jugate— said  of  two  bodies  of 


Bine 


A  DICTIONARY 


Bipinnatisect 


the  same  nature  springing 
from  the  same  point.  In 
speaking  of  pinnate  leaves  the 
term  conjugate  is  generally 
used. 

BINE,  a  twiuiug  or  climbing 
stem.  Rare  except  in  composi- 
tion, as  wood-bine. 

BINERV'ATE,  having  two  nerves 
or  veins,  or  two  which  are  es- 
pecially prominent. 

BINO  DAL,  containing  two  nodes 
only. 

BINO'MI  AL,  of  two  names,  as  the 
generic  and  specific  names 
which  compose  a  "  botanical 
name." 

BI  NOUS,  see  Binate. 

BInU'CLEAR,  see  Binucxeate. 

BINU'ClEATE,  have  two  nuclei 
or  central  points;  binuclear. 

BINU'CLEOLATE,  with  two  nu- 
cleoli. 

BIOC'ELLATE,  with  two  eye-like 
spots. 

BIOGEN'ESIS,  (1)  the  origin  of 
life;  (2)  the  production  of  liv- 
ing beings  from  other  living 
beings  in  any  manner — the 
converse  of  spontaneous  gen- 
eration (abiogenesis). 

BIOG'ENGUS,  growing  on  living 
plants,  either  parasitic  or  not. 

BIOG'ENY,  the  genesis  or  evolu- 
tion of  living  forms,  or  the  sci- 
ence which  treats  of  it,  includ- 
ing Ontogeny  and  Phyllogeny. 

BI6L0GY,  zoology  and  botany. 

BIOLYT'IC,  injurious  or  destruc- 
tive to  life. 

BI'ON,  an  individual  morphologi- 
cally independent. 

BldPH'AGOtJS,  feeding  on  living 
organisms.  Applied  chiefly 
to  insectivorous  plants. 

Bl'OPLASM,  any  living  fluid; 
the  same  as  protoplasm. 


BIPAL'EOLATE,  with  two  lodi- 
cules;  bilodiculute. 

BIPAL'MATE,  said  of  leaves 
which  are  palmate  upon  sec- 
ondary palmate  petioles. 

BIP'AROUS,  bearing  two  objects, 
as  a  leaf  with  two  leaflets. 

BIPAR'TED,  see  Bipartite. 

BIpAR'TIBLE,  divisible  into  two 
parts. 

BIpAR'TILE,  see  Bipartible. 

BIPARTITE,  two-parted;  divid- 
ed into  two  parts  to  the  base  or 
nearly  so. 

BIPARTI'TION,  the  act  of  di- 
viding into  two  equal  parts. 
Compare  Bisection. 

BIPEC'TINATE,  toothed  like  a 
comb  on  two  sides. 

BIPEL'TATE,  having  two  shield- 
shaped  parts. 

BIPEREN'NiAL,  said  of  a  part 
which  lives  two  years,  but 
reproduces  itself  indefinitely, 
as  the  tubers  of  the  potato. 
(Rare.) 

BIPET'ALOtJS,  having  two  pet- 
als. 

BIPlN  NATE,  said  of  a  pinnate 
leaf  with  secoudary  petioles, 
each  bearing  more  than  one 
leaflet,  as  the  honey-locust; 
doubly  pinnate;  twice  pin- 
nate. 

BIPIN'NATED,  see  Bipinnate. 

BIPINNAT'IFID,  having  the  di- 
visions of  a  pinnatifid  leaf 
pinnatifid;  twice  pinnately 
cleft. 

BIPINNAtIpAR'TITE,  having 
the  divisiousof  a  pinuatipartite 
leaf  pinuatipartite;  twice  pin- 
nately parted.  It  differs  from 
Bipiunatifid  in  having  the  di- 
visions extend  to  uear  the  mid- 
rib. 

BiPINNAT'ISECT,  having  the  di- 
visions of    a  pinnatisect  leaf 


Biplicate 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Blastocolla 


piunatisect;  twice  pinnately  di- 
vided. The  divisions  extend 
to  the  midrib,  but  the  segments 
are  sessile. 

BiPLI'CATE,  twice  or  doubly 
folded. 

BIPO'ROSE,  having  two  small 
openings  or  pores. 

BIPUNC'TATE,  having  two  small 
spots. 

BIRA'DlATE,  having  two  rays. 

BIRI'MOSE,  opening  by  two  slits, 
as  most  anthers;  having  two 
clefts,  slits,  or  narrow  open- 
ings. 

BISACCATE,  having  two  sacs  or 
pouches. 

BISCU'TATE,  resembling  two 
round  bucklers  placed  side  by 
side. 

BISECT',  to  divide  into  two  equal 
parts. 

BISECTION,  the  act  of  cutting 
or  dividing  into  two  equal 
parts;  bipartition. 

BISEP'TATE,  having  two  parti- 
tions or  septa. 

BISE'RIAL,  in  two  rows  or  series. 

BISER'RATE,  having  the  teeth  or 
serratures  serrate;  doubly  ser- 
rate. The  latter  term  is  pref- 
erable, and  Biserrate,  though 
in  more  common  use  in  this 
sense,  should  be  applied  in  anal- 
ogy with  Bidentate  to  leaves 
or  margins  bearing  two  serra- 
tures. 

BISE  TOSE,  having  two  bristles; 
bisetous. 

BISE'TOUS,  see  Bisetose. 

BISEXUAL,  containing  both 
sexes,  as  a  flower  with  both  sta- 
mens and  pistils;  hermaphro- 
dite; mouoclinous;  synoecious. 

BISPI'NOSE,  having  two  spines. 

BI'SPORE,  a  two-spored  tetra- 
spore. 


BISTIP'tTLED,  having  two  stip- 
ules. 

BISUL  CATE,  having  two  longitu- 
dinal grooves  or  furrows. 

BITER'NATE,  divided  iuto  three 
parts,  each  of  which  is  divided 
iuto  three. 

BIT'TEN,  see  Erose. 

BIVALVE  (adj.),  having  two 
valves,  as  some  capsules;  bi- 
valvular. 

BI'VALVE  (n.),  a  capsule  of  two 
valves. 

BIVALV'tJLAR,  see  Bivalve. 

BIVAs'CULAR,  having  two  ves- 
sels. 

BIVIT'TATE,  having  two  vittae. 

BLADDER,  (1)  an  inflated  mem- 
branous pericarp;  (2)  a  mem- 
branous air-sac  in  some  water- 
plants  which  enables  them  to 
float.     See  Air-bladder. 

BLADDERY,  thin  and  inflated 
like  a  bladder,  as  the  calyx  of 
Silene  inflata. 

BLADE,  the  expanded  portion 
of  a  leaf;  lamina.  The  term 
blade  is  more  commonly  ap- 
plied in  grasses  and  lamina  in 
other  plants. 

BLANCHED,whitened  by  absence 
of  light;  etiolated.  Compare 
Chlorosis  and  Albinism. 

BLAND,  fair;  beautiful. 

BLASTE'MA,  the  embryo  aside 
from  the  cotyledons;  also  used 
for  any  point  of  growth  or 
budding  part.     (Rare.) 

BLASTE'MAL,  rudimentary;  nas- 
cent.    (Rare.) 

BLASTOCAR'POUS,  applied  to  a 
fruit  when  the  seed  germinates 
within  the  pericarp,  as  some- 
times occurs  in  the  mangrove. 
(Rare.) 

BLAsTOCOL'LA,  the  gummy  sub- 
stance on  many  buds,  as  on 
the  horse-chestnut. 


23 


A  DICTIONARY 


Botany 


BLASTOGEN'ESIS,  reproduction 
by  buds;  gemmation.     (Obs.) 

BLAS'TUS  (obs.),  see  Bud  and 
Plumule. 

BLIND,  applied  to  a  malforma- 
tion, chiefly  in  certain  culti- 
vated plants,  as  cabbage  and 
cauliflower,  in  whicb  the  stem 
terminates  without  producing 
a  head  or  inflorescence.  A 
"  blind  bud  "  is  one  which  fails 
to  develop.  To  ' '  go  blind  "  is 
to  fail  to  produce  flower-buds 
where  expected. 

BLISTERED,  see  Bullate. 

BLOOM,  a  coating  on  the  surface 
of  fruits,  leaves,  etc.,  often 
grayish  or  bluish  in  color,  con- 
sisting of  minute,  waxy  parti- 
cles in  the  form  of  filaments, 
granules,  or  layers.  See  Glau- 
cous. 

BLOSSOM-BUD,  see  Flower- 
bud. 

BLOTCHED,  having  distinct  ir- 
regular spots  of  color.  Com- 
pare Clouded. 

BLUNT,  obtuse. 

BOAT'-SHAPED,  see  Navicular. 

BOB,  a  popular  name  for  the  in- 
florescence (thyrse)  of  sumach. 

BOLE,  the  body  of  a  tree. 

BOLL,  a  globular  pericarp,  as 
that  of  cotton. 

BOLT  (Hort.),  to  run  premature- 
ly to  seed,  as  carrots  when  they 
seed  the  first  year. 

BONY,  hard,  brittle,  and  close  in 
texture,  as  the  stone  of  the 
peach. 

BOOT,  a  popular  name  for  the 
sheath  of  grains  and  other 
grasses. 

BOR'DER,  the  expanded  portion 
of  a  gamopetalous  corolla,  con- 
sisting of  the  united  limbs. 
See  also  Bordered  Pit. 

BORDERED,  having  the  margin 


different  from  the  remainder 
in  form,  color,  or  texture. 

BORDERED  PIT,  a  thin  spot  or 
opening  in  a  cell-wall  covered 
on  each  side  by  a  thickened 
convex  body  having  a  central 
perforation;  areolated  dot; 
discoid  marking.  Bordered 
pore  of  Gregory.  These  mark- 
ings are  characteristic  of  the 
wood-cells  of  Coniferoe.  The 
border  is  the  more  or  less  di- 
lated central  portion  of  the 
pit  or  passage  between  the 
cells. 

BORDERED  PORE,  see  Border- 
ed Pit. 

BOSS,  a  rounded  protuberance. 
BOSSED,  having  a  boss.  Compare 
Umbonate. 

BOS'TRYCHOlD,  CYME  see  Heli- 
coid  Cyme. 

BOS'TRYCHOlD  DICHdT'OMY,  see 
Helichoid  Dichotomy. 

BOS'TRYX,  see  Helicoid  Cyme. 

BOTAN'ICAL  6E0G'RAPHY,  see 
Geographical  Botany. 

BOTANICAL  NAME,  the  generic 
name  followed  by  the  specific 
name. 

BOTAN'ICAL  NOMENCLATURE, 
an  account  of  the  names  of 
plants,  and  of  the  laws  for  their 
application. 

BOTAN  ICAL  TERMIN6L'66Y,an 
account  of  the  special  words 
used  in  describing  plants. 

BOTANIC  GARDEN,  a  collection 
of  growing  plants  systemati- 
cally arranged  for  the  purpose 
of  study. 

BOTANIZE,  to  seek  for  growing 
plants  for  the  purpose  of  bo- 
tanical investigation. 

BOT'ANY,  the  science  of  plants; 
phytology.  See  Structural, 
Physiological,  and  System- 
atic Botany,  Botanical  No- 


24 


Bothrenchyma 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Brownian 


MENCLATURE,    aild  BOTANICAL    ! 

Terminology. 
BOTHREN'CHYmA     (obs.),     see 

Pitted  Tissue. 
BOT'RUS,  an  old  term  for  a  clus- 
ter like  that  of  the  grape. 

BOT'RYOID,  having  the  form  of 
a  bunch  of  grapes;  botryoidal; 
botryose. 

BOT'RYOSE,  see  Botryoid. 

BOTRYOIDAL,  see  Botryoid. 

BOTTLE-SHAPED,  see  Lageni- 
porm. 

BOTU'LI-FORM,  see  Allantoid. 

BRACH'IATE,  applied  to  branch- 
es which  are  decussate  and 
spreading,  as  iu  the  ash,  and 
sometimes  improperly  to  those 
which  are  long  and  widely 
spreading,  but  not  decussate. 

BRAOHYpODOUS,    short-stalked. 

BRACT,  a  leaf  of  an  inflorescence, 
generally  subtending  a  flower 
or  flower-branch.  Bracts  are 
intermediate  in  position  be- 
tween foliage  leaves  and  floral 
leaves,  and  are  usually  much 
smaller  than  the  ordinary 
leaves,  and  in  other  respects 
more  or  less  modified. 

BRACTEA  (pi.  Bracteee),  see 
Bract. 

BRACTEAL,  of  the  nature  of  a 
bract. 

BRAc'TEATE,  furnished  with 
bracts;  subtended  by  a  bract 
or  bracts;  bracted. 

BRACTE'OLA  (pi.  Bracteolse),  see 
Bractlet. 

BRACTEOlATE,  furnished  with 
bractlets. 

BRACTEOLE,  see  Bractlet. 

BRAC'TEOSE,  having  many  or 
conspicuous  bracts. 

BRACT'LET,  a  small  bract,  or 
bract  upon  a  pedicel  or  second- 
ary branch  of  an  inflorescence. 

BRACT'LESS,  without  bracts. 


BRAIRD,  to  germinate.    (Scotch.) 

BRANCH  (n.),  a  division  of  astern 
or  other  elongated  organ;  sec- 
ondary axis. 

BRANCH  (v.  i.),  to  produce 
branches;  to  ramify. 

BRANCH'LET,  a  little  branch  or 
subdivision  of  a  branch;  twig. 

BREAK  (v.  i.)  (Hort.):  (1)  to  de- 
part widely  from  the  type  and 
suddenly  produce  a  new  vari- 
ety (uearly  the  same  as  sport); 
(2)  to  "  bolt  "  or  run  prema- 
turely to  seed,  as  a  biennial  the 
first  year;  (3)  to  put  forth  new 
buds  or  leaves. 

BREAST-WOOD  (Hort.),  branches 
which  project  outward  from  a 
wall  or  espalier. 

BREATH'ING-PORE,  see  Stoma. 

BREED,  see  Race. 

BRI'DLES,  strings  of  protoplasm 
which  often  connect  the  nu- 
cleus with  the  layer  of  proto- 
plasm next  the  cell  wall. 

BRIS'TLE,  a  stiff,  short  hair  or 
hair-like  body. 

BRISTLE-POINTED,  ending  in  a 
bristle;  terminating  gradually 
in  a  fine  sharp  point,  as  the 
leaves  of  many  mosses. 

BRIS  TLY,  beset  with  bristles. 

BROOD-BUD,  a  deciduous  leaf- 
bud  capable  of  growing  into  a 
new  plant,  such  as  the  bulbils 
of  the  tiger-lily  and  the  decidu- 
ous buds  of  certain  lycopodi- 
ums;  also  applied  to  the  sore- 
dium  of  lichens. 

BROOD'-CELL,  any  reproductive 
unicellular  body  produced 
asexually  which  separates  from 
the  parent  plant,  as  the  gonidia 
of  fungi. 

BROOD'-GEM'mA,  see  Gemma. 

BROWNLA.N      MOVEMENT,      a 
trembling  movement  common 
to    all    minute    particles   sus- 
25 


Brunneus 


A  DICTIONARY 


Bulliform  Cells 


pended  in  a  liquid.  Called 
also  Brunonian  movemeut, 
Pedesis,  Non-vital  motion,  and 
(improperly)  Molecular  move- 
ment.  The  cause  is  not  known. 

BRUN'NEUS,  deep  brown,  a  mix- 
ture of  dark  gray  and  red. 

BRUSH'-SHAPED,  see  Aspergil- 

LIFORM. 

BRYOL'OGY,  the  division  of  bot- 
any relating  to  mosses;  mus- 
cology. 

BUCK'LER-SHAPED,  see  Scu- 
tate. 

BUD,  an  undeveloped  stem  or 
branch,  or  its  extremity,  bear- 
ing rudimentary  leaves  which 
are  specially  modified  for  its 
protection.  See  Leaf-bud, 
Flower-bud,  aud  Gemma. 

BUD'DING,  putting  forth  buds  or 
gemmoe.  Also  applied  to  Pul- 
lulation,  which  see. 

BUD'LET,  a  little  bud  attached 
to  a  larger  one. 

BUD  RUDIMENT,  the  special 
cells  which  originate  the  leaf- 
bearing  axis  in  the  pro-embryo 
of  Characeae. 

BUD'-SCALE,  one  of  the  modified 
leaves  of  a  bud;  perule. 

BUD'-SPORT,  see  Bud  varia- 
tion. 

BtJD-VARiA'TION,  the  develop- 
ment of  a  bud  in  a  manner  un- 
usual to  the  species  or  variety, 
and  different  from  the  other 
buds  upon  the  plant.  It  may 
be  the  production  of  a  new 
variety  or  a  reversion  to  an 
earlier  form.  Bud-variations, 
or  "bud-sports"  as  they  are 
often  called,  may  usually  be 
propagated  by  division,  but 
their  characters  are  seldom  re- 
tained when  grown  from  seed. 
Compare  Seed-variation. 

BUD  VARIETY,  a  variety  which 
originated  by  bud-variation. 


BUGLE  SHAPED,  having  the 
shape  of  a  bugle  bead; — a 
form  varying  from  obloug  to 
obovoid.  Used  in  describing 
the  fruit  of  certain  cranberries. 

BULB,  a  bud  with  thickened 
scales  containing  nutriment 
for  its  development,  thus  differ- 
ing from  ordinary  buds,  the 
scales  of  which  are  for  pro- 
tection only.  Bulbs  are  usu- 
ally subterranean. 

BULBA'CEOUS,  having  bulbs; 
bulbous. 

BULBED,  in  the  form  of  a  bulb; 
bulbaceous. 

BUL'BEL,  see  Bulblet. 
BULBIF'EROUS,       bulb-bearing; 
bulbous. 

BUL'BIL,  see  Bulblet. 

BULB'LET,  a  little  or  secondary 
bulb,  especially  one  above 
ground,  as  in  some  lilies  and 
ferns;  bulbel;  bulbil;  bulbule. 
See  Clove. 

BUL'BOSE,  bulb-like  in  shape  or 
structure. 

BUL'BO-TUBER,  see  Corm. 

BUL'BOUS,  producing  bulbs, 
growing  from  bulbs,  or  bul- 
bose. 

BULB- SCALE,  one  of  the  thick- 
ened scale  like  leaves  of  a 
bulb. 

BULB,  TU'NIcATED,  see  Tuni- 
cated  Bulb. 

BUl'BULE,  see  Bulblet. 

BUL'BUS,  the  swollen  base  of  the 
stipe  in  mushrooms. 

BUL'LATE,  having  the  surface 
blistered  or  puckered,  as  the 
leaves  of  the  Savoy  cabbage, 
the  spaces  between  the  veins 
of  which  are  concave  on  one 
side  and  convex  on  the  other, 

BUL'LIFdRM  CELLS,  see  Hygro- 
scopic Cells. 


26 


Bunch 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Callosity 


BUNCH,  an  indefinite  cluster  or 
tuft. 

BUNDLE-SHEATH,  a  layer  of 
closely  united  thin-walled 
parenchyma  partly  or  wholly 
surrounding  each  fibro-vascu- 
lar  bundle  or  continuous 
around  the  fibro- vascular  cylin- 
der; phloem-sheath. 

BUR,  a  seed  or  head  bearing 
hooked  or  barbed  appendages 
which  serve  for  its  attach- 
ment to  various  animals,  thus 
securing  its  dissemination. 

BURSIC'ULATE,  pouch-like  or 
furnished  with  pouch-like  ap- 
pendages. 

BURSIC'UlA  (pi.  Bursic'ulae\  an 
old  term  for  the  stigmatic 
chamber  in  orchids. 

BURSIC'ULATE,  having  a  bursic- 
ula  or  small  pouch. 

BUSH,  a  shrub,  especially  if  dense 
and  low.  Shrub  implies  the 
habitual  form  or  limit  of 
growth,  but  a  bush  may  grow 
into  a  tree. 

BUT'TERFLY-SHAPED,  see  Papi- 
lionaceous. 

BUTTERY,  applied  to  fruits,  es- 
pecially pears,  the  flesh  of 
which  is  soft  and  yields  read- 
ily to  the  pressure  of  the  teeth, 
as  in  the  White  Doyenne  and 
Seckel  pears.  The  texture  is 
in  some  respects  intermediate 
between  Breaking  and  Melting, 
which  see. 

BUTTON  (v.  i.)  (Hort.),  to  form 
small  heads  prematurely,  as 
cauliflower. 

BICYCLIC,  having  two  cycles  or 
whorls. 

BYSSA'CEOUS,  resembling  or  con- 
sisting of  fine  filaments  like 
cobweb,  as  the  mycelium  of 
mushrooms. 

BYS'SOID,  resembling  bissus. 

BYS'SUS,   an   old   name   for  the 


filamentous  mycelium  of  cer- 
tain fungi. 

CADUCOUS,  falling  early,  as  the 
calyx  of  the  poppy. 

CJERULES'CENT,  see   Cosrules- 

CENT. 

CZERU'LEUS,  see  Cceruleus. 

CE'SIOUS,  pale  bluish-gray;  lav- 
ender-colored. 

CZESPIT'ELLOSE,  diminutive  of 
Crespitose. 

CZES'PITOSE,  see  Cespitose. 

CAlAthIdIUM  (obs.),  see 
Capitclum.  Formerly  applied 
to  the  head  of  flowers  in  Com- 
posite, or  sometimes  to  the  in- 
volucre only. 

CAlATH'IFORM,  bowl-shaped, 
with  the  margin  more  or  less 
flaring,  like  a  fruit-dish  or 
flower- basket. 

CAL'CAR,  see  Spur. 

CAL'CArATE,  having  a  spur,  as 
the  flower  of  larkspur;  spur- 
shaped. 

CALCAREOUS,  of  a  dull  chalk- 
white  color;  growing  in  chalky 
or  limestone  soils. 

CAL'CEIFORM,  see  Calceolate. 

CAL'CEOLATE,  slipper-shaped, 
as  "the  lip  of  Cypripedium; 
calceiform;  soleaBform. 

CAL'CIFORM,  powdery,  like 
chalk  or  lime. 

CALCIV'OROUS,  eating  into  lime 
rock,  as  certain  lichens. 

CAliCULAR,  cup-shaped. 
(Rare.) 

CAlICULATE,  see  Calyculate. 

CA'LIX,  see  Calyx. 

CAl'LI  (pi.),  see  Callus. 

CAL'LOSE,  having  hardened  spots 
or  protuberances;  callused. 

CALLOSITY,  a  hard  or  thickened 
spot  or  protuberance;  callus; 
wart. 


27 


Callus 


A   DICTIONARY 


Camara 


CAl'LUS  (pi.  Calluses  or  Calli\ 
(1)  a  hard  or  thickened  spot  or 
protuberance ;  callosity :  (2) 
the  new  formation  upon  au  in- 
jured surface,  as  seen  at  the 
end  of  a  cutting:  (3)  a  thick- 
ened deposit  of  formative 
material  in  the  pores  of  the 
sieve-plates  in  certain  trees  in 
autumn:  (4)  a  term  applied  to 
an  extension  of  the  flowering 
glume  in  grasses  -below  its 
point  of  insertion,  and  which 
is  grown  to  the  axis  or  rachilla 
of  the  spikelet  and  separated 
from  the  free  portion  by  a 
more  or  less  distinct  furrow. 
It  is  frequently  covered  with 
hairs  or  bristles  (as  in  Stipa) 
which  serve  for  attachment  to 
other  objects  to  secure  the 
distribution  of  the  seed.  The 
Callus  is  sometimes  present  in 
the  empty  glumes  also. — 
(Scribner.) 

CAl/VOUS,  bald;  having  a  sur- 
face on  which  hairs  are  usually 
present  destitute  of  them,  as  in 
an  achenium  without  a  pappus. 

CALYCAN'THEMOUS,  having 
petaloid  sepals. 

CALYCAN'THEMY,  a  partial  or 
entire  conversion  of  sepals  into 
petals. 

CAlYCIFLO'RAl,  having  t  h  e 
calyx  free  from  the  ovar}',  and 
the  stamens  (and  therefore  the 
petals  also)  inserted  on  the 
calyx.      Compare     Thalami- 

FLOKAL   and    COROLLIFLORAL. 

CALYC'IFORM,  having  the  form 
or  position  of  a  calyx. 

CALYC'INAL,  see  Calycine. 

CAL'YCINE,  pertaining  to  or 
situated  on  a  calyx;  calycinal. 

CAL'YCLE,  a  whorl  of  bracts 
forming  a  secondary  or  ac- 
cessory calyx  outside  the  true 
calyx. 


CAL'YCLED,  having  a  calycle. 
CAL'YCOID,  resembling  a  calyx. 

CALYCULATE,  having  a  calycu- 
lus. 

CALYC'tJLATED,     see     Calycu- 

LATE. 

CALYC'tJLUS,  a  set  of  involucral 
bracts  resembling  a  calyx,  as 
in  Dianthus. 

CALYP'TRA,  the  membranous 
hood  or  veil  covering  the  cap- 
sule in  mosses.  It  consists  of 
the  ruptured  archegonium 
carried  up  by  the  growing 
sporophore.  The  term  is  also 
applied  to  the  root-cap,  which 
see. 

CALYP  TRATE,  having  a  calyp- 
tra  or  similar  covering. 

CALYP'TRIFORM,  shaped  like  a 
calyptra  or  candle-extinguish- 
er, as  the  calyx  of  Eschscholt- 
zia. 

CALYP'TRdGEN,  a  special  layer 
of  cells  in  certain  plants  from 
which  the  root-cap  is  devel- 
oped.    (Jancewski.) 

CA'LYX,  the  outer  set  of  floral 
leaves  between  the  bracts,  if 
any,  and  the  corolla.  When 
there  is  but  one  set  external  to 
the  stamens,  it  is  usually  called 
calyx  or  perianth. 

CA'LYX  TUBE,  a  tube  of  united 
sepals  adherent  to  the  ovary 
or  enclosing  the  other  parts  of 
the  flower.  As  the  elevated 
margin  of  the  receptacle  some- 
times forms  a  portion  of  this 
tube,  the  term  "  receptacular 
tube"  is  also  applied  to  it. 

CAM'ArA  (pi.  Cam'arae),  an  in- 
definite term  formerly  applied 
to  various  fruits  having  more 
or  less  membranous  carpels,  as 
the  Ranunculus  and  apple. 
Also  applied  to  a  single  carpel 
of  such  a  fruit. 


28 


Cambial 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Capitular 


CAM'BIAL,  pertaining  to  cambi- 
um. 

CAM'BIFORM,  said  of  narrow 
prismatic  thin-walled  cells, 
like  those  characteristic  of 
cambium. 

CAM'BIUM,  a  layer  of  meristem 
belonging  to  the  fibrovascular 
system,  between  the  xylem  and 
phloem.  In  exogeus  it  is 
permanent,  and  forms  the  con- 
tinuous ring  or  layer  of  soft 
growing  tissue  between  the 
wood  and  inner  bark,  from 
which  the  new  growth  of  each 
is  derived.  It  was  formerly 
considered  merely  a  viscid  se- 
cretion, often  called  "  de- 
scending sap,"  but  it  is  now 
known  to  be  composed  wholly 
of  young,  easily  broken  cells 
rilled  with  protoplasm  or  for- 
mative matter. 

CAM'BIUM  LAYER,  see  Cam- 
bium. 

CAM'BIUM  RING,  see  Cambium. 

CAMPAnIfoRM,  see  Campanu- 

LATE. 

CAmpAnIl  IFORM,  see  Campan- 

ULATE. 

CAmpAN'ULATE,  bell-shaped,  as 
the  corolla  of  the  harebell. 

CAMPES'TRAL,  growing  mainly 
in  uncultivated  fields. 

CAMPULIT'ROPOUS  (obs.),  see 
Campylotbopous. 

CAMPYlOSPER'MOUS,  having 
the  edges  of  the  seed  rolled  in- 
ward to  form  a  longitudinal 
groove  or  furrow,  as  in  sweet- 
cicely  and  some  other  Umbel- 
liferoe. 

CAMPYLOT'ROPAL,  see  Campy- 
lotbopous. 

CAMPYLOT'ROPOUS,  applied  to 
ovules   or   seeds    which      are 

p  curved  upon  themselves  so 
that  the  micropyle  is  near  the 


chalaza,  as  in  Cruciferoe ;  cam- 
pylotropal. 

CAnAL'-C,ELLS,  an  axial  row  of 
cells  in  the  neck  of  the  arehe- 
gonium  the  connecting  septa 
of  which  disappear,  forming  a 
canal  filled  with  mucilage  for 
the  passage  of  the  anthero- 
zoids. 

CANALICULATE,  channelled. 

CANALICULUS  (pi.  Canaliculi), 
a  channel. 

CAN'gELLATE,  having  open 
network;  lattice-like. 

CAN'DICANT,  see  Albescent. 

CAN'DIDUS,  Latin  for  pure 
white. 

CANE,  the  stem  of  reeds  and 
other  large  grasses.  Applied 
in  horticulture  to  the  stems  of 
raspberries  and  blackberries, 
and  one-year-old  stems  of 
grape-vines. 

CANES'gENT,  hoary  (gray  or 
whitish)  from  a  coating  of  fine 
hairs;  canus;  incanus;  iuca- 
nous;  incanescent. 

CA'NUS,  see  Canescent. 

CAP,  see  Pileus. 

CAPILLA'CEOUS,  see  Capillary. 

CAPIL'-LAMENT  (rare),  see  Fil- 
ament. 

CAP'ILLARY,  long  and  narrow 
like  a  hair;  said  of  a  filament 
or  channel. 

CAPIL'LIFORM,  see  Capillary. 

CAPlLLIT'IUM,  sterile  fila- 
ments, often  in  the  form  of 
network,  among  the  spores  of 
puff  -balls  and  some  other  fun- 
gi- 

CAP'ITATE,  furnished  with  a 
globose  head;  growing  in  a 
head. 

CAPITfiL'LATE,  diminutive  of 
capitate;  capitular. 

CAPIT'ULAR,  see  Capitellate. 


29 


Capituliform 


A  DICTIONARY 


Carpadelium 


CAPIT'ULIFORM,  iii  the  form  of 

a  small  head. 
CAPiT'ULUM     (pi.  Caplt'ula),     a 

dense  flower-cluster,  as  in  the 

clover  or  sunflower;  a  head  of 

any  kind. 

CAP'RE&LATE,  having  tendrils; 
cirrhose. 

CAPRE'OLUS  (pi.  Capre'611),  see 
Tendril. 

CAPRIFicA'TION,  (1)  the  fertili- 
zation of  the  fig,  by  hand  or 
by  means  of  insects.  Some- 
times extended  to  the  artificial 
fertilization  of  other  fruits.  (2) 
The  process  of  accelerating  the 
ripening  of  figs  by  placing  on 
the  cultivated  plant  branches 
of  the  wild  fig  (caprificus).  A 
hymenopterous  insect  found  on 
the  wild  plant  enters  the  fruit 
to  lay  its  eggs,  causing  it  to 
ripen  earlier.  The  same  result 
is  obtained  by  the  practice  of 
pricking  the  green  figs  with  a 
needle  dipped  in  olive-oil;  also 
by  the  application  of  a  drop  of 
the  oil  to  the  eye  of  the  fig. 
There  seems  to  be  some  doubt 
as  to  whether  the  result  from 
caprification  by  means  of  the 
wild  fig  is  due  to  fertilization, 
or  the  punctures  of  the  insect, 
or  to  both. 

CAPSOMA'NlA,  an  unnatural  de- 
velopment of  pistils.  It  may 
consist  of  excessive  multiplica- 
tion or  of  any  alteration  in 
form  which  impairs  their  func- 
tion. 

CAP'SULAR,  pertaining  to  a  cap- 
sule. 

CAP'SUlATE,  enclosed  in  a  cap- 
sule. 

CAP'SULE,  any  dry  dehiscent 
fruit,  especially  one  which  is 
superior  and  polycarpellary. 
The  sporangium  of  mosses  is 
usually  called  a  capsule. 


CAPSULIF'EROUS,  bearing  cap- 
sules. 

CARBONACEOUS,  appealing  as  if 
burnt. 

CAR'gERULE,  a  dry  fruit  formed 
from  a  polycarpellary  ovary, 
the  carpels  of  which  separate 
when  ripe  into  iudehiscent 
few-seeded  cocci,  as  mallow; 
carcerulus.  Compare  Schizo- 
carp. 

CAR§ER'ULUS,  see  Carcerule. 

CARQITH'IUM,  an  old  term  for 

Mycelium. 

CARICdL'OGY,  the  study  of  the 
genus  Carex. 

CARIES,  an  old  term  for  decay. 

CARI  NA,  see  Keel. 

CARl'NAL,  pertaining  to  a  keel. 

cArI'nAl  Estivation,  when 

the  carina  embraces  the  other 
parts  of  the  flower. 

CARl'NAL  cAnAl',  a  lacuna  iu 
the  xylem  of  a  fibrovascular 
bundle,  as  in  Equisetum.  Com- 
pare Vallecular  Canals. 

CArInATE,  keel-shaped,  or  hav- 
ing a  longitudinal  ridge  like  a 
keel;  keeled. 

CAR'InATED,  see  Carinate. 

CArIOP'SIS,  see  Caryopsis. 

CARIOUS,        decayed.       (Rare.) 

Compare  Caries. 
CARNEOUS,    flesh-colored;    pale 

red.     Compare  Carnose. 
CAR'NEUS,  see  Carneous. 
CARNIVOROUS,  see  Insectivo- 
rous. 
CAR'NOSE,     fleshy    in     texture. 

More  firm  than  succulent  or 

pulpy.^ 
CAR'NOUS,   pertaining  to    flesh; 

fleshy. 
CARPADELIUM,     see     Cremq- 

carp. 
30 


Carpel 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Catacorolla 


CARTEL,  a  simple  pistil  or  one 
of  the  elements  (modified 
leaves)  of  a  compound  pistil. 

CAR'PELLARY,  pertaining  to  a 
carpel. 

CARPEL'LtJM  (pi.  Carpel'la),  see 
Carpel. 

CAR'PID,  a  ripe  carpel,  especially 
if  separable. 

CARPID'IUM,  a  carpid  or  carpel. 

CARPOGEN'IC,  fruit-producing. 
In  Florideae  applied  to  the 
special  cell  (or  cells)  of  the  pro- 
carpium  which  develops  into 
the  carpogonium. 

CAR'POGON,  see  Carpogonium. 

CARPOGO'NltJM,  the  female  or- 
gan, usually  multicellular,  of 
Carposporeoe  before  fertiliza- 
tion.    Compare  Oogonium. 

CAR'POLlTE,  a  petrified  fruit; 
lithocarp;  carpolith. 

CARPOL'OGY,  the  part  of  botany 
which  relates  to  the  structure 
of  fruits.  Compare  Pomolo- 
gy. 

CARPOPHORE,  the  stalk  of  a 
sporocarp;  a  stalk  elevating 
the  gynecium  above  the  rest  of 
the  Bower  (gynophore);  a  pro- 
longation of  the  axis  between 
the  carpels,  as  in  Umbellifera3. 

CAR'POPHYLL,  see  Carpel. 

CARPOPHYL'LUM  (pl.Carpophyl'- 
la),  see  Carpel. 

CAR'POSPORE,  a  spore  produced 
in  a  sporocarp.  De  Bary  ex- 
tends the  term  to  all  those  pro- 
duced on  a  sporophyte,  thus 
including  the  spores  of  ferns. 
This  makes  it  equivalent  to 
the  term  "spore"  as  used  by 
Sachs. 

CAR'POSTOME,  the  opening  in  a 
sporocarp  through  which  the 
spores  are  discharged. 

CARTILAGINOUS,  firm  and 
tou°;h  like  cartilaere. 


CAR'UNCLE,  a  partial  aril  grow- 
ing from  the  hilum,  as  in  Po- 
lygala;  strophiole. 

CARUN'CULA,  see  Caruncle. 

CARUN'CULAR,  see  Caruncu- 
late. 

CARUN'CtJLATE,  haviug  a  car- 
uncle or  the  form  of  a  carun- 
cle; caruncular;  carunculous; 
carunculated. 

CARUN'CULATED,  see  Caruncu- 
late. 

CARUNCtJLOUS  (rare),   see   Ca- 

RUNCULATE. 

CArYOCINE'SIS,    see  Karyoki- 

NESIS. 

CArYOPHYLLA'CEOUS,  pink- 
like; especially  having  five 
petals  with  long  claws,  as  iu 
the  pink  family  (Caryophylla- 
ceae). 

CARYOPH'YLLOtJS,    see     Cary- 

OPHYLLACEOUS. 

CARYOP'SIS,  a  dry  one-seeded 
iudebiscent  fruit,  with  the  per- 
icarp thin  and  adherent  to  the 
seed,  as  in  wheat  and  most 
other  Gramineae;  cariopsis. 

CASQUE,  see  Galea. 

CASSID'EOUS,  a  term  applied  to 
an  irregular  corolla  having  the 
upper  petal  broad  and  helmet- 
shaped  as  in  Aconitum. 

CASTA'NEOTJS,  chestnut-colored. 

CAS'TRATE  (adj.),  said  of  a  sta- 
meu  which  contains  no  anther, 
or  no  good  pollen. 

CAS'TRATE  (v.),  to  remove  the 
anthers. 

CAtABOL'IC,  see  Katabolic. 

CAtACLE'SIUM,  a  term  some- 
times applied  to  an  achenium 
like  Mirabilis,  being  a  one- 
celled,  one-seeded  fruit  within 
a  hardened  calyx. 

CAtAC0R6l'lA,  a  secondary  co- 
rolla sometimes  found  inside 
or  outside  the  true  corolla. 


31 


Catapetalous 


A  DICTIONARY 


Cell 


CATAPET'ALOUS,  having  the 
bases  of  the  petals  in  a 
polypetallous  corolla  adher- 
ent to  the  bases  of  the  stamens, 
as  in  Malva. 

CAT'APHYL,  a  scale-like  leaf, 
as  on  buds,  rhizomes,  etc. 
Compare  Euphyll. 

CAtAPHYL'LARY,  scale-like,  as 
the  perules  of  a  bud  or  the 
rudimentary  leaves  on  a  root- 
stock. 

CATENATE,  see  Concatenate. 

CAtEN'UlATE,  see  Concate- 
nate. 

CATH'ODAL,  see  Cathodic. 

CATHOD'IC,  applied  to  the  edge 
of  a  leaf  which  is  entered  by 
an  ascending  spiral.  In  a 
right-handed  spiral  it  would  be 
the  left  edge  and  vice  versa. 
Also  spelled  Kathodic.  Com- 
pare Anodic. 

CAT'KIN,  see  Ament. 

CAU'DATE,  having  a  long  termi- 
nation like  a  tail. 

CAU'DATED,  see  Caudate. 

CAU'BEX  (pi.  Cau'dexes  or  Cau'- 
diQes),  the  trunk  of  a  palm,  a 
tree-fern,  or  other  arborescent 
endogen  or  acrogen;  an  up- 
right root-stock;  the  persistent 
base  of  various  herbaceous 
perennials  (in  this  sense  obso- 
lete). Formerly  applied  to  the 
trunk  of  any  tree. 

CAU'DICLE,  a  little  stalk,  as  that 
"to  which  each  pollen-mass  in 
orchids  is  attached. 

CAUDIC'tJLA,  seeCAXJDiCLE. 

CAULES'CENT,  having  a  distinct 
leaf-bearing  stem. 

CAU'LICLE,  the  first  internode, 
or  portion  of  the  stem  below 
the  cotyledons  and  above  the 
radicle  or  beginning  of  the 
true  root;  tigellum;  cauliculus, 
usually  called  radicle.    Seldom 


applied  to  the  part  after   the 
plant  has  developed. 

CAU'LICULE,  see  Caulicle. 

CATJLIC'tJLtJS  (pi.  Caulic'ull),  see 
Caulicle. 

CATJLIF  EROUS,  having  a  stem; 
caulescent. 

CAU'LIFORM,  stem-like. 

CAULi6'ER0US,  borne  upon  the 
stem. 

CAULINE,  pertaining  to  the 
stem;  belonging  to  the  stem, 
or  main  stem,  as  cauline 
leaves. 

CAULINE  BUN'DLES,  fibrovas- 
cular  bundles  confined  exclu- 
sively to  the  stem  and  not  con- 
nected with  those  in  the  leaves. 
Compare  Common  Bundles. 

CAU'LIS,  the  stem;  especially 
the  main  stem  in  herbaceous 
plauts. 

CAULOCAR'POUS.producing  fruit 
upon  a  permanent  stem,  as  or- 
dinary trees  and  shrubs. 

CAU'LOME,  a  general  term  for 
stems  of  all  kinds,  whether 
having  the  ordinary  form  and 
functions  of  stems  or  nut. 
Compare  Phyllome 

CAULO'MER,  a  name  proposed 
for  one  of  the  secondary  axes 
which  form  a  sympodium. 

CAULOTAX'IS,  the  arrangement 

of  the  brauches  upon  a  stem. 
CAVITY  (Hort,).  the  depression 
in  the  stem  end  of  an  apple. 
Compare  Basin. 
C,ELL,  (1)  one  of  the  structural 
elements  of  living  bodies,  by 
the  multiplication  of  which 
growth  is  effected.  In  plants 
the  cell  usually  appears  as  a 
closed  sac  surrounded  by  a 
firm  wall  of  cellulose  and  con- 
taining the  essential  element, 
protoplasm,  and  usually  a  nu- 
cleus, the  active  agent  in  cell- 


32 


Cell-family 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Central  Cord 


division.  See  Cellulose, 
Cell-wall,  Cell- sap.  Pro- 
toplasm. Nucleus.  (2)  Any 
cavity,  as  that  of  an  auther  or 
ovary. 

CELL  FAMILY,  a  group  of  cells 
of  common  origin:  used  mainly 
among  the  lower  algae;  colony. 
See  Ccenobium. 

CELL-FI'BRE,  see  Nuclear  Fi- 
bril. 

gELLIF'EROUS,  bearing  or  pro- 
ducing cells. 

CELL  NU'CLEUS,  see  Nucleus. 

CELL-PLATE,  the  early  condi- 
tion of  a  cell-wall  at  the  equa- 
tor of  a  dividing  nucleus, 
formed  by  the  fusion  of  a  se- 
ries of  thickenings  of  the  spiu- 
dle-nbres  called  by  Strasburger 
Dermatosomes. 

CELL,  PRIMOR  DIAL,  see  Pri- 
mordial Cell. 

CELL  SAP,  fluid  in  living  cells 
which  separates  from  the  pro- 
toplasm as  one  or  more  vacu- 
oles; cytenehyma.  Compare 
Vascular  Sap    and  Deuto- 

PLASM. 

CELL-TIS'SUE,  tissue  composed 
of  cells  as  distinguished  from 
vessels.  See  Cellular  Tis- 
sue. 

CELLULAR,  composed  of  cells; 
pertaining  to  cells  as  distin- 
guished from  vessels;  having 
the  cells  large  and  soft;  con- 
taining cavities  of  any  kind; 
porous. 

CEL'LULAR   BARK,    see    Meso- 

PHLCEUM. 

CELLULAR  EN'VELOPE,  see 
Mesophtxeum 

CEL'LULAR  PLANTS,  those  which 
contain  no  fibrovascular  tis- 
sue, as  fungi  and  algae;  thallo- 
phytes. 

CELLULAR  SPORE,  see  Com- 
pound Spore. 


CEL'LULAR  SYS'TEM,  the  cellu- 
lar portion  of  a  plant  as  distin- 
guished from  the  fibrovascu- 
lar. 

CEL'LULAR  TIS'SUE,  tissue  iu 
which  none  of  the  cells  are 
modified  into  ducts  or  vessels. 
Especially,  tissue  composed  of 
cells  which  are  large  and  loose, 
like  the  pulp  of  fruits;  paren- 
chyma. Compare  Vascular 
Tissue. 

gEL'LULE,  a  small  cell. 

CELLULIF'EROUS,  bearing  or 
producing  little  cells. 

CEL'LULOSE,  primary  cell-wall 
substance;  the  material  form- 
ing most  of  the  dry  matter  of 
plants.  It  is  seen  nearly  pure 
in  cotton-fibre  and  in  the  cell- 
walls  of  most  plants  while 
young.  There  are  many  mod- 
ifications of  cellulose,  among 
them  Lignin  in  older  wood  and 
Suberin  in  bark. 

CELL-WALL,  a  sac  enclosing  the 
living  contents  of  a  cell. 

CEMENTA'TION     OF    HY'PH^, 

their  inseparable  union  by  a 
cementing  substance;  concres- 
cence.    (DeBary.) 

CEM'ENT-DISK,  Midler's  term  for 
the  glandular  disk  or  retinacu- 
lum of  orchids. 

CENAN'THY,  the  suppression  of 
stamens  and  pistils. 

CENO'BiUM,  see  Ccenobium. 

CENOGENET'IC,  secondary. 

CEN'TRAL  CELL,  the  cell  of  an 
archegonium,  from  which  the 
oosphere  originates.     Compare 

E.MBRYO-SAC. 

CEN'TRAL  CORD,  a  cord  or  bun- 
dle of  elongated  thin-walled 
cells  at  the  centre  of  the  stems, 
leaves,  and  fruit-stalks  of  many 
mosses  which  serves  for  the 
transfer  of  water;  tissue-cord. 


33 


Central  Cylinder 


A  DICTIONARY 


Chinky 


gflN'TRAL  gYL'INDER,  the  por- 
tion of  the  tissue  of  roots  and 
stems  within  the  cortex.  It 
includes  the  medullary  and 
fibrovascular  systems,  —  used 
mainly  in  roots.  Compare 
Fibrovascular  Cylinder. 

CEN'TRIC,  a  term  applied  to  such 
leaves  as  show  no  considerable 
difference  between  the  internal 
structure  of  their  upper  and 
under  sides.  Compare  Bifa- 
cial. 

C,ENTRIF'UGAl,  said  of  an  inflo- 
rescence in  which  the  terminal 
flower  blossoms  first;  definite; 
determinate.  Applied  to  a 
radicle  which  is  turned  toward 
the  side  of  the  fruit,  or  to  any- 
thing else  which  points  out- 
ward. 

gENTRIP'ETAL,  said  of  an  inflo- 
rescence in  which  the  lower  or 
outer  flowers  blossom  first;  in- 
definite; indeterminate.  Ap- 
plied to  radicles  or  seeds  which 
point  toward  the  axis  of  the 
fruit.  Now  little  used  in  the 
latter  sense. 

gflN  TURY,  a  hundred  things,  as 
a  package  of  plants  containing 
a  hundred  specimens. 

^EPHAlAN'THIUM,  see  Antho- 
dium. 

C,EPHAL0'd1A  (sing.  Cephalo'- 
dium),  outgrowths  of  a  lichen 
thallus  in  which  algal  cells  are 
situated. 

CEPH'ALOID,  capitate  or  head- 
shaped. 

gERA'gEOtfS,  wax-like. 

§ERAMIDlUM  (pi.  Ceramid'ia), 
the  ovate  or  urn-shaped  cap- 
sule containing  the  spores  in 
the  red  algae  (Florideee). 

§ERlF'EROu*S,  producing  wax. 

§ER  NOtJS,  nodding,  curved  over 
near  the  top,  as  the  flower  of 


narcissus  upon  its  stem;  nu- 
tant,     Compare  Drooping. 

CER'NUOUS,  see  Cernous. 

gER'NUUS,  see  Cernous. 

5ESIOUS,  see  Cacsious. 

CES'PITOSE,  in  tufts  or  dense 
bunches;  caespitose;  tufted. 

CES'PITOXJS,  see  Cestttose. 

CESPIT  ULOSE,  in  small  tufts  or 
bunches. 

CHiE'TA,  Greek  for  bristle. 

CHAFF,  the  glumes  and  palets  of 

grains  and  other  grasses;  the 
bracts  which  subtend  each 
flower  in  the  head  of  Composi- 
te, etc. 

CHAlN-GEM'MA,  a  kind  of 
gemma  found  in  JMucorini 
having  the  form  of  a  septate 
coufervoid  filament,  the  seg- 
ments of  which  are  capable  of 
germination;  sprouting  gem- 
ma.    (DeBary.) 

€HALA'ZA,  the  base  of  the  ovule 
or  place  where  its  coats  unite 
with  each  other  and  with  ihe 
nucleus.  In  orthotropous 
seeds  it  corresponds  with  the 
hilum. 

CHAP'LfiT,  a  series  of  objects  ar- 
ranged like  beads  on  a  string, 
as  the  spores  of  Cystopus. 

CHARACTER,  whatever  distin- 
guishes a  plant  or  group  of 
plants  from  others;  a  descrip- 
tion composed  of  the  distinc- 
tive features  of  a  species  or 
other  group.  See  Specific 
Character,  Generic  Char- 
acter, etc. 

€HARTA'CE0US,  of  the  texture 
of  parchment  or  writing-paper. 

€HASM6G'AMY,  the  opening  of 
the  perianth  at  flowering  time. 
(Rare.) 

CHiNK  Y   (Tuckerman),  see  Ri- 

MOSE. 

34 


Chlamydospore 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Chronizoospore 


CHLAMYDOSPORE,  a  kiud  of 
thick-walled  spore  formed 
asexually  ia  Mucorini  by  free- 
cell  formation  within  the  hy- 
phoe.  The  term  is  also  applied 
to  certain  thick-walled  spores 
in  protophytes,  and  occasion- 
ally elsewhere. 

CHLO'RAntHY,  the  conversion 
of  the  parts  of  a  flower  into 
green  leaves. 

-CHLOROLEU'ClTE,  see  Chloro 
plast. 

-eHLO  ROPHYL,  see  Chloro- 
phyll. 

-CHLOROPHYLL,  the  green  color- 
ing matter  of  plants. 

-CHLOROPHYLL  BODY,  a  proteid 
body  (plastic!)  in  the  cells  of 
plants  containing  the  chloro- 
phyll; chlorophyll  -grannie; 
chlorophyll-corpuscle ;  chloro- 
plast;  autoplast;  chloroleucite. 
See  Plastid  and  Chromato- 
phore. 

-CHLOROPHYLL  -  CORPUSCLE, 
see  Chlorophyll-body. 

CHLOROPHYLL-GRAIN,  see 

Chlorophyll-body. 

-eHLO'ROPHYLL  GRANULE,  see 
Chlorophyll-body. 

CHLOROPHYLL-VESICLES,  see 
Pyrenoids. 

-CHLO'ROPLAST,  see  Chloro- 
phyll-body. 

CHLOROSIS,  an  abnormal  ab- 
sence or  diminution  of  the 
green  coloring  matter  of 
plants;  albinism.  Compare 
Etiolation. 

-CHORDA  PISTILLA'RIS,  a  fibro- 
vascular  bundle  in  the  style. 
(Obs.) 

-CHORiPET'ALOUS,  see  Polypet- 

ALOUS. 

-CHORISliP'ALOUS,  see  Polysep- 

ALOUS. 

CHO'RISIS,  the  production  of  two 


or  more  organs  in  the  position 
of  oue.  It  is  considered  in 
most  cases  to  be  a  branching 
of  very  early  origin.  The  con- 
dition may  be  normal  or  ab- 
normal. See  Collateral 
and  Transverse  Chorisis. 
Compare  Unlining. 

CHORISTOPH'YLLOUS,  separate- 
leaved.     (Rare.) 

CHROMATIC,  capable  of  being 
colored  by  staining  agents; 
pertaining  to  color. 

CHROMATIN,  that  part  of  the 
protoplasm  of  the  cell,  mainly 
in  the  nucleus,  which  is  read- 
ily and  deeply  colored  by  stain- 
ing agents.  It  forms  the  chief 
portion  of  the  granular  fibrils 
called  "  nucleiu"  or  "nucleo- 
plasm." 

CHROmAT'OPHORE,  the  proto- 
plasmic body  (plastid)  in  which 
chlorophyll  or  other  coloring 
matter  is  produced ;  color-gran- 
ule; chromoplast;  chromoleu- 
cite.  The  term  is  also  extended 
by  some  to  all  plastids.  See 
Chlorophyll-body. 

CHROMID'IUM,  a  term  some- 
times applied  to  the  gouidium 
or  algal  host  of  lichens. 

CHROMOLEU'CITE,    see     Chro- 

MATOPHORE. 

CHRO'MOPLAST,  see  Chromato- 

PHORE. 

CHROMOPLAs'TID,    see     Chro- 

MATOPHORE. 

CHROMOSOME,  one  of  the  seg- 
ments of  the  nuclear  filament 
in  karyokinesis. 

CHROM'ULE,  a  term  applied  to 
all  coloring  pigments  found  in 
living  plants. 

CHRON'IZOOSPORE,  oue  of  the 
microzoogouidia  produced  in 
vast  numbers  in  Hydrodictyon 
— so  called,  because  they  rest 
for  several  weeks  or  more  be- 


35 


Cicatrice 


A  DICTIONARY 


Cladophyll 


fore  germinating;  chronispore; 
chronizoospore. 

CICATRICE,  see  Cicatrix. 

CICATRIX  (pi.  Cicatrixes),  a  scar 
left  by  a  falling  leaf  or  other 
organ. 

C_IEN'€HYMA,  a  system  of  inter- 
cellular spaces.     (Kcehler.) 

glL'IA  (sing.  Cilium),  hairs  or 
bristles  forming  a  row  or 
fringe;  the  tail-like  appenda- 
ges of  zoospores;  single,  tine, 
soft,  hair-like  terminal  append- 
ages of  any  kind.  Compare 
Flagella. 

CIL'lATE,  having  cilia. 

CIL'IATE-DEN'TATE,  having 
teeth  fringed  with  hairs. 

glL'IIFORM,  resembling  cilia. 

cIL'IOGRADE,  moving  by  means 
of  cilia,  as  zoospores. 

CILI'OLA  (sing.  Cili'olum),  sec- 
ondary or  minute  cilia. 

CII/IUM  (sing.),  see  Cilia. 

giN'CINNAL  CYME,  see  Scor- 
pioid Cyme. 

CiN'CINNAL  DICHOTOMY,  see 
Scorpioid  Dichotomy. 

CIN'CINNUS,  see  Scorpioid  Cyme 

CLNe'rA'CEOUS,  a  little  paler  than 
Cinereous. 

CINEREOUS,  ash-gray. 

CINERES'CENT,  becoming  ash- 
gray;  cineraceous. 

CINERI  TIOUS,  see  Cinereous. 

CI'ON,  see  Scion. 

CIR'CINAL,  see  Circinate. 

giR'CINATE,  rolled  forward  from 
the  end,  as  the  young  leaves  of 
many  ferns. 

CIRCUMCISED',     divided     in     a 

transverse  circular  manner. 
CIRCUMNUTA'TION,  the  act  of 
bending  around  successively 
through  different  points  of  the 
compass,  as  is  done  by  the 
ends  of  twining  vines,  and  in 


a  less  degree  by  other  growing 
points;  revolving  nutation. 
See  Nutation. 

CIRCUMSCIS'SILE,  dehiscing  or 
dividing  by  a  transverse  circu- 
lar line,  as  the  fruit  of  purs- 
lane. 

CIRCUMSCRIPTION,  an  outline 
or  boundary. 

CIRRHIF'EROtJS,  having  ten- 
drils.    See  Cirrhose. 

CIR'RHIFORM,  tendril  -  shaped; 
cirri  form. 

CIRRHOSE,  having  tendrils; 
cirrhiferous;  cirrhous;  cirrous; 
cirrose;  capreolate.  Also,  re- 
sembling a  tendril  or  coiling 
like  a  tendril;  tipped  with  a 
wavy  tili form  appendage;  slen- 
derly tiagellate. 

giR'RHOSELY  PIN'NATE.pinnate 
with  a  terminal  leaflet  replaced 
by  a  tendril,  as  in  the  pea. 

CIRRHOUS,  see  Cirrhose. 

CIR'RHUS  (pi.  Cir'rbi),  a  tendril; 
capreolus. 

CIRRIF'EROUS,  see  Cirrhif- 
erous. 

gIR'RIFORM,  see  Cirrhiform. 

CIRRIF'EROUS,  producing  ten- 
drils.    See  Cirrhose. 

CIR'ROSE,  see  Cirrhose. 

CIR'ROUS,  see  Cirrhose. 

CIRRUS  (pi.  Cirri),  see  Cirrhus. 

CISTO'MA,  see  Cistome. 

CIS' TOME',  a  term  sometimes 
given  to  a  stomatic  chamber 
when  it  exists  as  a  kind  of  sac 
lined  by  a  special  layer  of  cells. 

ClADOCAR'POUS,  having  the  fruit 
in  mosses  on  short  lateral 
branches  ;  pleurocarpous. 
Compare  Acrocarpous. 

CLAD  ODE,  see  Phyllocladium. 

CLAdO'DIUM  (pi.  Cladod'ia),  see 
Phyllocladium. 

CLAd'OPHYLL,      see      Phyllo- 
cladium. 
36 


Clamp-cell 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Clinidium 


CLAMP-CELL,  see  Clamp-con- 
nection. 

CLAMP-CONNECTION,  a  semi- 
circular process  couuectiug  two 
adjoining  cells  of  a  hyplm.  In 
some  cases  it  may  communicate 
with  but  one  of  the  cells,  that 
from  which  it  originated,  in 
others  its  extremity  becomes 
applied  to  the  wall  of  the  ad- 
joining cell,  at  which  point 
both  walls  are  absorbed,  leav- 
ing a  passage  around  the  sep- 
tum between  the  cells  of  the 
filament.  The  process  may 
become  cut  off  from  the  origi- 
nating -cell  by  a  septum  when 
it  is  called  a  "  clamp-cell.''  It 
is  found  mainly  in  Basidiomy- 
cetes. 

CLASS,  a  group  of  related  orders. 

CLASSIFICATION,  the  system- 
atic distribution  of  individuals 
into  groups. 

CLATH'RATE, latticed;  furnished 
with  openings  like  lattice- 
work; cancellate. 

CLATH'RATE  CELL,  see  Sieve- 
tube. 

CLA'VATE,  club-shaped;  gradu- 
ally thickened  upward  or  away 
from  the  extremity  of  attach- 
ment. 

CLAVjEFORM,  see  Clavate. 
CLAV'ELLATE,     diminutive     of 

Clavate. 
CLAVICLE,  see  Tendril. 
CLAVIC'tiLA    (pi.    Clavic'ulse),    a 

term  formerly  used  for  tendril, 

especially  a  tendril  formed  by 

a  petiole. 

CLAViC'ULATE,  having  a  tendril. 
(Rare.) 

CLAv  IFORM,  see  Clavate. 

CLAVtJLE,  the  club-shaped  con- 
jugating process  in  Mucorini. 
(DeBary.) 

CLAW,  the  stem  or  narrow  base 


37 


of  a  petal,  as  those  of  the  pink; 
unguis. 

CLEFT,  having  narrow  sinuses 
reaching  about,  half  way  to  the 
base.  Compare  Parted  and 
Divided. 

CLEI'STOCARP,    an    a  SCO  carp 

which  is  entirely  closed,  and 
from  which  the  spores  escape 
by  its  nual  rupture,  as  that  of 
the  Erysiphese. 

CLEISTOG'AMOUS,  having  closed 
fertilization:  a  term  applied  to 
certain  more  or  less  depauper- 
ate flowers,  sometimes  under- 
ground, which  never  open,  but 
are  self-fertilized,  as  in  some 
violets;  clandestine.  Cleistoga- 
mous  flowers  sometimes  accom- 
pany flowers  of  the  usual  form 
on  the  same  plant. 

CLElSTOGAMY,  self-fertilization 
without  the  flowers  opening; 
closed-fertilization. 

CLEI'STOGENE,  a  plant  which 
bears  cleistogamous  flowers. 
See  above.  It  may  bear  flow- 
ers of  the  ordinary  form  also. 

CLESTINE,  see  Raphidian 
Cell. 

CLIMB'ING,  rising  by  layiug  hold 
of  other  objects  in  any  way 
except  by  twining;  scauclent. 

CLINAN'DRIUM,  the  part  of  the 
column  of  orchids  containing 
the  anther. 

CLINAN'THIUM,  the  receptacle 
of  the  flowers  in  Composite; 
phorauthium;  clinium;  antho- 
clinium.  Compare  Antho- 
dium. 

CLING'STONE,  applied  to  varie- 
ties of  the  peach  and  other 
drupaceous  fruits,  in  which  the 
flesh  when  ripe  is  not  readily 
separable  from  the  pit.  Com- 
pare Freestone. 

CLlNID'IUM,  the  stalk  or  filament 


Clinium 


A  DICTIONARY 


Coccus 


supporting  a  stylospore.  (Tuck- 

erinan.) 
CLIN'IUM,  see  Clinanthtum. 
CLINOSPORAN'GIUM,    see    Pyc- 

NIDIUM. 

CLI'NOSPORE,  see  Stylospore. 

CLISTO-,  see  Cleisto-. 

CLOSED,  applied  to  fibro-vascular 
bundles  in  which  all  the  cam- 
bium cells  become  permanent 
tissue,  as  in  monocotyledons. 
Compare  Open. 

CLOSED  -  FERTILIZATION,  see 
Cleistogamy. 

CLOSE-FERTILIZA'TION,  the  fer- 
tilization of  pistils  by  pollen 
from  the  same  flower;  self-fer- 
tilization. 

CLOS'ING-MEM  BRANE.the  origi- 
nal unthickened  cell-wall  at 
the  centre  of  a  bordered  pit. 

CLOU'DED,  having  a  pale  ground 
with  ill-defined  patches  of  a 
darker  tint  gradually  shading 
into  it. 

CLOVE,  one  of  the  small  bulbs 
developed  in  the  axils  of  the 
scales  of  a  larger  bulb,  as  iu 
garlic. 

CLUB,  one  of  the  elements  com- 
posing the  pulp  iu  the  seed- 
cavities  of  the  lemon  and  orange. 
It  consists  of  a  more  or  less 
oval  body  about  one  fourth  of 
an  inch  long  filled  with  juice 
and  attached  by  a  stalk  to  the 
inner  side  of  the  cavity  or  cell. 
Morphologically,  it  is  a  peri- 
cellular hair. 

CLUBBED  (Hort.),  applied  to  the 
stem  of  an  apple  when  its  base 
is  enlarged  and  fleshy.  Com- 
pare Clavate. 

CLUB  SHAPED,  see  Clavate. 

CLUS'TER,  an  indefinite  popular 
term,  applied  mainly  to  small- 
fruits  in  which  several  fruits 
grow  together  in  an  inflores- 
cence, as  in  the  raceme  of  the 


currant.  About  the  same  as 
Bunch,  but  applied  more  often 
perhaps  to  loose  collections. 

CLUS'TER-CtJP,  see  ^cidium. 

CLUS'TERED,  collected  into  or 
growing  in  a  bunch,  as  the 
conglomerate  flowers  of  dod- 
der. 

CLYP'EATE,  see  Scutate. 

CLY'PEIFORM,  see  Scutate. 

COAgER'VATE,  see  Acervate. 

COAD'UNATE,  united  at  the  base 
or  farther;  connate. 

COAETA'NEOUS,  existing  or  ap- 
pearing at  the  same  time;  con- 
temporaneous. 

COALESCENCE,  the  complete 
union  of  similar  things.  The 
same  as  Cohesion  when  applied 
to  organs.  Compare  Conju- 
gation. 

COALES'CENCE  OF  CELLS,  the 
partial  or  entire  absorption  of 
the  partition-walls  of  adjoining 
cells,  as  when  the  cavities  of 
long  rows  of  cells  in  a  tissue 
become  connected  iu  the  for- 
mation of  ducts  or  vessels. 

CO  ARC  T  ATE,  crowded  together; 
compact.     Opposed  to  effuse. 

COATED,  composed  of  layers,  or 
having  a  rind. 

COATED  BULB,  see  Tunicated 
Bulb. 

COB'WilBBY,  having  fine  slender 
filaments  or  hairs  like  cobweb; 
arachnoid. 

COCCID'IUM  (pi.  C6c9id'ia),  a 
spbrocarp  like  that  of  Delesse- 
ria  (one  of  the  alga?),  being  a 
closed  case  with  the  spores 
borne  on  a  central  placenta. 

COCCIF'EROUS,  producing  ber- 
ries; bacciferous. 

COCCIN'EUS,  scarlet. 

COCCUS  (pi.  Coc'91).  (1)  One  of  the 
separable  one-seeded  carpels  of 
certain  dry  fruits,  as  Euphor- 


38 


Cochlea 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS.        Collective  Fruit 


bia.  Compare  Regma.  (2)  A 
spherical  or  spheroidal  cell 
among  bacteria,  especially  of 
the  genus  Micrococcus. 

CdCH'LEA,  see  Strombus. 

COCHLEAR,  a  form  of  aestiva- 
tion in  which  one  piece  being 
larger  covers  all  the  others,  as 
in  Aconituui.     Compare  Vex- 

ILLARY. 

COCHLEArIFORM,  shaped  like 
the  bowl  of  a  spoon. 

COCH'LEATE,  shaped  like  a  snail- 
shell;  spirally  turbinate.  Prac- 
tically the  same  as  Stronibuli- 
form. 

COCKS'COMBED,  fasciated.  Ap- 
plied mainly  in  horticulture  to 
strawberries  which  are  irregu- 
lar in  shape  from  being  flat- 
tened at  the  sides  or  fasciated. 

gffiL'OSPERM,  a  ccelospermous 
seed. 

CCELOSPER'MOUS,  applied  to  the 
seeds  (cremocarps)  of  coriander 
and  some  other  Uinbellifera?, 
which  have  the  inner  surface 
hollowed  by  the  curving  in  of 
the  top  and  bottom. 

CCENAN'THIUM,  see  Clinan- 
thium.  Also  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  receptacles  like  the 
fig,  or  to  any  fleshy  receptacle 
in  which  the  flowers  are  more 
or  less  embedded. 

CCENO'BIUM  (1)  a  community  of 
a  definite  number  of  unicellu- 
lar individuals  uuited  in  one 
body  of  definite  form,  as  in 
Volvox:  cenobium.  Compare 
Cell-family.  (2)  A  name  of 
the  fruit  peculiar  to  the  Bora- 
ginaceae  and  Labiateae,  con- 
sisting of  four  distinct  nutlets 
around  a  common  style. 

COZRULES'CENT,  bluish,  lighter 
than  cceruleus. 

gdSRIJ'LEtJS,  light  blue;  sky- 
blue. 


COETA'NEOtJS,  appearing  or  ex- 
isting at  the  same  time;  of  the 
same  age. 

COHERENT,  having  similar  parts 
more  or  less  uuited,  as  the 
petals  in  a  gamopetalous  co- 
rolla.    Compare  Adherent. 

COHESION,  the  union  of  mem- 
bers of  the  same  whorl  or  kind. 
Compare  Adhesion. 

COHORT,  a  natural  group  of  or- 
ders within  a  class;  alliance. 

COLEOPHYL'LUM,  a  membra- 
nous or  fleshy  sheath  investing 
the  plumule  in  Monocotyle- 
dons. 

COLEOP  TILE,    see   Coleophyl- 

LUJL 

COLEORHI'ZA,  the  covering 
through  which  the  radicle  of 
most  Monocotyledons  bursts 
in  germination;  root-sheath. 
The  term  has  also  been  applied 
to  the  vascular-bundle  sheath 
in  roots. 

COL'LAR,  the  line  of  junction  be- 
tween the  stem  and  root;  col- 
lum;  neck.  Also  applied  to  the 
annulus  of  a  mushroom. 

COLLATERAL,  side  by  side. 

COLLATERAL  BUN'DLE,  a  fibro- 
vascular  bundle  having  a  single 
strand  of  phloem  in  continu- 
ous contact  with  a  single  strand 
of    xylem.      Compare    Bicol- 

LATERAL       BUNDLE,       RADIAL 

Bundle,  and  Concentric 
Bundle. 

COLLATERAL  CHORISIS,  when 
the  parts  originating  by  chor- 
isis  stand  side  by  side;  parallel 
chorisis.  Compare  Trans- 
verse Chorisis. 

COLLECTING  HAIRS,  hairs  upon 
the  style  in  certain  Compositae 
which  serve  to  collect  the 
pollen  as  it  is  discharged  from 
the  anther. 

COLLECTIVE    FRUIT,    a    fruit- 


39 


Collectors 


A  DICTIONARY 


Common  Name 


like  body  originating  from 
more  than  one  flower,  as  the 
mulberry;  multiple  fruit; 
pseudo  -  syncarp.  Compare 
Anthocarpous  Fruit,  Ac- 
cessory Fruit,  and  Aggre- 
gate Fruit. 

COLLECTORS,  see  Collecting 
Hairs. 

COLLEN'CHYMA,  tissue  com- 
posed of  cells  having  cartilagi- 
nous thickenings  at  the  angles. 
Common  beneath  the  epidermis 
of  stems,  and  in  other  places 
where  strength  is  required. 

CftL'LET,  an  old  term  for  collar. 

COLLE'TERS,  glandular  hairs 
which  secrete  a  gummy  matter 
(blastocolla)  upon  buds. 

CdL'LOID,  n.,  any  substance  in 
the  colloid  state. 

CdL'LOID,  adj.,  resembling  jelly; 
the  molecular  condition  of  a 
class  of  substances,  such  as 
gums,  usually  produced  by  the 
disorganization  of  organized 
matter,  which  mix  with  water 
in  all  proportions  and  pass 
from  the  solid  to  the  fluid  state 
through  all  stages  of  softening, 
thus  differing  from  Crystal- 
loids, which  see. 

CdLLOID'AL,  see  Colloid. 

CdL'LUM,  the  neck  or  tapering 
base  of  the  capsule  in  mosses; 
the  line  of  junction  between 
root  and  stem;  collar. 

COL  MAR  SHAPED,  pear-shaped 
with  a  rather  slender  neck  and 
large  body.     (J.  J.  Thomas.) 

COL' ON  Y,  see  Cell-family. 

COL'ORED,  of  any  other  color 
than  green. 

C6LPEN'€HYmA,  epidermal  tis- 
sue composed  of  cells  with 
sinuous  margins.  Not  in  gen- 
eral use. 

CdL&MEL'LA,  the  axis  or  central 


column  of  a  pod  or  spore-case. 
Usually  a  placenta. 

COLUMEL'LLFORM,  shaped  like 
a  little  column  or  columella. 

CdL'UMN,  the  united  filaments 
and  styles  in  a  gynandrous 
flower,  as  an  orchid. 

COLUMNAR,  shaped  like  a  col- 
umn or  pillar:  round  or  nearly 
so,  tapering  slightly  or  none, 
and  not  so  long  as  to  be  called 
slender.  Often  applied  to 
styles.     Compare  Terete. 

CO'mA,  a  tuft  of  hairs  on  a  seed; 
a  terminal  cluster  of  empty 
bracts;  any  tuft. 

CO'MATE,  see  Comose. 

COMBINED'  HYBRID,  a  deriva- 
tive hybrid  in  which  three  or 
more  species  or  varieties  are 
united,  as  when  a  hybrid  unites 
with  a  new  parent  form  or 
another  hybrid. 

COMB-SHAPED,  see  Pectinate. 

COMMEN'SALlSM,  see  Symbiosis. 

COM'MISSURE,  a  line  of  junction 
of  two  parts.  In  the  JMarattia- 
ceae  a  longitudinal  partition 
connecting  the  two  stipules 
and  forming  an  anterior  and  a 
posterior  chamber.  Compare 
Suture. 

C6M'M0N,  general,  primary,  or 
universal,  as  opposed  to  partial 
or  secondary. 

COM'MON  BUD,  one  containing 
both  leaves  and  flowers,  or  one 
from  which  more  than  one 
flower  is  produced. 

CdM'MON  BUNDLE,  a  fibrovas- 
cular  bundle  a  part  or  the  whole 
of  which  passes  from  the  stem 
into  a  leaf. 

COM  M6N  IN'VOLUCRE,  one  sub- 
tending an  inflorescence;  gen- 
eral or  universal  involucre. 

COM'MON  NAME,  any  name,  ex- 
cept the  "botanical  name,"  by 
which  a  plant  is  known. 


40 


Common  Peduncle  OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS.  Compound  Sporophore 


CdM'MdN  PEDUNCLE,  one  sup- 
porting several  pedicels. 

COM'MON  PERIANTH,  applied 
to  certain  common  involucres, 
as  that  surrounding  the  head 
of  flowers  in  Composite. 

COMMON      RECEP'TACLE,     one 

supporting     more     than      one 
flower  or  other  organ. 

COM'MON  UM'BEL,  see  Com- 
pound Umbel  and  Univer- 
sal Umbel. 

CO'MOSE,  bearing  a  coma  or  tuft, 
or  growing  in  tufts;  comate. 

COMPACT  ,  solid;  close. 

COM'PLAnATE,  flattened  verti- 
cally to  a  level  surface  above 
and  below.  Applied  also  to 
several  organs  which  are  flat- 
tened or  arranged  so  as  to  lie 
in  one  plane,  and  to  such  as  lie 
flat  upon  or  against  each  other, 
as  when  leaves  lie  flat  upon  the 
stem.  Compare  Explanate 
and  Compressed. 

COMPLETE',  having  calyx,  co- 
rolla, stamens,  and  pistils. 
Compare  Perfect. 

C&M'PLEX,  an  assemblage  of  in- 
terwoven fibres,  or  any  group 
of  complicated  parts. 

CuM'PLICATE,  folded  together 
forward.  Compare  Repli- 
cate and  Conduplicate. 

CC-M'POUND,  consisting  of  a  num- 
ber of  similar  subordinate 
parts  forming  a  complete 
whole,  as  the  leaf  of  the  wal- 
nut. 

COM'POUND  CORYMB,  one  with 
more  than  one  flower  on  each 
ray  or  branch. 

COM'POUND  DICHA'SiUM,  one  in 
which  the  primary  axis  termi- 
nates in  a  flower,  beneath 
which  arise  several  secondary 
axes,  each  of  which  terminates 
in  like  manner,  as  in  valerian. 


COMPOUND    FLOWER,    an    old 

term  for  the  flower-head  in 
Composite. 

COMPOUND  FRUIT,  see  Aggre- 
gate Fruit. 

COM'POUND    INFLORESCENCE, 

one  in  which  the  ultimate 
branches  each  bear  more  than 
one  flower,  thus  forming  a  com- 
pound spike,  corymb,  etc. 

COM'POUND  LEAF,  one  having 
two  or  more  distinct  blades,  or 
leaflets,  as  in  the  ash. 

COMPOUND  O'VARY,  one  having 
more  than  one  carpel. 

COM'POUND  PlS'TIL,  one  com- 
posed of  more  than  one  carpel. 

COM'POUND  RACEME',  see  Pan- 
icle. 

COM'POUND  SPIKE,  one  having 
more  than  one  flower  or  spike- 
let  on  each  short  branch,  as 
wheat.  Applied  especially 
when  the  secondary  spikes  are 
well  developed,  or  when,  as  in 
Panicum  mnguinale,  the  inflo- 
rescence consists  of  several 
spikes  of  nearly  equal  size  aris- 
ing from  the  apex  of  the  pe- 
duncle. 

COM'POUND  SPORE,  a  spore  con- 
sisting of  more  than  one  cell, 
each  of  which  is  frequently 
capable  of  germination.  It 
differs  from  Gemma  by  its 
more  definite  form  and  special- 
ized method  of  production. 
The  synonyms  are  spore-group, 
semen-multiplex,  compound 
spore,  cellular  spore,  multi- 
cellular spore,  pericellular 
spore,  septate  spore,  polyspore, 
sporidesm,  etc.  See  Meri- 
spore. 

COM  POUND  SPO  ROPHORE,  one 
formed  by  the  cohesion  of 
separate  hyphal  branches. 
Compare  Simple  Sporo- 
phoke. 


41 


Compound  Stem 


A  DICTIONARY 


Conformed 


COM'POUND  STEM,  a  brauched 
stem. 

COM'POUND  UM'BEL,  one  ia 
which  each  primary  ray  bears 
a  smaller  umbel  instead  of  a 
single  flower.  Formerly 
known  as  Common,  General, 
or  Universal  Umbel. 

C6MPRESSED',  flattened,  espe- 
cially lengthwise  laterally,  the 
horizontal  diameter  much  less 
than  the  vertical.  Compare 
Depressed,  Obcompressed, 
and  Complanate. 

CONCATENATE,  joined  in  _  a 
continuous  series  like  a  chain; 
catenate;  catenulate. 

CONCATENATED,  see  Concate- 
nate. 

CONCAULES'CENCE,  the  coal- 
escence of  the  pedicel  of  a 
flower  with  the  stem  for  some 
distance  above  the  subtending 
bract. 

CONCEN'TRIC,  having  a  common 
centre. 

CONgEN'TRIC  BUN'DLE,  a  fibro- 
vascular  bundle  in  which  a 
strand  of  one  element  is  wholly 
surrounded  by  the  other,  as  in 
some  ferns  in  which  the  xylem 
is  wholly  surrounded  by 
phloem. 

CONCEP'TACLE,  a  name  applied 
to'sac-like  receptacles  of  vari- 
ous kinds,  as  peritheciuin, 
cystocarp,  follicle. 

CONCEPTAC  ULUM,  see  Con- 
ceptacle. 

COFCH'IFORM,  like  half  a  clam- 
shell. 

CON'COLdR,  of  the  same  color  as 
another  part  or  plant.  Also 
applied  to  several  objects 
which  are  all  of  the  same  color. 
Compare  Unicolor. 

CON'COLdRED,  see  Concolor. 

C6N'c6lOROUS,  see  Concolor. 


CONCdM'ITANT,  applied  by  De 
Bary  to  tibrovascular  bundles 
which  run  continuous^  side 
by  side  without  becoming  sep- 
arated by  other  bundles. 

CONCRESCENCE,  see  Cementa- 
tion. 

CON'CRETE,  grown  together. 

CONDUCTING  CELLS,  narrow 
elongated  cells  associated  with 
sieve  tubes,  and  similar  to 
them,  but  without  perforated 
walls. 

CONDUCTING  TIS'SUE,  tissue 
composed  of  conducting  cells. 
Compare  Conductive  Tissue. 

CdNDUCT'IVE  TIS'SUE,  that 
through  which  the  pollen  tube 
passes  on  its  wray  to  the  ovary. 
It  is  often  loose  in  texture  and 
moist  with  nutritive  fluid  for 
the  growth  of  the  pollen  tube. 

CONDU'PLICATE,  folded  together 
forward  and  lengthwise  in  any 
manner;  complicate.  Coin- 
pare  Replicate  and  In- 
flexed. 

CONE,  the  fruit  of  Coniferse; 
strobile;  also  applied  iu  other 
plants  to  a  fruit  or  inflores- 
cence resembling  the  cone  of 
the  fir  or  pine.    See  Galbulus. 

CONFERRU'MINATE,  closely 
united,  as  the  cotyledons  of 
the  horse-chestnut. 

CONFER'TED,  crowded  or  clus- 
tered; opposed  to  distinct. 
Compare  Congested. 

CONFER'VOID,  loose  and  fila- 
meutose,  like  conferva  among 
alga?. 

CON'FLUENT,  running  together 
or  blended  into  one;  coherent. 

CON'FLUENT  FRUIT,  an  old  term 
for  collective  fruit. 

CONFORMED',  (1)  closely  re- 
sembling; (2)  closely  fitted  to, 
as  the  skin  to  a  seed. 


42 


Congener 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Consolidated 


CdN'GENER,  a  plant  of  the  same 
genus  as  another. 

CONGENERIC,  said  of  two  spe- 
cies or  individuals  which  be- 
long to  the  same  genus. 

CONGERIES,  a  collection  of  parts 
or  organs.     (Rare.) 

CONGESTED,  packed  closely 
together. 

CONGLOBATE,  clustered  into  a 
ball. 

CONGLOMERATE,  clustered  to- 
gether; opposed  to  Diffuse. 

CONGLU'TINATE,  glued  together 
in  a  mass. 

CON'ICAL,  in  the  form  of  a  geo- 
metric cone.  Said  of  a  root 
when  it  tapers  downward,  or 
of  tiuy  other  part  when  it  tapers 
upward  or  outward.  Compare 
Obconical. 

CONID'lA,  pi.,  see  Conidium. 

CONIDIIF'EROUS,  hearing  co- 
nidia. 

CONiD'IOPHORE,  a  branch  of 
mycelium  bearing  one  or  more 
conidia, 

CONID'IOSPORE,  see  Conidium. 

CONID'iUM  (pi.  Conid'ia),  an  asex- 
ual spore  (gonidium)  abstricted 
singly  or  otherwise  from  the 
apex  of  a  filament,  as  in  Peron- 
ospora.  Applied  chiefly  where 
the  spores  form  a  dusty  or 
powdery  coat,  but  not  used  in 
Hymenomycetes,  and  in  less 
use  elsewhere  than  formerly, 
the  general  term  Gonidium 
being  now  usually  employed 
instead. 

CONIF'EROUS,  cone-bearing. 

CONIFORM,  see  Conical. 

CO'NIOCYST,  a  term  applied  by 
Harvey  to  the  oogonium  of 
Vaucheriese. 

CON'JtJGATE,  joined  or  arranged 
in  pairs,  as  the  leaflets  of  many 


compound  leaves;  paired.    See 

BlNATE. 

CONJUGATION,  the  simplest 
method  of  fertilization,  iu 
which  the  male  and  female 
cells  are  alike  or  nearly  so,  as 
in  the  order  Conjugates;  zy- 
gosis. The  uniting  cells  are 
called  gametes  and  the  product 
a  zygote.  The  conjugation  of 
naked  protoplasmic  bodies,  as 
zoospores,  is  sometimes  called 
Coalescence. 

CONJUGATION  CELL,  see  Ga- 
mete. 

CONJUNCTIVE  THREADS,  Fol's 
term  for  spindle-fibres,  which 
see. 

CONNAS'CENT,  produced  at  the 
same  time. 

CdN'NATE,  said  of  organs  of  the 
same  nature  which  are  grown 
together  from  the  first  or  united 
at  the  base.  Compare  Ad- 
nate. 

CONNATE  PERFOLIATE,  said 
of  a  pair  of  opposite  leaves 
when  their  bases  are  united 
around  the  stem. 

CONNECTING  CELL,  Harvey's 
term  for  Heterocyst,  which 
see. 

CONNECTIVE,  the  part  of  the 
anther  (being  a  continuation  of 
the  filament)  which  connects 
its  two  lobes. 

CONNECTI'VUM,  see  Connect- 
ive. 

CONNI'VENT,  converging. 

CONNU'BIUM,  a  term  applied 
by  Pringsheim  to  that  stage 
iu  the  conjugation  of  Conju- 
gates in  which  the  protoplasm 
of  the  conjugating  cells  has 
coalesced. 

CO'NOID,  cone-like;  conical. 

CONOID'AL,  somewhat  conoid. 

CONSOLIDATED,   (1)   grown   to- 


43 


Consortism 


A  DICTIONARY 


Corculum 


gether,  said  either  of  like  or 
unlike  parts;  (2)  having  a  small 
surface  iu  proportion  to  bulk, 
as  many  cacti. 

C&N'SdRTISM,  see  Symbiosis. 

CON'STANT,  always  present,  or 
always  in  the  same  condition; 
uniform. 

CONSTRICTED,  narrowed  in  cer- 
tain places. 

CONSTRUCTIVE  METAB'OLISM, 
see  Assimilation. 

CONTABES'CENCE,  the  condition 
of  being  wasted  away  or  abort- 
ed; said  of  anthers  which 
contain  little  or  no  fertile 
pollen. 

CONTA'GIOUS,  said  of  diseases 
which  are  communicable  from 
one  plant  or  animal  to  another 
by  contact  only,  or  by  the 
direct  transfer  of  the  disease- 
producing  organism.  Strict 
contagion  implies  parasitism, 
the  organism  being  unable  to 
grow  outside  the  supporting 
body.     Compare  Infectious. 

CONTERMINOUS,  of  equal  ex- 
tent. 

CONTIGUOUS,  near,  or  in  con- 
tact. 

CftNTIN'UOUS,  uniform  in  struct- 
ure or  outline;  uninterrupted. 
Said  of  hyphoe  which  are  with- 
out septa,  or  of  objects  which 
are  in  all  parts  of  the  same  size, 
or  whose  diameter  increases  or 
diminishes  regularly. 

CONTORTED,  in  aestivation, 
when  the  margins  of  the  floral 
leaves  successively  overlap 
each  other  (obliquely  or  other- 
wise) iu  one  direction;  twisted. 
Compare  Convolute. 

CONTORTED  JESTIVA'TION,  see 
above. 

CONTORTION,  an  abnormal 
twisting  of  branches  or  other 
organs. 


CONTORTU'PLICATE,  twisted 
and  folded. 

CONTRACTED,  uarrowed,  or  the 
successive      parts     shortened. 
Compare  Constkicted. 
CONTRACTILE  VACUOLES, 

small  cavities  containing  a 
watery  fluid  which  make 
their  appearance  in  the  pro- 
toplasm of  many  zoospores  and 
other  motile  organisms  and 
then  suddenly  disappear;  pul- 
sating vacuoles.  Their  func- 
tion is  not  known. 

CONTRACTILITY,  a  property  of 
protoplasm  by  which  it  is  en- 
abled to  change  its  form  spon- 
taneously, or  by  virtue  of 
forces  within  itself.  Com- 
pare Irritability. 

CON'TRARY,  extending  in  an 
opposite  direction  to  some- 
thing witli  which  it  is  com- 
pared; as,  the  pod  of  shep- 
herd's purse  is  flattened  con- 
trary to  the  partition. 

CO'NUS,  see  Cone. 

CON'VOLUTE,  rolled  together 
lengthwise  from  one  edge,  as 
theleaves  of  the  plum  in  the 
bud.  The  term  Coutorted 
(used  mainly  in  aestivation) 
refers  more  especially  to  the 
relation  of  the  organs  to  each 
other  and  to  the  axis,  while 
Convoluted  (used  mainly  in 
vernation)  refers  more  to  the 
manner  of  folding  of  the  organ 
itself.  A  contorted  corolla  may 
or  may  not  have  its  parts  con- 
voluted. 

CONVOLUTED,  see  Convolute. 

COP'ROPHYTE,  see  Saprophyte. 

COR'ACOID,  shaped  like  a  crow's 
beak. 

C6R'ALLINE,  resembling  coral; 
coralliform;  coralloid. 

CdR'CLE,  see  Corculum. 

CORCULUM,    an    old    term    for 
44 


Cordate 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Corollifloral 


plumule,  or  plumule  and  radi- 
cle together. 

CORDATE,  heart-shaped,  as  usu- 
ally pictured,  with  the  point  of 
attachment  at  the  broad  end. 
Applied  mainly  to  leaves. 

COB/DATED,  see  Cordate. 

COR'DATE  HAS  TATE,  interme- 
diate in  form  between  cordate 
and  hastate,  approaching  more 
nearly  to  hastate. 

CORDATE-OVATE,  between  cor- 
date and  ovate,  approaching 
more  nearly  to  ovate. 

COR'DATE  -  SAGITTATE,  be- 
tween cordate  and  sagittate, 
approaching  more  nearly  to 
sagittate. 

COR'DIFORM,  sometimes  applied 
to  solid  bodies  shaped  like  the 
human  heart.  Compare  Cor- 
date. 

CORE,  the  bony  endocarp  of  a 
pome  containing  the  seeds. 

CORIACEOUS,  leathery  in  text- 
ure. 

CORK,  tissue  composed  of  firm 
elastic  cells,  generally  soon 
tilled  with  air,  which  are  pro- 
duced in  the  bark  and  upon 
injured  surfaces.  It  is  com- 
posed of  a  modification  of  cel- 
lulose called  Suberin,  and  is 
designed  for  protection. 

CORK-CAMBIUM,  see  Phello- 
<;en. 

CdRK-MER  ISTEM,  see  Phello- 

UEN. 

CORKY  ENVELOPE,  see  Corky 
Layer. 

CORKY  LAYER,  the  layer  of 
bark  immediately  below  the 
epidermis  which  produces  the 
cork;  epiphlceum.  Compare 
Mesophlceum. 

CORM,  the  enlarged  base  of  an 
herbaceous  stem,  consisting  of 
one  or  a  few  short  internodes, 
and  serving  for  the  storage  of 


starch  or  other  reserve  food- 
materials;  pseudo-bulb;  solid 
bulb;  bulbo-tuber.  It  differs 
from  a  Tuber  mainly  iu  being 
upright,  or  more  nearly  so,  and 
in  seldom  being  produced  upon 
an  elongated  subterranean 
stem.  The  Indian  turnip  and 
crocus  are  examples.  Com- 
pare Plateau. 

COR'MUS,  see  Corm. 

COR'MOPHYTE,  a  plant  having  a 
true  stem.  Compare  Thallo- 
phyte. 

COR'NEOUS,  having  the  texture 
of  horn. 

CORNIC  tTLATE,  having  a  process 
or  appendage  like  a  little  spur 
or  horn.     Compare  Cornute. 

COR'NIFORM,  horn-shaped. 

COR  NU  (pi.  Cor'nua),  see  Horn. 

COR'NUTE,  horn-shaped,  as  the 
nectary  of  columbine,  or  bear- 
ing a  horn-shaped  process;  cor- 
niform.       Compare    Cornicu- 

LATE. 

COR'OL  (obs.),  see  Corolla. 

COROLLA,  the  conspicuous  part 
of  most  flowers,  being  the  in- 
ner set  of  floral  envelopes  when 
there  is  more  than  one,  com- 
monly distinguished  by  its  fine 
texture  and  by  having  some 
other  color  than  green.  See 
Petal,  Calyx,  and  Peri- 
anth. 

COROLLA'CEOtlS,  like  a  corolla 
in  appearance  or  texture;  peta- 
loid.  Petaloid  is  the  term 
usually  employed,  especially 
when  referring  to  individual 
organs. 

COR  OLLATE,  having  a  corolla. 

COR  OLLATED,  see  Corollate. 

COR'OLLET,  see  Floret. 

COROLLIFLO  RAL,  haviug  calyx, 
petals,  and  ovary  inserted  sepa- 
rately on   the  receptacle  and 


45 


Corolline 


A   DICTIONARY 


Cotyledon 


the  stamens  iuserted  upon  the 

corolla.     Compare  Calyciflo- 

ral  aud  Thalamifloral. 
COR'OLLINE,  see  Corollaceous. 
COR'OLLULE,  see  Floret. 
CORCnA      (pi.      Coro'nae),      see 

Crown. 
COR'ONATE,  having  a  corona  or 

crown. 
CORON'iFdRM,  Laving  the  form 

of  a  corona  or  crown. 
CORO'NUlA  (pi.    Coro'nulae),   see 

Coronule. 
COR'ONULE,  a  diminutive  corona 

or  crown. 
CORPUSCLE,  (1)  any  very  small 

body;  *(2)  see    Corpusculum 

(in  the  first  sense). 
CORPUS'CUlA,  pi.,  see  Corpus- 

CTJLUM. 

CORPUS'CULE,  see  Corpi'sculim. 

CORPUS'CULAR,  pertaining  to  or 
composed  of  corpuscles  or 
small  particles. 

CORPUS'CULUM  (pi.  Corpus'cula), 
(1;  an  old  term  for  the  central 
cell  in  the  archegouium  of 
Gymnosperms:  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  the  whole  archego- 
uium; (2)  the  connecting  body 
between  the  arms  (retiuacula) 
which  bear  the  polliuia  of  milk- 
weeds (Asclepias). 

CORRUGATED,  in  folds  or 
wrinkles. 

CORTEX,  that  portion  of  the 
fundamental  tissue  lying  out- 
side the  ribrovascular  bundles. 
In  trees  it  is  the  "outer  bark." 

CORTICAL,  pertaining  to  the 
bark  or  cortex. 

CORTICAL  SHEATH,  the  ring  of 
primary  bast  (phloem)  bundles. 
Compare  Medullary  Sheath. 

COR'TICATE,  having  a  rind  or 
cortex. 

CORTICIF'EROUS,  producing 
bark  or  cortex. 


CORTIC'IFORM,  like  bark. 

CORTIC'OLOUS,  growing  upon 
the  bark  of  trees,  as  many 
mosses  aud  lichens. 

COR'TICOSE,  having  or  resem- 
bling bark;  coiticous. 

COR'TICOUS,  see  Corticose. 

CORTI'NA,  the  remnant  of  the 
veil  sometimes  found  at  the 
border  of  the  pileus  or  cap  in 
mushrooms. 

COR'YMB,  a  convex  or  flat-topped 
indefinite  or  centripetal  inflo- 
rescence, like  a  raceme  with 
the  lower  pedicels  elongated. 
Compare  Cyme. 

CORYM'BATE,  having  corymbs, 
or  growing  in  corymbs. 

CORYMBIF'EROUS,  producing 
corymbs. 

CORYMBOSE,  growing  in  or  re- 
sembling corymbs;  corymbous. 

CORYM'BOUS,  see  Corymbose. 

CORYMBULOSE,  arranged  in 
small  corymbs. 

CORYM  BUS,  see  Corymb. 

COSMOPOLITE,  a  plant  widely 
extended  in  the  world,  as  Pte- 
rin aq  i  (Hi  hit. 

COS'TA  (pi.  Cos'tae),  see  Rib. 

COSTAL,  pertaining  to  a  rib. 

COS'TAL-NERVED,  a  term  some- 
times applied  to  parallel-veined 
leaves  when  the  veins  arise 
from  a  midrib  and  run  toward 
the  margins,  as  in  the  banana. 

COS'TATE,  having  one  or  more 
prominent  veins  or  ribs. 

COSTEL'LATE,  having  small  ribs. 

COtYLE'DON,  the  first  _  leaf  or 
leaves  of  a  plant;  seminal-leaf; 
seed-lobe;  seed-leaf.  In  exo- 
gens  they  are  usually  different 
in  form  from  the  leaves  pro- 
duced afterward,  and  are  stored 
with  nutritive  matter  for  the 
young  plant. 


46 


Cotyledonous 


OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS.     Cross-fertilization 


COTYLED  ONOUS,  havim 
dons. 


cotyle- 


COTYL'IFORM,  like  a  cotyle,  the 
articulating  cavity  of  a  bone; 
a  little  shallower  than  aceta- 
buliform. 

COWLED,  see  Cucullate. 

CRAM'PON,  see  Hold-fast. 

CRAteR'IFORM,  goblet-shaped; 
narrower  than  Calathiforin  and 
less  flaring  than  Gyathiform. 

CREEPING,  running  upon  or 
under  ground  and  rooting;  re- 
pent. 

CREM  OCARP,  the  fruit  of  Urn- 
belliferae.  Also  applied  to 
other  fruits  of  somewhat  simi- 
lar structure,  as  that  of  maple. 
See  Mericarp  and  Schizo- 
carp. 

CRE'NA,  see  Crenature. 

CRE'NATE,  having  the  margin 
furnished  wilh  rounded  teeth, 
which  usually  point  toward 
the  apex  of  the  object  bearing 
them:  crenated;  crenelated; 
crenel  led.  See  Doubly, 
Acutely,  and  Obtusely 
Crenate. 

CRE'nATED,  see  Crenate. 

CRENATURE,  a  tooth  of  a  cre- 
nate margin;  crenel;  creua. 

CRENEL',  see  Crenature. 

CREN'ELATED,  see  Crenate. 

CRENELED ,  see  Crenate. 

CRENELLED',  see  Crenate. 

CREN'ULATE,  diminutive  of 
crenate;  having  the  margin 
furnished  with  fine  rounded 
teeth. 

CREN'ULATED,  see  Crenulate. 

CREST,  (1)  a  partial  aril  in  the 
form  of  a  ridge  along  the 
raphe  of  some  seeds,  as  San- 
guiuaria  and  Dicentra.  Com- 
pare Aril,  Strophiole,  and 
Caruncle.  (2)  An  elevated 
ridge  or  appendage  terminating 


any  organ:  a  stamen  is  crested 
when  the  filament  (connective) 
projects  beyond  the  anther. 

CRESTED,  having  a  ridge  or  ter- 
minal appendage;  cristate. 

CRETACEOUS,  (1)  of  the  color  of 
chalk;  (2)  growing  on  chalky 
laud. 

CRIB'RATE,  see  Cribrose. 

CRIB'RIFORM,  see  Cribrose. 

CRIBRIFORM  CELLS,  see  Sieve- 
tubes. 

CRIB'ROSE,  pierced  with  small 
holes  like  a  sieve;  cribriform; 
cribrate. 

CRIB'ROSE  CELLS,  see  Sieve- 
tubes. 

CRI'NITE,  having  a  tuft  or  fringe 
of  long  weak  hairs. 

CRI'NOID,  resembling  a  lily. 

CRISP,  having  the  surface,  espe- 
cially near  the  margin,  strong- 
ly and  finely  undulate,  as  the 
leaves  of  Savoy  cabbage  or  the 
cultivated  endive;  curled; 
crispate;  crisped. 

CRIS'PATE,  see  Crisp. 

CRISPED,  see  Crisp. 

CRIS'TATE,  see  Crested. 

CRIS'TATED,  see  Crested. 

CRITICAL,  difficult  to  character- 
ize or  classify. 

CROSS,  a  union  of  two  varieties 
of  the  same  species.  Applied 
in  a  narrower  sense  to  the  off- 
spring of  any  two  flowers 
which  have  been  cross-ferti- 
lized.    Compare  Hybrid. 

CROSS-ARMED,  see  Brachiate. 

CROSS-BREED,  see  Cross. 

CROSS-FERTILIZA'TION,  the  fer- 
tilization of  a  flower  by  pollen 
from  another  flower,  especially 
from  one  of  another  variety  of 
the  same  species;  allogamy. 
Compare  Close-fertiliza- 
tion. 


Cross-pollination 


A  DICTIONARY 


Cultrated 


CROSS-POLLINATION,  the  con- 
veyance of  pollen  to  the  stigma 
of  another  flower. 

CROWN,  (1)  an  appendage  in  the 
throat  of  the  corolla  in  some 
flowers,  as  Sileue  and  Narcis- 
sus; corona;  paracorolla.  In 
some  cases  it  represents  a  circle 
of    metamorphosed    stamens. 

(2)  A  ring  of  cells  at  the  apex 
of    the    nucule  in    Characeae. 

(3)  Any  circle  of  organs  in  the 
form  of  a  crown,  as  the  scales 
at  the  apex  of  an  acheue. 

CROWNING,  home  at  the  apex. 

CRO'ZIER,  auything  with  a  coiled 
end,  as  the  young  leaves  of 
most  ferns. 

CRUCIATE,  in  the  form  of  a 
Maltese  cross,  as  the  petals  of 
Cruciferae;  cruciform;  cross- 
shaped. 

CRUCIF'EROUS,  (1)  belonging  to 
tlie  Cruciferae  or  mustard 
family;  (2)  resembling  plants 
of  the  mustard  family,  espe- 
cially in  the  form  of  the 
flower. 

CRUCIFORM,  see  Cruciate. 

CRUMPLED  JESTTVA'TION,  when 
the  petals  are  irregularly  fold- 
ed in  the  bud,  as  in  the  poppy. 

CRU'RAL,  somewhat  leg-shaped. 
Used  mainly  in  composition. 

CRUSTA'CEOUS,  said  of  the  tbal- 
lus  of  a  lichen  when  it  forms 
an  adherent  crust  which  can 
not  be  removed  from  the  sub- 
stratum without  injury. 

CRYPTOGAM,  a  plant  belonging 
to  the  lowest  of  the  two  chief 
divisions  of  the  vegetable  king- 
dom, including  ferns,  mosses, 
fungi,  etc.  Cryptogams  pro- 
duce no  true  seeds  or  flowers, 
but  in  most  groups  there  is  a 
process  of  fertilization  essen- 
tially the  same  as  in  the  higher 
plants. 


CRYPTOG'AMOUS,  pertaining  to 
cryptogams,  or  plants  having 
no  true  flowers  or  seeds. 

CRYP'TOPHYTE,  see  Crypto- 
gam. 

CRYSTALLOIDS,  protein  bodies 
in  the  form  of  crystals;  albu- 
men crystals.  Applied  also  in 
opposition  to  Colloids  to  indi- 
cate all  substances  susceptible 
of  crystallization  and  of  diffu- 
sion through  a  membrane 
(Graham.) 

CU'CULLATE,  conical,  with  the 
side  cleft,  and  often  inrolled 
like  a  cornet  of  paper,  as  the 
spathe  of  arum  and  the  calyp- 
tra  of  some  mosses:  cuculi- 
form;  hooded;  hood-shaped; 
cowded. 

CUCUL'LIFORM,  see  Ccctllate. 

CUCUL'LUS  (pi.  Cucul'li),  a  term 
sometimes  given  to  various 
hood-shaped  organs,  especially 
a  concave  and  arched  sepal  or 
petal,  as  the  large  upper  sepal 
(galea)  of  Aconiumi. 

CUCU'MIFORM,  having  the  form 
of  a  cucumber. 

CUCURBITA  CEOUS,  belonging 
to  or  resembling  plants  of  the 
Cucurbitacea3  or  melon  family. 

CUL-DE  SAC,  a  tubular  or  bag- 
shaped  cavity  closed  at  one 
end. 

CULM,  the  stem  of  grasses;  some- 
times applied  to  that  of  sedges 
also. 

CULMIC'OLOUS,  growing  upon 
the  stems  of  grasses,  as  certain 
fungi. 

CULMiF'EROUS,  producing 
culms. 

CUL'TRATE,  shaped  like  a  prun- 
iug-kuife;  broad,  thin,  point- 
ed, with  the  end  curved  edge- 
wise; cul  triform. 

CUL'TRATED,  see  Cultrate. 


48 


Cultriform 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Cyclosis 


CUL  TRIFORM,  see  Cultrate. 

CU'NEAL,  see  Cuneate. 

CUNEATE,  wedge-shaped  in  out- 
line. Said  of  leaves  which  are 
broad  above  and  narrowed  to 
the  base  in  straight  lines.  The 
same  as  Obdeltoid  but  usually 
narrower;  cuneiform. 

CUNEIFORM,  see  Cuneate. 

CUNIC'ULATE,  pierced  with  a 
long  narrow  passage  or  pas- 
sages. 

CUP,  (1)  a  concave  involucre  en- 
closing a  nut,  as  iu  the  acorn; 
cupule;  (2)  a  discocarp  (apo- 
thecium)  in  Ascomycetes. 

CUP-SHAPED,  a  rather  indefinite 
term,  usually  applied  to  cavi- 
ties from  one  half  to  twice  as 
deep  as  broad,  with  concave 
bottom  and  nearly  vertical 
sides 

CUPULA,  see  Cup. 

CUMULATE,  furnished  with  a 
cup  or  cupule. 

CU'PULE,  see  Cup. 

CUPULIF'EROUS,  bearing  or  fur- 
nished with  a  cupule  or  cu- 
pules. 

CU'PULIFORM,  see  Cup-Shaped. 

CURD,  applied  iu  horticulture  to 
the  material  composing  the 
head  iu  cauliflower.  Some- 
times the  heads  individually 
are  called  "  curds." 

CURLED,  see  Crisp. 

CURVICAU'DATE,  having  a 
curved  tail. 

CURVICOS'TATE,  having  curved 
ribs  or  large  veins. 

CURVIDEN'TATE,  having  curved 
teeth. 

CUR'VlFORM,  curved. 

CUR'VINERVED,  having  curved 
nerves.  Applied  to  the  veins 
(so-called  nerves)  of  endogens. 

CURVISE'RIAL,  in  curved  ranks. 
Compare  Recti  serial. 


49 


CUSHION,  a  thickened  medial 
portion  of  the  prothallus  in 
ferns;  any  pulviuus. 

CUSP,  a  sharp  rigid  point. 

CUSPED,  see  Cuspidate. 

CUS'PIDATE,  furnished  with  a 
cusp. 

CUS'PIS,  see  Cusp. 

CUT,  acutely  cleft  or  parted; 
having  acute  incisions  deeper 
than  Dentate.  CompareC'LEFT, 
Incised,  and  Laciniate. 

CU'TICLE,  the  outer  cell-wall  of 
the  epidermis  when  thickened 
or  otherwise  modified. 

CUTICULARIZA'TION,  the  for- 
mation of  cuticle. 

CU'TIN,  see  Subekin. 

CUTIS,  see  Cuticle. 

CUTINIZA'TION,  the  formation 
of  cuticle.  Compare  Suberi- 
zation. 

CUT-TOOTHED,  deeply  and  sharp- 
er toothed. 

CYA'NEUS,  pure  blue.     Compare 

C/ERULEUS. 

gYAN'IC  FLOWERS,  those  whose 
color  contains  more  or  less 
blue.  Compare  Xanthic 
Flowers. 

CYAn'OPHYLL,  see  Phyllocya- 

NIN. 

CYATH'IFORM,  wine  -  glass 

shaped.  Compare  Cotyli- 
porm  and  Acetabuliporm. 

CYATH'IUM,  a  corolla-like  iuvo- 
lucre,  as  in  Euphorbia. 

CY  ATHOID,  see  Cyathiform. 

(JY'CLE,  a  complete  turn  in  a 
spire  or  circle. 

£ YC'LIC,  having  the  floral  organs 
in  distinct  whorls.  Compare 
Hemicyclic  and  Acyclic. 

CYCLICAL,  coiled  into  a  full 
circle. 

CYCLO'SIS,  see  Rotation. 


Cyclospermous 


A  DICTIONARY 


Cytodieresis 


CYCLOSPER'MOTJS,  having  the 
embryo  coiled  around  the  cen- 
tral albumen,  as  in  the  Caryo- 
phyllaceae. 

CYLINDRA'CEOUS,  nearly  cylin- 
drical. 

CYLIN'DRICAL,  circular  in  trans- 
verse outline  and  tapering  but 
little  if  at  all,  as  most  stems. 

CY'MA,  see  Cyme. 
CYM'BJiFORM,  see  Navicular. 
CYM'BIFORM,  see  Navicular. 
CYME,   a  somewhat  flat-topped 

determinate  inflorescence  re- 
sembling a  corymb. 

CYME  LET,  see  Cymule. 

CYMIF'EROUS,  producing  cymes. 

CYMO-BOT'RYS,  a  mixed  inflo- 
rescence in  which  the  primary 
inflorescence  is  botryose  while 
Ihe  secondary  is  cymose,  as  in 
the  horse-chestnut. 

CY'MOID,  having  the  form  of  a 
cyme. 

CY'MOSE,  growing  in  cymes;  cy- 
mous;  or  cymoid. 

CY'MOSE  INFLORES'CENCE,  a 
cyme  or  other  determinate 
inflorescence. 

CY'MOSE  tJM'BEL,  one  having 
the  inflorescence  centrifugal; 
a  cyme  resembling  an  umbel. 
Umbels  are  usually  botryose 
(centripetal)  in  inflorescence. 

CY'MOtJS,  see  Cymose. 

CYM'ULA,  see  Cymule. 

CY'MULE,  a  little  cyme,  or  divi- 
sion of  a  compound  cyme. 
Sometimes  applied  to  the'  ver- 
ticil lasters  of  Labiatse. 

CYNARRHO'DIUM,  a  fruit-like 
body,  like  the  hip  of  roses, 
consisting  of  several  acheuia 
enclosed  in  a  fleshy  receptacle. 

CYNAR'RHODON,     see      Cynar- 

RHODIUM. 

CYPERA'CEOUS,    resembling    or 


pertaining  to  plants  of  the  fam- 
ily Cypeiacese. 

CYPHEL'LA  (pi.  Cyphel'lae),  a 
kind  of  pit  in  the  under-sur- 
face  of  the  thallus  of  some 
lichens.  Cyphelke  sometimes 
appear  as  spots  or  as  eleva- 
tions. Their  nature  is  un- 
known. 

CYPHEL'LATE,  having   Cyphel- 
*  lee. 

CYP'SELA,  an  achenium  with 
an  adherent  calyx-tube,  as  in 
Composite.     (Obs.) 

CYST,  a  closed  sac,  especially  one 
abnormally  produced,  or 
whose  nature  is  not  under- 
stood. 

CYS'TID  (pi.  Cystlds  or  Cys'tides), 
a  large  sterile  club-shaped  cell 
common  among  the  basidia  in 
some  agarics. 

CYSTID'IUM  (pi.  Cystid'ia),  see 
Cystid. 

CYS'TOBLAsT  (obs.),  see  Nu- 
cleus. 

CYS'TOCARP,  an  old  term  for  the 
Sporocarp  of  Florideae. 

^YS'TOLITH,  a  cluster  of  crys- 
tals of  calcium  carbonate  in  a 
cell  upon  a  stalk  of  cellulose. 
Common  in  the  leaves  of  the 
nettle  family  (Urticacese). 

gYTAS'TER,  a  series  of  achro- 
matic rays  extending  from 
each  pole  of  the  nucleus  in 
karyokinesis  into  the  cyto- 
plasm. Rarely  seen  as  yet  in 
plants 

CYTEN'CHYMA,  see  Cell-sap. 

CYT'IODERM,  the  cell-wall  in 
Diatomaceoe. 

CY'TOBLAST  (Schleideu),  see 
Nucleus. 

CYTODIER'ESIS,  cell-division,  in- 
volving division  of  the  nucleus 
with  the  formation   of   a   nu- 


50 


Cytogenesis 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Decursive 


clear-spindle  aud  asters.     (Car- 
noy.)    Compare  Stenosis. 

CYTOGEN'ESIS,  cell-formation. 

CYTOL'OGY,  the  science  of  cells. 

CY'TOPLASM,  the  protoplasm  in 
a  cell  outside  the  nucleus.  It 
excludes  granules  of  protein, 
starch,  etc.  Compare  Nucleo- 
plasm. 

DARWINIAN  CUR'VATURE,  the 
curvature  of  the  growing  apex 
of  a  root  away  from  any  source 
of  irritation  placed  upon  one 
side  near  the  tip.  It  is  the 
irritability  which  causes  this 
curvature  that  enables  grow- 
ing roots  to  pass  around  ob- 
stacles in  the  soil. 

DAUGHTER-CELL, any  cell  when 
mentioned  in  relation  to  the  one 
from  which  it  was  derived. 
Compare  Mother-Cell. 

DAUGHTER-SPORE,  a  spore  pro- 
duced directly  from  another, 
or  upon  a  promycelium. 

DAUGHTER-STAR,  one  of  the 
groups  of  chromatic  filaments 
at  the  poles  of  a  dividing  nu- 
cleus. The  two  polar  figures 
together  with  the  connecting 
spindle-fibres  are  called  a  Dy- 
aster. 

DEAL'BATE,  appearing  as  if 
whitewashed;  covered  with  a 
very  white  bloom  or  powder. 

DECAGYN'IAN,  see  Decagynous. 

DECAG'YNOUS,  having  ten  pistils 
or  styles;  decagyniau. 

DECAM'EROtJS,  having  the  parts 
in  tens,  as  ten  floral  organs  in 
a  whorl.  Also  written  10- 
merous. 

DECAN'DRIAN,  see  Decan- 
drous. 

DECANDROUS,  having  ten  sta- 
mens; decaudriau. 


DECAPET'ALOUS,  having  ten 
petals. 

DECAPHYLLOUS,  having  ten 
leaves,  as  a  decaphyllous  peri- 
anth. 

DECEMDEN'TATE,  having  ten 
teeth  or  tooth-like  processes. 

DECEM'EID,  ten-cleft. 

DECEMLOC'ULAR,  having  ten 
loculi  or  cells  in  an  ovary. 

DECIDUOUS,  falling  at  the  usual 
time,  or  at  the  close  of  the 
season.  Applied  to  leaves 
which  fall  in  autumn  after 
one  season's  growth,  and  to 
plants  which  bear  such  leaves. 
Also  applied  to  petals  which 
fall  immediately  after  blossom- 
ing. Compare  Caducous, 
Marcescent,  Persistent, 
and  Evergreen. 

DECLINATE,  bent  or  curved 
downward;  declining;  de- 
clined. Applied  to  stamens 
it  means  curved  to  one  side, 
neither  outward  nor  inward 
nor  erect.  Compare  Recur- 
ved, Reflexed,  Reclinate. 

DECLINED',  see  Declinate. 

DECLI'NOUS,  see  Declinate. 

DECOMPOUND',  twice  compound, 
as  a  compound  leaf  whose 
parts      are      compound.      See 

SUPRADECOMPOUND. 

DECREAS'INGLY  -  PIN'NATE, 
having  the  leaflets  of  a  pinnate 
leaf  gradually  smaller  in  size 
from  base  to  apex. 

DECUMBENT,  erect  at  the  base, 
then  prostrate,  with  the  end 
rising. 

DECUR'RENT,  prolonged  and 
attached  below  the  main  point 
of  insertion,  as  the  leaves  of 
thistles;  decursive.  The  stems 
in  such  cases  are  often  called 
Winged.      Compare   Surcur- 

RENT . 

DECURSIVE,  see  Decurrent. 


51 


Decursively-pinnate  A  DICTIONARY 


Dentate 


DECUR'SIVELY-PIN'NATE,  ap- 
parently pinnate,  but  having 
the  segments  decurrent  along 
the  rachis. 

DECUS'SATE,  said  of  leaves 
which  grow  in  pairs  succes- 
sively at  right  angles  to  each 
other.     Compare  Brachiate. 

DECUSSATED,  see  Decussate. 

DEDOUBLEMENT  [Day-doobl-i- 
man],  see  Chorisis. 

DEDUPLICA'TION,  see  Chorisis. 

DEFERENT,  carrying  anything 
downwards. 

DEFINITE,  (1)  having  a  con- 
stant, fixed,  or  limited,  sum 
ber;  in  stamens  not  exceeding 
twenty;  (2)  the  same  as  Deter- 
minate, which  see. 

DEFINITE  GROWTH,  see  De- 
terminate Growth. 

DEFINITE  INFLORES'CENCE, 
see  Determinate  Inflores- 
cence. 

DEFLECTED,  see  Deflexed. 

DEFLEXED',  bent  abruptly  to 
one  side  or  outward  at  an 
angle  of  forty-rive  degrees  or 
less;  deflected.  Compare  Re- 
fracted and  Recurved. 

DEFLORATE,  past  the  flowering 
state,  as  an  anther  after  it  has 
shed  its  pollen,  or  a  plant  or 
flower  after  the  petals  have 
fallen. 

DEFOLIATE,  having  cast  its 
leaves. 

DEFOLIATION,  the  fall  of  leaves. 

DEF  CRMA'TION,  an  alteration  in 
the  usual  form  of  an  organ,  by 
accident  or  otherwise;  mal- 
formation. 

DEGENERATION,  deficiency  in 
size  or  quality,  or  appearing  in 
a  less  developed  or  lower  state, 
as  when  scales  take  the  place 
of  leaves,  or  petals  the  place  of 
stamens;  degradation. 


DEGRAdA  TION,  see  Degenera- 
tion. 

DEHISCE',  to  open  for  the  escape 
of  seeds,  spores,  etc. 

DEHIS  CENCE,  the  opening  in  a 
regular  manner  of  certain 
fruits  to  discharge  their  seeds, 
and  of  anthers  and  spore  cases 
to  discharge  their  contents. 

DEHISCENT,  opening  in  a  regu- 
lar manner  to  discharge  the 
contents,  as  most  pods  to  liber- 
ate the  seeds.     Compare  Inde- 

HISCENT. 

DELIMITATION,  see  Abjunc- 
tion. 

DELIQUES'CENT,  dissolving. 
Said  of  a  tree  which  branches 
repeatedly,  so  that  the  main 
stem  is  lost.  Compare  Excur- 
rent.  Also  applied  to  fungi 
which  dissolve  at  maturity  by 
the  absorption  of  moisture 
from  the  air,  as  some  mush- 
rooms. 

DELTOID,  nearly  in  the  shape  of 
an  equilateral  triangle,  or  the 
Greek  letter  delta.  When  ap- 
plied to  leaves  it  implies  that 
the  attachment  is  at  the  broad 
end,  otherwise  the  term  Ob- 
deltoid  is  used. 

DEMERSED',  growing  constantly 
or  naturally  under  water;  im- 
mersed; submersed. 

DENDRIFORM,  tree-shaped. 

DENDRIT'IC,  branched  like  a 
tree;  dendriform. 

DENDROID,  tree-shaped;  den- 
driform; dendritic;  arbores- 
cent; applied  to  small  plants, 
such  as  mosses,  which  branch 
like  a  tree  or  shrub. 

DiSNDROL'OGY,  the  natural  his- 
tory of  trees. 

DJ&N'IGRATE,  dark  dusky  brown. 

DfiNSE,  crowded  together. 

DENTATE,  having  broad  acute 


Dentated 


OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS.         Descending  Sap 


marginal  teeth  which  are  usu- 
ally directed  outward.  Com- 
pare Serrate  and  Crexate. 

DEN'TATED,  see  Dentate. 

DEN  TATE-CIL'IATE,  haviug  the 
margin  dentate  and  fringed. 

DEN'TATE-CRE'NATE,  (1)  haviug 
part  of  the  margin  dentate  and 
the  remainder  crenate;  (2)  in- 
termediate between  dentate 
and  crenate,  i.e.,  having  some- 
what rounded  teeth. 

DEN'TATE-LAcIN'IATE,  haviug 
the  teeth  extended  into  long 
lax  points. 

DEN'TATE-SER'RATE,  (1)  inter- 
mediate between  dentate  and 
serrate;  having  the  teeth  di- 
rected but  slightly  forward; 
(2)  having  part  of  the  margin 
dentate  and  the  remainder  ser- 
rate. 

DEN'TATE-SIN'tJATE,  having 
broad  shallow  sinuses  between 
the  teeth  of  a  dentate  margin. 

DENTATO-SER'RATE,  see  Den- 
tate-Serrate. 

DENTATO-SIN'tJATE,  see  Den- 
tate-Sinuate. 

DENTICLE,  a  small  tooth  or  pro- 
jecting point. 

DENTICULATE,  having  small 
teeth  or  notches;  finely  den- 
tate. 

DENTICULA'TION,  (1)  the  state 
of  being  denticulate;  toothed; 
(2)  one  of  the  teeth  of  a  dentic- 
ulate leaf. 

DJSN'TIFORM,  see  Dentoid. 

DEN'TOID,  tooth-shaped. 

DENUDATE,  deprived  of  the 
usual  covering,  especially  of  a 
coating  of  down  or  hair.  The 
term  has  been  applied  with 
little  reason  to  plants  whose 
flowers  appear  before  their 
leaves. 

DEOPER'CULATE,     applied      to 


moss  capsules  iu  which  the  lid 
does  not  separate  spontane- 
ously to  liberate  the  spores. 
Compare  Disoperculate. 

DEPAUPERATE,  said  of  a  plant 
or  part  of  a  plant  which  is  re- 
duced in  size  from  lack  of  nu- 
triment, or  apparently  so; 
starved;  stunted;  undeveloped. 

DEPEND',  to  hang  directly  down- 
ward. 

DEP'LANATE,  flattened  vert ically 
and  expanded.  Both  sides  may 
be  flattened  (Complanate)  or 
only  the  upper.  (Rare.)  See 
Explanate,  Depressed,  and 
Complanate. 

DEPRESSED',  more  or  less  flat- 
tened vertically  or  endwise; 
oblate.  Also  applied  to  any 
part  having  a  lower  position 
than  usual,  as  a  leaf  whose 
disk  is  lower  than  the  margin, 
as  iu  some  water  lilies. 

DEPRESSED'-GLO'BOSE,  globular 
with  the  poles  slightly  flat- 
tened; oblately  spheroidal. 

DERIV'ATIVE-HY  BRID,  a  hy- 
brid of  which  one  or  both  the 
parents  is  a  hybrid;  secondary 
hybrid. 

DERMAT'OGEN,  the  primordial 
epidermis,  i.e.,  the  epidermis 
in  an  organ  when  first  formed 
and  still  capable  of  cell-divi- 
sion. 

DERMATOPHYTE,  any  fungus 
parasitic  upon  the  skin  of  man 
or  other  animals,  as  Trichophy- 
ton tonsurans,  the  fungus  which 
causes  ringworm. 

DESCENDING,  directed  down- 
ward in  any  degree. 

DESCENDING  AXIS,  root. 

DESCENDING  METAMORPHO- 
SIS, see  Retrogressive  Meta- 
morphosis. 

DESCENDING  SAP,  a  term  for- 
merly   applied     to    cambium 


53 


Descriptive  Botany 


A  DICTIONARY 


Dialysis 


■when  in  a  soft  mucilaginous 
condition,  from  the  supposi- 
tion that  the  sap  passed  in  a 
current  upward  in  the  wood  to 
the  leaves,  then  downward  be- 
tween the  wood  and  bark.  See 
Proper  Juice. 

DESCRIP'TlVE  BOTANY,  see 
Phytookaphy. 

DESTRUCTIVE  METAB'OLISM, 
the  chemical  changes  which 
take  place  during  the  waste  of 
tissues.  Compare  Assimila- 
tion. 

DESTRUCTIVE  PARASITE,  one 
which  causes  the  death  of  the 
tissues  of  the  host  upon  which 
it  feeds. 

DETERMINATE  GROWTH,  when 
the  season's  growth  ends  in  a 
well-formed  bud. 

DETERMINATE  INFLORES- 
CENCE, one  in  which  the  flow- 
ering begins  with  a  terminal 
bud  so  that  it  puts  a  limit  to 
the  elongation  of  the  stem;  cen- 
trifugal or  definite  inflores- 
cence. 

DETERMINATION,  the  discov- 
ery of  the  botanical  name  of  a 
plant,  or  of  its  position  in  a 
system  if  unnamed;  identifica- 
tion. It  implies  some  knowl- 
edge of  its  characters  acquired 
by  a  more  or  less  complete 
analysis,  and  is  frequently 
completed  by  the  aid  of  a 
systematic  key. 

DEU'TOPLASM,  the  portion  of 
the  cell  contents  aside  from 
the  protoplasm  proper,  con- 
sisting of  cell-sap  in  which 
may  be  granules  or  other  sub- 
stances; paraplasm.  Compare 
Metaplasm. 

DEXTRORSE,  twining  upward 
from  left  to  right,  with  the 
sun  or  hands  of  a  watch,  as 
the  hop.  Used  in  the  opposite 
sense,  however,  by  most  Eng- 


lish  and   American  botanists. 
Compare  Sinistrose. 

DlAOHiE'NIUM,  see  Mericarp. 

DiACH'YMA    (obs.),    see    Meso- 

PHYLLUM. 

DlADEL'PHIAN,  see  Diadel- 
PHOUS. 

DIAdEL'PHOUS,  having  filaments 
united  by  their  edges  in  two 
sets  (one  of  which  may  be  only 
a  single  stamen),  as  in  the  pea. 

DIAgEOT'ROPISM,  a  kind  of 
geotropic  irritability  in  certain 
organs,  as  rootstocks,  which 
causes  them  to  assume  a  hori- 
zontal position;  transverse  geo- 
tropism. 

DIAGNOSIS  (pi.  DIagno'ses),  a 
brief  characteristic  description 
of  a  plant  or  species. 

DIAGNOSTIC  CHARACTER,  see 
Essential  Character. 

DIAGONAL  PLANES,  the  two 
planes  which  bisect  the  right 
angles  between  the  median  and 
lateral  planes.  See  Median 
Plane  and  Lateral  Plane. 

DIAG'ONALPOSI'TION,  a  position 
intermediate  between  the  me- 
dian and  the  lateral  plane  and 
bisected  by  the  diagonal  plane. 

DIAGRAM,  FLORAL,  see  Flo- 
ral Diagram. 

DIAhELIOT'ROPISM,  the  ten- 
dency of  organs  to  place  their 
surfaces  at  right  angles  to  Ihe 
sun's  rays,  as  most  leaves; 
transverse  heliotropism. 

DlALYCAR  POUS,  see  Apocar- 
pous. 

DlALYPETALOUS,     see     Poly- 

PETALOUS. 

DlALYPHYL'LOUS,  see  Polysep- 
ALOTJS. 

DlALYSEP  ALOUS,  see  Polysep- 

alous. 
DiAL'YSIS,  the  separation  of  or- 
gans usually  joined;   adesmy. 
54 


Diamesogamous         OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Diffract 


When  applied  to  parts  of  a 
flower  it  refers  to  the  separa- 
tion of  organs  of  the  same 
whorl  from  each  other,  as 
when  a  normally  gamopeta- 
lous  corolla  has  its  petals  dis- 
tinct.    Compare  Solution. 

DIAMESOGAMOUS,  fertilized  by 
the  aid  of  some  external  agent, 
as  wind,  water,  or  iusects. 

DlAN'DRIAN,  see  Diaxdrous. 

DIAN'DROUS,  having  two  sta- 
mens. 

DIAPHANOUS,  transparent,  or 
nearly  so. 

DIAPHRAGM,  any  dividing 
membrane  or  partition;  sep- 
tum. The  term  is  usually 
applied  to  the  septum  at  the 
node  of  a  hollow-stemmed 
grass. 

DlAP'HYSIS,  an  old  term  for  the 
proliferation  of  a  flower. 

DIASTASE,  a  ferment  generated 
iu  germinating  seeds,  etc., 
which  assists  in  the  transfor- 
mation of  starch  into  sugar. 

DlAs'TER,  see  Dyaster. 

DIAT'OMINE,     see     Phycoxax- 

TIIIXE. 

DIcAR'PELLARY,  of  two  carpels; 
digyuous. 

DlCHA'SIUM  (pi.  Dicha'sia),  a 
false  dichotomy  iu  which  two 
lateral  shoots  of  nearly  equal 
strength  arise  beneath  the  apex 
which  bears  a  flower;  bipa- 
rous,  dichotomous,  or  forked 
cyme.      Compare    Compound 

DlCHASIUM. 

DICHAs'TIC,  spontaneously  di- 
viding. 

DICHLAMYD'EOUS,  having  both 
calyx  and  corolla. 

DICHOG  AMOUS,  having  flowers 
in  which  the  stamens  and  pis- 
tils mature  at  different  times; 
either  protandrous  or  protogy- 
nous.    Compare  Synacmic. 


DlCHOTOMAL     FLOWER,     one 

seated  in  the  fork  of  a  dicha- 
sium. 

DICHOTOMIZE,  to  fork. 

DICHOT'OMOUS,  forked;  furcate; 
bifurcate. 

DICHOTOMY,  forking  into  two 
branches  of  the  same  nature 
and  usually  of  about  the  same 
size.  True  dichotomy  is  caused 
by  the  cessation  of  the  previous 
increase  in  length  of  a  member 
at  the  apex,  and  its  coutiuuauce 
in  two  diverging  directions 
from  two  newly  constituted 
apices.  Compare  Helicoid 
and  Scorpioid  Dichotomy. 

DICLE'SlUM,  a  name  formerly 
applied  to  an  achenium  having 
an  adherent  calyx,  as  in  Mirab- 
ilis. 

DICLINOUS,  having  the  stamens 
and  pistils  iu  separate  blossoms 
— either  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious; separated;  digainous; 
unisexual. 

DICOC'COUS,  having  an  ovary 
consisting  of  two  closed  car- 
pels or  cocci  with  one  seed  in 
each,  as  in  the  Urnbelliferae. 

DICffi'LOUS,  having  two  cavities. 

DICOTYLEDONOUS,  having  two 
cotyledons. 

DID'YMOUS,  in  pairs. 
DIDYNA'MIAN,      see     Didyna- 

MOU8. 

DIDYN  AMOUS,  having  two  long 
and  two  short  stamens.  Com- 
pare Tetkadynamous. 

DIE'CIOUS,  see  Dicscious. 

DIFFLUENT,  readily  dissolving. 
Compare  Deliquescent. 

DfFFORMED',  of  unusual  shape. 

DIFFRACT',  said  of  a  lichen 
thallus  which  is  broken  into 
areolae  separated  by  clefts  or 
chinks. 


55 


Diffuse 


A  DICTIONARY 


Diplanetism 


DIFFUSE',  spreading  widely, 
loosely,  and  irregularly.  Com- 
pare Effuse. 

DIFFU'SION,  the  spontaneous 
mixture  of  one  liquid  with 
another,  or  of  any  dissolved  or 
finely  divided  substance  or  any 
liquid  through  a  liquid  or  solid. 
Compare  Osmose. 

DIGAMOUS,  see  Diclinous. 

DIG'ENOUS,  containing  both 
sexes  or  produced  sexually. 
(Rare.) 

DIGITATE,  having  several  parts 
radiating  from  one  point,  or 
nearly  so,  somewhat  like  the 
fingers  on  one's  hand.  Ap- 
plied in  grasses  where  several 
spikes  radiate  from  nearly  the 
same  point,  as  in  crab-grass 
(Sanguiuaria).  In  leaves  it  is 
the  same  as  Palmately-com- 
pouud.     Compare  Pedate. 

DIGITATE  PlN'NATE,  having  a 
digitate  leaf  with  pinnate  leaf- 
lets. 

DIGITATE-VEINED,     see    Pal- 

mately-yeined. 

DIG'ITIFORM,  see  Digitate. 
DIG'ITINERVED,        see       Pal- 

MATELY-YEINED. 

DIG'ONOUS,  two-angled,  as  the 
stems  of  some  cacti. 

DIGYN'IAN,  see  Digynous. 

DIGYNOUS,  having  two  pistils, 
styles,  or  stigmas  in  a  flower. 
Generally  the  same  as  Dicarpel- 
lary. 

DILAmiNA'TION,  see  Chorisis. 

DILATED,  expanded  or  widened. 

DIMEROUS,  having  the  parts  in 
twos,  as  two  sepals,  two  petals, 
two  stamens,  and  two  pistils  in 
a  flower. 

DIMIDIATE,  halved,  or  appear- 
ing as  if  one  side  or  one  half 
were  wanting,  as  a  leaf  which 


is  developed  on  one  side  of  the 
midrib  only.  Compare  Ob- 
lique. Applied  also  to  the 
calyptra  of  mosses  when  di- 
vided along  one  side.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  bodies 
which  are  actually  halved  or 
divided  into  two  parts,  and  to 
those  in  which  one  side  differs 
from  the  other  in  function. 

DIMORPHOUS,  existing  under 
two  forms,  as  two  forms  of 
leaves,  sterile  and  fertile,  on 
one  plant  in  ferns.  Applied 
especially  to  heterogenous 
plauts  having  two  forms  of 
flowers  ou  separate  individuals, 
one  with  long  stamens  and 
short  styles  and  another  with 
short  stamens  and  long  styles. 
Compare  Trimorphous. 

DlfE'CIAN,  see  Dkecious. 

DIG2CI0US,  having  stamens  and 
pistils  in  separate  flowers  upon 
different  individuals. 

DI02CI0USLY  POLYGAMOUS, 
when  some  of  the  flowers  in 
dioecious  plants  are  perfect. 
Each  set  of  plauts  may  have 
perfect  as  well  as  unisexual 
flowers,  or  one  set  may  have 
all  perfect  flowers  and  the 
other  all  staminate  or  all  pistil- 
late; polygamo-dioecious. 

DI'OSMOSE,  see  Osmose. 

DIPET  ALOUS,  having  two  petals 
in  a  flower. 

DIPHYL'LOUS,  two-leaved.  Hav- 
ing two  leaves,  leaflets,  or  leaf- 
like parts.  Sometimes  used  for 
Disepalous. 

DIPLAN'ETISM,  the  property  of 
beiug  twice  active  with  an  in- 
tervening period  of  rest.  It 
occurs  in  the  zoospores  of  cer- 
tain genera  of  Saprolegniese  in 
which  the  zoospores  escape 
without  cilia  from  the  spo- 
rangium and  come  to  rest  in  a 


56 


Diploe 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Disk  Flower 


cluster  each  forming  a  cell- 
wall.  After  some  hours  of 
rest  the  protoplasm  of  each 
spore  escapes  from  its  cell-wall, 
acquires  cilia,  and  enters  upon 
a  period  of  active  movement. 

DIPLOE,  see  Mesophyll. 

DIPLOGEN'ESlS,  the  duplication 
of  parts  normally  single. 

DIPLOPERIS'TOMOUS,  said  of  the 
capsule  in  mosses  when  the 
peristome  consists  of  a  double 
row  of  teeth.     Compare  Aplo- 

PERISTOMOUB. 

DIPLOSTEM'ONOtJS,  having  the 
stamens  in  two  whorls,  those 
of  each  whorl  equal  in  number 
to  the  petals,  which  are  in  one 
whorl.  Compare  Isostemo- 
nous. 

DIPLOTE'GIUM  (pi.  Diplote'gia), 
an  inferior  capsule,  as  in  Cam- 
panula. 

DIP'TEROUS,  two-winged. 

DIRECTION-CELLS,  see  Polar 
Cells. 

DIREC'TION-COR'PUSCLES,  see 
Polar  Cells. 

DIRECT'  METAMORPHOSIS,  see 
Progressive  Metamorpho- 
sis. 

DIRECT'  SUPERPOSITION,  the 
situation  of  accessory  buds  in 
an  axil  above  the  leading  bud 
or  one  first  formed,  as  is  usu- 
ally the  case  in  superposition. 
Compare  Inverted  Superpo- 
sition. 

DIREMP'TION,  see  Displace- 
ment. 

DISARTICULATE,  to  separate  at 
an  articulation  or  joint,  as 
most  leaves  iu  autumn. 

DISC,  see  Disk. 

DISCIFORM,  disk-shaped;  flat 
and  circular. 

DISCIG'EROUS,  disk-bearing,  as 
the  woody  tissue  of  conifers. 


DIS'COCARP,  an  ascocarp  in 
which  the  hymenium  lies  ex- 
posed while  the  asci  are  matur- 
ing, as  in  Peziza.  The  term 
has  also  been  applied  to  fruits 
like  the  rose  and  fig,  in  which 
the  receptacle  is  expanded  and 
forms  the  main  part  of  the 
fruit,  enclosing  the  seeds  or 
acheuia. 

DISCOID,  disk-shaped;  flat  and 
circular;  belonging  to  the  disk, 
as  the  central  florets  in  a  head 
of  Composite. 

DISCOID  FLOWER,  a  head  of 
flowers  in  Compositae  in  which 
each  flower  is  tubular. 

DIS'COID  MARK'ING,  see  Bor- 
dered Pit. 

DISCOLOR,  of  more  than  one 
color;  variegated;  especially 
having  the  two  surfaces  of  a 
leaf  differing  in  color,  as  iu  the 
begonias.  Compare  Unicolor 
and  Concolor. 

DIS'COUS,  disk-shaped. 

DISCRETE',  distinct;  separate. 
Compare  Concrete. 

DIS'CUS,  see  Disk. 

DISEP'ALOUS,  of  two  sepals. 

DISK,  any  fiat,  circular  area:  the 
central  part  of  such  an  area  or 
of  any  flat  body  as  opposed  to 
the  border;  disc.  Especially 
(1)  the  central  part  of  a  head 
of  flowers  in  Composite,  gen- 
erally bearing  tubular  florets 
only;  (2)  the  portion  of  the 
receptacle  of  a  flower  between 
the  stamens  and  pistil,  often 
more  or  less  dilated  and  serv- 
ing as  a  nectary;  (3)  a  circular 
bordered  pit,  as  in  Coniferae; 
(4)  the  circular  adhesive  base 
(retinaculum)  of  a  pollinium. 

DISK  FLORET,  see  Tubular 
Floret. 

DISK'  FLOWER,  see  Tubular 
Floret. 


Disk-shaped 


A  DICTIONARY 


Dorsal 


DISK'-SHAPED,  flat  and  more  or 
less  circular;  discoid. 

DISLOCATION,  see  Displace- 
ment. 

DISOPER'CULATE,  having  lost 
the  operculum  or  lid.  Com- 
pare Deoperculate. 

DISPLACEMENT,  the  situation 
of  an  organ  out  of  its  normal 
positiou;  dislocation;  diremp- 
tion. 

DISSECTED,  cut  deeply  into 
many  lobes  or  divisions.  Com- 
pare Laciniate  and  Divided. 

DISSEMINATION,  the  natural 
dispersion  of  seeds. 

DISSEP'IMENT,  one  of  the  double 
walls  separating  the  cells  of  a 
syucarpous  ovary;  septum. 
Compare  False  Dissepiment. 

DISSIL'IENT,  dehiscing  with 
elastic  violence,  as  the  pod  of 
Impatience. 

DISSOCIA  TION,  separation. 

DISTAL,  pertaining  to  the  apex 
or  outer  extremity.  Compare 
Proximal. 

DISTANT,  having  larger  inter- 
vening spaces  than  usual.  Op- 
posed to  Dense  or  Approximat  e. 

DISTICHOUS,  two-ranked,  as  the 
leaves  of  grasses.  Applied  also 
to  leaves  arranged  like  those  of 
the  fir,  which  are  turned  in  two 
directions,  though  not  inserted 
oppositely  in  the  same  plane. 
In  this  latter  sense  Bifarious  is 
somewhat  the  better  term. 

DISTINCT',  when  parts  of  the 
same  kind  are  unconnected; 
opposed  to  Coherent.  Com- 
pare Free. 

DISTRAC'TILE,  widely  separated. 
Applied  mainly  to  anthers  in 
which  the  connective  is  devel- 
oped so  as  to  keep  the  lobes 
wide  apart,  as  in  Salvia. 

DITRI€HOT'OMOUS,  dividing  into 
two  or  three  branches. 


DIUR'NAL,  said  of  flowers  which 
open  in  the  day  and  close  at 
night. 

DIUR'NAL  SLEEP,  see  Parahe- 

LIOTROPISM. 

DIVARICATE,  diverging  at  a 
wide  angle. 

DIVERGENCE,  see  Angle  of 
Divergence. 

DIVERSiFLO'ROtJS,  having  flow- 
ers of  two  or  more  forms. 

DIVID'ED,  having  incisions  ex- 
tending to  the  midrib.  Com- 
pare Cleft  and  Parted. 

DODECAg'YNOUS,  having  twelve 
pistils. 

DODECAM'EROUS,  having  the 
floral  organs  in  twelves;  12- 
merous. 

DODECAN'DROUS,  having  twelve 
stamens. 

DODECAPET'ALOUS,  having 
twelve  petals. 

DOLAB  RIFORM,  having  the  form 
of  an  axe  or  hatchet,  as  the 
leaves  of  Mesembryanthemum 
dolabriforme. 

DOMESTICATED,  introduced 
and  found  to  thrive  and  repro- 
duce itself  under  cultivation. 
It  does  not  necessarily  imply 
any  change  of  character. 

DORMANT  BUD,  one  which  is 
poorly  developed  and  which 
under  ordinary  circumstances 
will  not  grow  into  a  branch. 
Often  the  first-formed  buds  on 
a  season's  growth  are  of  this 
character;  latent  bud. 

DOR'MANT  STATE,  the  condition 
of  a  living  plant  during  win- 
ter, or  other  definite  period  of 
cessation  from  active  growth; 
latent  period. 

DOR  SAL,  pertaining  to  the  back, 
or  situated  upon  the  back.  The 
dorsal  surface  of  a  leaf  or  other 
foliar  organ  is    the    anterior, 


58 


Dorsal  Suture 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Duramen 


outer,  or  normally  lower  sur- 
face. Some  botanists,  how- 
ever, apply  the  term  dorsal  to 
the  upper  surface.  Compare 
Ventral. 

DORSAL  SU'TURE,  one  situated 
at  the  midrib  of  the  carpellary 
leaf. 

DORSiCUM'BENT,  see  Supine. 

DORSIFEROUS,  bearing  the  fruit 
upon  the  back,  as  the  spores  of 
many  ferns;  dorsi parous. 

DORSIP'AROUS,  see  Dorsifer- 
ous. 

DORSIVEN'TRAL,  having  a  dis- 
tinct front  and  back,  as  leaves. 

DOR' SUM,  the  back  of  any  organ: 
the  outer  or  lower  surface  of 
leaves  or  parts  of  a  fJovver. 
See  also  Dorsal. 

DOR'TY,  (Hort.),  delicate;  diffi- 
cult to  cultivate.     (Rare.) 

DdT'TED,  see  Punctate 

DOTTED  DUCT,  see  Pitted 
Vessel. 

DOUB'LE,  having  more  than  one 
whorl  of  petals.  A  flower  is 
completely  double  when  all 
the  essential  organs  are  re- 
placed by  petals. 

DOUB'LY-COM'FOUND,  twice 
compound,  as  bipinnate  or 
bipalmate. 

DOUB'LY-CRE'NATE,  having  the 
crenatures  or  teeth  of  a  cre- 
nate  leaf  again  crenate. 

DOUB'LY-DEN'TATE,  having  the 
teeth  of  a  dentate  leaf  dentate. 
Compare  Bidentate. 

DOUB'LY-PIN'NATE,  see  Bipin- 
nate. 

DOUBLY-SERRATE,  having 
small  serratures  upon  the  large 
ones,  as  in  the  elm.     Compare 

BlSERRATE. 

DOUB'LY-TER'NATE,     see      Bi- 

TERNATE. 


DOUBLY-TOOTHED,  having  the 
teeth  themselves  toothed,  as  in 
Doubly-dentate. 

DOWN,  soft  short  pubescence. 

DOWN'Y,  having  a  dense  cover- 
ing of  short  weak  hairs. 

DRAWN,  elongated  by  absence  of 
light,  as  plants  which  are 
crowded  together. 

DREP'ANIFORM,  see  Falcate. 

DROOPING,  inclining  downward 
more  than  ceruous  and  less 
than  pendent  or  pendulous. 

DRUPACEOUS,  like,  or  pertain- 
ing to,  a  drupe;  producing 
drupes,  as  drupaceous  trees. 

DRUPE,  a  stone-fruit,  as  the 
peach,  almond,  and  cherry. 
It  consists  of  one  carpel,  with 
usually  a  single  seed  surround- 
ed by  a  thickened  bony  endo- 
carp  called  the  pit  or  stone. 

DRU'PEL,  a  very  small  drupe,  as 
the  so-called  seeds  of  the  black- 
berry. 

DRUPELET,  see  Drupel. 

DU'BIOUS,  doubtful. 

DUCT,  see  Vessel. 

DUL'CIS,  devoid  of  acidity; 
sweet. 

DUMOSE  ,  having  the  form  of  a 
bush  or  low  compact  shrub. 

DU'MUS,  see  Busu. 

DU'PLICATE,  doubled  or  folded. 

DU'PLICATE-CRE'NATE,        see 

DOUBLY-CRENATE. 

DU'PLICATE-DEN'TATE,  see 
Doubly-dentate. 

DU'PLICATE  SERRATE,  see 
Doubly-serrate. 

DURA'MEN,  heart-wood;  the  cen- 
tral portion  of  the  trunk  of 
most  exogens,  consisting  of 
wood  cf  darker  color  and 
denser  texture  than  the  outer 
newer  layers,    and  possessing 


59 


Dwarf 


A  DICTIONARY 


Egg-apparatus 


the  characteristic  color  of  the 
species. 
DWARF,  habitually  attaining 
much  less  than  'the  ordinary 
size  of  related  species  or  vari- 
eties; nanus.  Compare  Hu- 
milis  and  Depauperate. 

DWARF  MALES,  very  small  indi- 
viduals in  CEdogonieae,  origi- 
nating from  special  swarm- 
spores  called  androspores,  and 
producing  only  antherozoids, 

DYAS'TER,  a  stage  of  karyokine- 
sis  succeeding  the  monaster  or 
mother-star  stage  and  ending 
with  the  formation  of  the 
daughter-skeins.  During  this 
stage  the  chromatic  filaments 
are  grouped  about  the  poles, 
the  two  groups  (asters)  being 
more  or  less  united  by  the 
spindle  fibres  or  conjunctive 
threads.  See  Daughter-star. 

E-  or  £X-,  a  prefix  meaning  des- 
titute of,  outside  of,  or'  away 
from. 

EAR,  a  prominent  lobe,  as  those 
at  the  base  of  the  leaf  in  sorrel 
(Rumex  acetocella). 

EARED,  see  Auriculate. 

EBE'NEOUS,  black  like  ebony. 

EBRAC'TEATE,  without  bracts. 

EBUR'NEOUS,  ivory-white. 

ECAL'CArATE,  without,  a  spur. 

ECAU'DATE,  without  a  tail  or 
tail-like  appendage. 

ECBLASTE'SIS,  the  production  of 
buds  within  a  flower  in  conse- 
quence of  lateral  prolitication. 

ECCENTRIC,  out  of  the  centre  or 
axis;  not  having  the  same  cen- 
tre; when  the  centre  or  axis  of 
growth  does  not  coincide  with 
that  of  the  mass,  as  in  most 
starch-grains,  or  in  trees  which 
develop  more  rapidly  on  one 
side  than  on  the  other. 


ECH'InATE,  spiny  or  prickly. 

ECHlN'ULATE,  diminutive  of 
Echinate;  having  small 
prickles. 

ECID'ltJM,  see  ^Ecidium. 

ECONOMIC  BOTANY,  the  classi- 
fication of  useful  and  injurious 
plants,  and  the  study  of  all 
botanical  questions  having  a 
practical  bearing.  See  Agri- 
cultural Botany. 

ECOS'TATE,  without  a  rib. 

ECTOGE'NIC,  capable  of  living 
outside  of  an  animal  body. 
Said  of  certain  disease-pro- 
ducing organisms,  as  the  ba- 
cillus of  anthrax. 

ECTOPLASM,  a  hyaline  layer  of 
protoplasm  free  from  granules 
next  to  the  cell-wall;  hyalo- 
plasm. 

flC'TOSPORE,  see  Basidiospore. 

ECTOSPO'ROUS,  see  Exosporous. 

ECTOTHE'CAL,  gymnoearpous, 
as  applied  to  Ascomycetes. 
(Rare. ) 

EDEN'TATE,  without  teeth,  as 
an  entire  leaf. 

EDGED,  see  Marginate. 

EFFETE',  exhausted;  no  longer 
productive  or  fruitful;  past 
the  bearing  age. 

EFFLORES'CENCE,  the  time  or 
act  of  flowering. 

EFFUSE',  spreading  loosely, 
especially  on  one  side,  as  the 
panicle  of  Juncus  effusus. 
Compare  Diffuse  and  Se- 
cund. 

EGG-APPARATUS,  a  group  of 
three  nucleated  bodies  at  the 
upper  end  of  the  embryo-sac, 
which  together  with  the  upper 
polar  nucleus  correspond  with 
the  antipodal  cells.  The  cen- 
tral deeper  cell  of  the  egg-ap- 
paratus becomes  the  oosphere, 
the  others  form  the  elongated 
60 


Egg  cell 


OF   BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Embryo  Nodule 


synergidae;      germinal     appa- 
ratus. 

EGG  CELL,  see  Oospheke. 

EFUL'CRATE,  said  of  buds  from 
below    which     the     leaf    has 
fallen.     (Rare.) 
EGLANDULOSE,  without  glands. 

EGRET,  see  Aigret. 
EIS'ODAL,  anterior.     Applied  to 
the   outer   or  anterior  part  of 
the  opening  of  a  stoma.     Com- 
pare Opisthodal. 

EJEC  TION,  throwing  out  with 
force,  as  spores  from  a  sporan- 
gium or  seeds  from  a  pod. 
Compare  Abjection. 

ELABORATION,  a  term  applied 
to  the  changes  which  take 
place  in  plant-food  after  it  is 
absorbed,  to  prepare  it  for  the 
use  of  the  plant.  Compare 
Assimilation  and  Metasta- 
sis. 

EL'ATER,  a  term  for  various 
elastic,  usually  spiral,  bodies 
which  serve  for  the  dispersion 
of  spores,  as  those  in  the  cap 
sules  of  mosses  and  liverworts 
and  those  attached  to  the  spores 
of  Equisetum. 

ELATE'RitJM,  a  term  sometimes 
applied  to  fruits  which  dis- 
charge their  seeds  by  means  of 
elastic  carpels,  as  in  certain 
Euphorbias;  regma. 

ELEUTHEROPET7 ALOUS,  see 
Apopetalous. 

ELEtJTHEROPHYL'LOUS,  s  e  3 
Apophyllous. 

ELEtJTHEROSEP'ALOUS,  see 
Aposepalous. 

ELLIPSOIDAL,  nearly  elliptical 
in  outline. 

ELLIPTICAL,  oblong,  and 
rounded  at  the  ends;  longer 
than  oval. 

ELLIP'TIC-LAn'CEOLATE,  inter- 
mediate between  elliptical  and  | 


lanceolate,  but  approaching  the 
latter. 

ELOC'tJLAR,  see  Unilocular. 

ELONGATED,  exceeding  the 
usual  or  average  length. 

ELYT'RIFORM,  resembling  the 
wing-cover  of  a  beetle;  ely- 
troid. 

EMARCID,  flaccid;  wilted. 
(Obs.) 

EMAR'GINATE,  notched  at  the 
end.  Sometimes  applied  to 
organs  which  are  notched  at 
other  places,  as  to  the  gills  of 
mushrooms  when  notched  or 
cut  out  before  reaching  the 
stem. 

EMBOSSED  ,  see  Umbonate. 

EMBRACING,  clasping  by  a 
broad  surface.  Compare  Am- 
plectant  and  Sheathing. 

EM'BRYO,  the  rudimentary  plant 
within  the  seed. 

EMBRYO-BUD,  a  rudimentary 
bud,  especially  if  adventitious. 

EM'BRYO-CELL,  see  Oospheke. 

EMBRYOGEN'IC,  pertaining  to 
the  development  of  an  embryo. 

EMBRYdG'ENY,  embryo-forma- 
tion. 

EMBRYOLOGY,  the  study  of  the 
embryo  and  its  development. 

EM'ERYONAL     CELL,    see    Oo- 

SPHERE. 

EM'BRYONAL  VES'ICLE,  see 
Oospheke. 

EM'BRYONATE,  having  an  em- 
bryo. 

EMBRYON'IC,  in  an  early  unde- 
veloped condition;  rudiment- 
ary. 

EM'BRYO  NODULE,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  small  knots,  frequently 
about  the  size  of  a  pea,  found 
beneath  the  bark  in  certain 
trees,  and  sometimes  containing 
one  or  more  rudimentary  buds. 


01 


Embryonic  Sac 


A  DICTIONARY 


Endogenous 


EMBRYdN'IC  SAC,  see  Embryo- 
sac. 
EMBRYdN'IC      VESICLE,      see 

OOSPHERE. 

JSM'BRYO-SAC,  a  large  cell  in  the 
nucleus  of  the  ovule  within 
which  the  germinal  vesicles  or 
oospheres  (one  or  more)  are 
produced,  and  which  finally 
contains  the  embryo.  Com- 
pare Central  Cell. 

EMBRY6TEGIA  (pi.),    see  Em- 

BRYOTEGIIM. 

EMBRYOTE'GIUM  (pi.  Embryo- 
te'gia),  a  small  cap  covering 
the  micropyle  in  certain  seeds, 
as  asparagus,  and  detached  by 
the  radicle  in  germination. 

EMERGENCIES,  a  term  applied 
to  outgrowths  of  various  kinds 
derived  from  the  fundamental 
tissue  below  the  epidermis,  and 
covered  by  the  latter,  as  the 
prickles  of  the  rose. 

EMERGENT, protruding  through 
or  elevated  above  surrounding 
parts. 

EMERSED',  raised  out  of  water. 

EMPALE'MENT,  an  old  term  for 
calyx. 

EMP'TY  GLUMES,  one,  two,  or 
more  bracts  or  scales  subtend- 
ing a  spikelet  in  grasses,  and 
enclosing  one  or  more  flowers; 
outer  glumes.  Formerly  called 
merely  glumes.  Compare 
Flowering  Glume. 

ENAnTIOBLAS'TIC,  a  term  some- 
times applied  to  the  embryo  of 
o.-thotropous  seeds.     Compare 

HoMOBLASTIC. 

ENA'TION,  having  outgrowths  or 
excrescences  the  result  of  ex- 
cessive development,  as  scales 
upon  petals.  Compare  Cho- 
risis. 

£N€HYLE'MA,  the  unorganized 
proteids  in  living  cells,  asaleu- 
rone  grains.     (Hanstein.) 


ENCYS'TED,  enclosed  in  a  cyst 
or  sac.  Applied,  for  example, 
to  a  stage  of  growth  in  Proto- 
coccaceoe  in  which  the  indi- 
vidual exists  as  a  free  cell  with 
a  cell-wall,  but  destitute  of 
cilia. 

flNDECAG'YNOUS,  having  eleven 
pistils  or  styles. 

flNDECAN'DROUS,  having  eleven 
stamens. 

ENDECAPHYL'LOUS,  said  of  a 
leaf  containing  eleven  leaflets. 

ENDflM'IC,  occurring  in  the  one 
limited  locality  or  region  only. 
Compare  Sporadic. 

ENDOBASID  IUM,  an  enclosed 
basidium,  as  in  Gasteromy- 
cetes. 

EN'DOCARP,  the  inner  layer  of  a 
pericarp,  particularly  if  de- 
veloped in  a  special  manner, 
as  the  pit  of  a  peach  or  core  of 
an  apple. 

ENDOCHROME,  coloring  matter 
in  cells,  or  colored  cell-con- 
tents aside  from  chlorophyll — 
used  mainly  in  algoe.  Often 
applied  to  the  entire  cell-con- 
tents of  algae,  and  sometimes 
to  colored  cell-contents  in 
other  plants,  but  less  used 
now  than  formerly. 

ENDODER'MIS,  a  layer,  of  one  or 
more  cells  in  thickness,  which 
forms  the  inner  boundary  of 
the  cortex  and  surrounds  the 
fibrovascular  cylinder. 

ENDOGENOUS,  produced  within 
another  body.  Applied  also 
to  the  stems  of  monocotyle- 
dons and  their  maimer  of 
growth,  which  was  formerly 
supposed  to  take  place  chiefly 
at  or  near  the  centre. 

ENDOGENOUS  CELL-FORMA- 
TION, see  Free*  Cell- forma- 
tion. 


62 


Endogonidium  OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Entozoic 


fiNDOGONID'IUM,    a    gouidium 

formed  within  a  receptacle, 
as  in  the  sporangium  of  Mu- 
corini. 

ENDOPERID'IUM,  the  inner 
peridium  when  there  are  more 
than  one,  as  in  Geaster. 

ENDOPHLffi'UM,  inner  bark;  li- 
ber.    See  Bast. 

ENDOPHYL'LOUS,  enclosed  in  a 
leaf  or  sheath,  as  the  young 
leaves  of  monocotyledons. 

EN'DOPHYTAL,  growing  within 
other  plants;  entophytal. 

EN'DOPHYTE,  a  plant  which 
grows  within  another,  either 
parasitic  upon  it  or  not;  euto- 
phyte. 

flN'DOPLASM,  the  internal  gran- 
ular portion  of  the  protoplasm; 
when  distinguished  from  an 
outer  layer  free  from  granules 
called  Ectoplasm. 

£NDOPLEu"RA,  see  Tegmex. 

END6PTILE,  an  old  term  ap- 
plied to  the  plumule  of  endo- 
gens. 

ENDORHI'ZA  (pi.  Endorhi'zae), 
an  old  term  for  eudogen. 

ENDORHI'ZAL,  said  of  an  embryo 
in  which  the  radicle  is  sheathed 
by  the  cotyledons  wrapped 
around  it.  Applied  also  to 
the  method  of  germination  iu 
eudogens. 

ENDORHI ZOTJS,  see  Exdorhi- 
zal. 

EN'DOSMOSE,  an  inward  current 
established  between  fluids  of 
different  densities  when  sepa- 
rated by  an  animal  or  vegeta- 
ble membrane;  eudosmosis. 
The  absorption  of  moisture  by 
roots  is  due  to  eudosmose.  See 
Osmose. 

ENDOSMO'SIS,  see  Endosmose. 

ENDOSPERM,  the  albumen  of 
the     seed,     especially     when 


formed    in    the    embryo-sac. 
Compare  Perisperm. 

EN  DOSPORE,  the  inner  coat  of  a 
spore. 

EN'DOSTOME,  the  orifice  of  the 
inner  coat  of  the  ovule,  i.e.,  the 
inner  portion  of  the  foramen. 
Compare  Exostome. 

ENDOTHELIUM,  the  lining  (ta- 
petum)  of  an  anther  cell,  con- 
sisting of  one  or  more  layers 
within  the  exothecium. 

ENDOZO'IC,  living  inside  an  ani- 
mal; entozoic. 

ENNEAG'YNOUS,  having  nine 
pistils  or  styles. 

ENNEANDRlAN,  see  Exneax- 
DROUS. 

ENNEAN'DROUS,  having  nine 
stamens. 

ENNEAPET'ALOtJS,  having  nine 
petals. 

ENNEASEPALOUS,  having  nine 
sepals. 

ENNEASPER'MOUS,  nine-seeded. 

ENO  DAL,  without  nodes. 

EN'SATE,  see  Exsiform. 

EN'SIFORM,  sword  -  shaped  ; 
straight,  or  nearly  so.  two- 
edged,  and  tapering  very  grad- 
ually from  base  to  apex,  as 
the  leaves  of  iris;  gladiate. 

ENTIRE',  having  margins  desti- 
tute of  teeth  or  notches. 

ENTOMOG'ENOUS,  growing  upon 
insects,  as  certain  fungi;  ento- 
mophytous. 

ENTOMOPH'ILOUS,  adapted  to 
pollination  by  insects. 

ENTOMOPH'YTOUS,    see    Exto- 

MOGEXOTJS. 

ENTOPArASITE,  a  parasite  liv- 
ing entirely  within  its  host. 

EN'TOPHYTAL,  see  Exdophy- 
tal. 

EN'TOPHYTE,  see  Endophyte. 

ENTOZO'IC,  see  E.ndozoic. 


63 


Envelope-apparatus  A   DICTIONARY 


Epigone 


EN'VELOPE-APPARA'TtJS,  all  of 

the  ascocarp  except  the  ascus- 
apparatus. 

EPAN'ODY,  a  general  term  for 
reversion  from  an  irregular  to 
a  regular  condition.  In  flow- 
ers it  is  termed  "  regular  pe- 
loria." 

EPAN'THOUS,  growing  upon 
flowers,  as  certain  fungi. 

EP'EN,  see  Epenciiyma. 

EPEN'€HYMA,  cambium,  and  all 
tissue  arising  from  it.  (Nit- 
geli.)  Compare  Proten- 
chyma. 

EPHEMERAL,  lasting  but  a  day 
or  a  very  short  time,  as  the 
corolla  of  purslane. 

EP'IBLAST,  a  term  applied  to  a 
small  scale-like  appendage  in 
front  of  the  embryo  and  oppo- 
site the  scutellum  in  the  seeds 
of  rice  and  many  other  grasses. 
(F.  L.  Scribner.) 

EPIBLE'MA,  a  collective  name 
for  the  epidermal  cells  of  a 
young  organ,  especially  a  root, 
including  the  root-hairs.  (Obs. ) 
See  Epidermis  and  Dermat- 
ogen. 

EPICA'LYX,  an  involucre  re- 
sembling an  exterior  calyx,  as 
in  mallow. 

EP  ICARP,  the  outer  layer  of  a 
pericarp. 

£P'I€HIL,  see  Epichilium. 

EP'I€HILE,  see  Epichilium. 

EPICHIL  itJM,  the  upper  or  dis- 
tal portion  of  the  labellum  of 
an  orchid,  when  especially  dif- 
ferent from  the  lower  or  basal 
portion.  Compare  Hypo- 
chilium. 

EPICLI'NAL,  seated  upon  the 
receptacle. 

flPICOR'MIC,  applied  to  side 
branches  which  develop  on 
the  body  of  a  forest  tree  from 


which  surrounding  trees  have 
been  removed. 

EPICOROL'LINE,  upon  the  co- 
rolla. 

EPICOT'YL,  the  portion  of  a 
young  stem  between  the  coty- 
ledons and  the  lowest  true 
leaves.     Compare  Caulicle. 

EP'IDERM,  see  Epidermis. 

EPiDER'MAL,  pertaining  to  the 
epidermis. 

EPIDER'MIS,  the  external  layer 
of  cells  in  a  plant.  Compare 
Cuticle  and  Dermatogen. 

EPIDERMOI'DAL      LAYER,      a 

term  sometimes  applied  to  an 
outer  layer  of  cortical  cells 
bordering  on  the  epidermis. 

EPIG.ffi'AN,  upon  or  above 
ground;  growing  on  land  in 
distinction  from  water;  grow- 
ing close  to  the  earth,  as  some 
leaves;  rising  above  ground 
instead  of  remaining  beneath, 
as  the  cotyledons  of  beans; 
epigreous. 

EPIGE'AL,  see  Epig^ean. 

EPIGEN'ESIS,  (1)  originating 
upon  another  body;  (2)  the 
theory  that  the  embryo  is  the 
joint  product  of  both  sexes, 
as  distinguished  either  from 
the  doctrine  that  the  male 
parent  furnishes  the  germ  and 
the  female  simply  the  nidus  or 
resting-place  in  which  it  is 
nourished,  or  from  the  theory 
that  the  female  furnishes  the 
germ  which  is  merely  quick- 
ened by  the  influence  of  the 
male.     Seldom  used  in  botany. 

EPIG'ENOtJS,  growing  upon  the 
surface  or  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, as  a  fungus  on  its  host. 
Compare  Hypogenous  and 
Edogenous. 

EPIGE'OtJS,  see  Epig^ean. 

EP'IGONE,  see  Epigonium. 


64 


Epigonium 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS.         Equatorial  Plane 


EPIGO'NIUM,    the    archegonium 

iu  mosses  after  the  capsule  has 
developed.  It  is  frequently 
ruptured,  a  part  being  carried 
up  to  form  the  calyptra,  aud  a 
part  remaining  at  the  base  of 
the  sporangium  or  its  stalk,  as 
the  vaginule.  Also  an  homol- 
ogous sac  enclosing  the  young 
sporangium  iu  Hepaticre. 

EPIG'YNOtJS,  growing  upon  the 
ovary. 

EPINAS'TIC,  denoting  curvature 
resulting  from  growth  on  the 
upper  side  of  au  organ  making- 
it  curve  downward.  Com- 
pare Hyponastic. 

EP'INASTY,  that  state  of  a  grow- 
ing dorsi-ventral  organ  in 
which  the  upper  surface  grows 
more  rapidly  than  the  lower. 

EPIPET'ALOtJS,  upon  the  corolla. 

EPIPHLCE'ODAL,  upon  the  epi- 
dermis or  outer  surface.  Com- 
pare Hypophlceodal. 

EPIPHLffi'tJM,  see  Corky  Layer. 

flP'IPHRAGM,  a  membrane  clos- 
ing the  month  of  the  capsule 
iu  mosses;  also  a  delicate  mem- 
brane closing  the  cup-like  spo- 
rophore  in  Nidularia. 

EPIPHYL'LOtJS,  growing  or  in- 
serted upon  a  leaf,  or  upon  the 
upper   side.     Compare  Hypo- 

PHYLLOUS. 

EPIPHYTAL,  see  Epiphytic. 

EPIPHYTE,  a  plant  growing 
upon  another  but  not  nour- 
ished by  it  ;  air-plant.  Com- 
pare Parasite. 

Epiphytic,    growing    upon 

another  plant  but  not  nour- 
ished by  it;  epiphytal;  pseudo- 
parasitic. 
EPIPHYTOT'IC,  a  term  applied 
by  Erwin  F.  Smith  to  any 
wide-spreading  disease  among 
plants,    corresponding     to    an 


epidemic   among    men    or   an 
epizootic  among  animals. 

ER'IPLASM,  protoplasm  which 
remains  in  an  ascus  or  other 
unicellular  sporangium  after 
the  formation  of  the  spores. 

EPIP'TEROUS,  winged  at  the 
apex. 

EPIRRHEOLOGY.  the  portion  of 
physiological  botany  which 
treats  of  the  effects  of  ex- 
ternal agents  on  living  plants. 
(Rare.) 

EPIRRHI'ZOtJS,  growing  upon 
roots. 

EP'ISPERM,  the  seed-coat,  espe 
cially  the  outer  coat  or  testa. 

EPiSPORAN'GiUM,  an  old  term 
for  indusium. 

EP'ISPORE,  the  outer  coat  of  a 
spore;  exospore. 

EPIS'TROPHE,  said  of  chloro- 
phyl-bodies  when  they  take 
their  position  along  the  outer 
wall  of  the  cell,  usually  when 
the  light  is  of  medium  inten- 
sity. Compare  Apostrophe 
and  Systrophe. 

EPITHAL'LINE,  growing  upon 
the  thallus. 

EPITHE'LIUM,  any  distinct  layer 
of  one  or  more  cells  in  thick- 
ness bounding  an  internal  cav- 
ity. Formerly  applied  also  to 
delicate  epidermis  of  rootlets 
and  other  external  parts. 

EPIX'YLOUS,  growing  upon 
wood,  as  many  fungi. 

EPIZO'IC,  growing  upon  living 
animals,  either  parasitic  or  not. 

E  QUAL,  symmetrical  ;  regular  ; 
of  the  same  number ;  like 
another  iu  all  respects,  or  in 
length. 

E'QUALLY  -  PIN'NATE,  see 

Abruptly-pinnate. 

EQUATORIAL  PLANE,  the  plane 
which  passes  through  the  equa- 


65 


Equilateral 


A  DICTIONARY 


E valvular 


tonal  plate  (mother-star)  of 
the  cell-nucleus,  or  between 
the  parts  when  the  plate  has 
divided,  and  which  occupies 
the  position  of  the  future  cell- 
wall.  It  is  the  plane  of  cell- 
division. 

EQUATORIAL       PLATE,       see 

MOTHER-STAR. 

EQUIL  AT'ER  AL,  equal  -  sided ; 
opposed  to  Oblique. 

EQUINOCTIAL,  said  of  flowers 
which  open  and  close  at  par- 
ticular hours  of  the  day. 

EQ'UITANT,  having  the  leaves  so 
arranged  that  the  base  of  each 
is  enclosed  within  the  opposite 
base  of  that  which  is  next 
below  it,  as  in  the  iris.  Com- 
pare Half-equitant. 

EQUiVAL'VULAR,  having  the 
valves  of  a  capsule  all  of  the 
same  size. 

EQUIVOCAL  GENERATION,  see 

Spontaneous  Generation. 

ERADIC'ULOSE,  without  rootlets 
or  rhizoids. 

ERECT',  perpendicular,  or  nearly 
so,  to  the  surface  to  which  it 
is  attached;  standing  without 
support,  not  weak  or  lax. 
Compare  Strict.  Applied  to 
ovules  or  seeds  it  means  grow- 
ing vertically  from  the  base  of 
the  ovary.  Compare  Ascend- 
ing and  Inverted. 

ERECTOPAt'ENT,  intermediate 
between  erect  and  spreading. 

ERE'MOBLAST,  a  unicellular 
plant.     (Sachs.) 

ERlAN'THOUS,  woolly-flowered. 

SRICA'gEOUS,  heath-like. 

CRICOID,  ericaceous.  Said  of  a 
subulate  form  of  leaves  often 
fouud  upon  the  juniper. 

JlRIOPHYL'LOUS,  woolly-leaved. 

ERODED,  see  Erose. 


EROSE',  having  irregular  sinuses 
as  if  bitten  out;  eroded. 

EROS'TRATE,  without  a  beak. 

ERUM'PENT,  breaking  out,  as 
the  spore  clusters  of  some  fungi 
through  the  epidermis  of  their 
host. 

ERYTH'ROPHYL,  red  coloring 
matter  in  plants. 

ES'CULENT,  used  for  food  by 
man. 

ESEP'TATE,  without  septa. 

ESOTER'IC,  originating  within 
the  organism.  Compare  Ex- 
oteric. 

ESSEN'TIAL  CHARACTER,  a 
feature  which  distinguishes  a 
plant  or  group  of  plants  from 
all  others;  diagnostic  charac- 
ter. 

ESSEN'TIAL  OR'GANS,  stamens 
and  pistils. 

ESTI'VAL,  pertaining  to  summer; 
sestival. 

ES'TIVATE,  to  pass  the  summer 
in  a  dormant  condition.  Com- 
pare Hibernate. 

ESTlVA'TION,  (1)  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  floral  organs  in 
the  bud — usually  written  yEsti- 
vation;  (2)  passing  the  sum- 
mer in  a  dormant  condition. 

ET-E'RIO,  a  term  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  such  fruits  as  the  rasp- 
berry and  blackberry. 

ETIOLATED,  blanched  by  exclu- 
sion of  light.  Compare  Chlo- 
rosis. 

EUCYC'LIC,  applied  by  Braun  to 
flowers  having  the  members  in 
each  whorl  equal  in  number 
and  alternating  with  those  in 
an  adjoining  whorl. 

EU'PHYLL,  an  ordinary  foliage- 
leaf.     See  Phyllome. 

EUTROP'IC,  twining  or  turning 
with  the  sun;  dextrorse. 

EVAL V'ULAR,  without  valves. 


66 


Evanescent 


OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Exogynous 


EVANES'CENT,  (1)  soon  passing 
away;  (2)  applied  to  veins 
which  disappear  before  reach- 
ing the  margin  of  the  leaf. 

EVEN  PIN'NATE,  see  Abruptly- 
pinnate. 

EVERGREEN,  having  green 
leaves  throughout  the  year,  as 
most  Coniferse. 

EVERLASTING  FLOWERS,  see 
Immortelles. 

EVER'NLZEFORM,  resembling  the 
thallus  of  the  lichen  Evernia. 

EVER'SION,  the  protrusion  of  a 
part  which  is  generally  pro- 
duced in  a  cavity. 

EVERT/ED,  turned  inside  out. 

EVIDENT,  distinctly  visible. 

EVIT'TATE, without  vitta?,  which 
see. 

EVOLU'TION,  the  act  of  unfold- 
ing or  unrolling;  hence  growth 
or  development,  especially  the 
supposed  development  through 
successive  generations  of  the 
higher  from  lower  or  simpler 
forms  of  life,  both  in  animals 
and  plants. 

EXALBU'MlNOUS,  having  the 
nutriment  in  the  seed  all  stored 
in  the  cotyledons. 

EXAN'NtJLATE,  without  an 
aunulus. 

EXAR'ILLATE,  without  an  aril. 

ilXAs'PERATE,  covered  with 
short  hard  points;  muricate. 

EXgEN'TRIC,  out  of  the  centre; 
abaxial.  An  embryo  is  excen- 
trie  when  it  lies  within  the 
albumen,  but  not  in  the  centre 
of  it,  as  in  asparagus;  the  trunk 
of  a  tree  is  excentric  when  de- 
veloped more  on  one  side  of 
the  heart  than  on  the  other. 

EX'CIPLE,  see  Excifulum. 

EX'giPtJLE,  see  Excipulum. 

EXCiP'tJLUM,  the  portion  of  the 
thallus  supporting  or  surround- 

67 


ing  the  apothecium  in  lichens. 
In  some  cases  the  excipulum 
is  an  outer  rim  of  the  perithe- 
cium  itself,  and  is  then  termed 
a  "  proper"  excipulum. 
EXCITABILITY,  the  general 
faculty,  characteristic  of  living 
bodies,  of  being  influenced  by 
external  stimuli.  Compare 
Irkitability. 

EXCRES'CENT,  growing  out  in  a 
morbid  or  unnatural  manner, 
as  a  wart  or  tumor;  superflu- 
ous. 

EXCRE'TION,  the  separation  of 
unassimilable  matter  from  an 
organism.  Compare  Secre- 
tion. 

EXCUR'RENT,  projecting  beyond 
the  usual  limit,  or  to  the  ex- 
treme summit  or  apex. 

EXFOLIATE,  to  cast  off  layers  or 
plates,  as  the  bark  of  s3'camore. 

EXHALATION,  see  Transpira- 
tion. 

EXIG'tJOtJS,  small  or  slender. 
See  Gracile. 

EX'INE,  see  Extine. 

EXIN'TINE,  a  term  applied  by 
Fritsche  to  a  third  coat  ob- 
served by  him  in  the  coveriug 
of  certain  pollen-grains  be- 
tween the  inline  and  a  second 
coat  called  by  him  the  intex- 
ine.  The  terms  Intexine  and 
Exintine  are  not  in  ordinary 
use  and  do  not  represent  any 
constant  recognized  structures. 

EX'OCARP,  the  outer  layer  of  a 
pericarp. 

EXOGENOUS,  growing  by  addi- 
tion to  the  outside,  or  spring- 
ing from  the  exterior  tissues. 
Applied  also  to  the  manner  of 
growth  of  the  stem  in  ordinary 
trees  (dicotyledons  and  gymno- 
sperms). 

EXOGYNOUS,  having  the  style 
exserted  beyond  the  corolla. 


Excperidium 


A  DICTIONARY 


Facies 


flXOPERID  IUM,  the  outer  perid- 

ium  when  there  are  more  than 

one,  as  in  Geaster. 
EXORHI'ZA    (pi.    Exorhfzae),  an 

old  term  for  exogeu.     Compare 

Endoiuiiza 

EXORHI'ZAL,  the  manner  in 
which  the  radicle  of  dicotyle- 
dons is  developed  in  germina 
tion.     (Rare.) 

EXOSMOSE,  the  passage  of  gases 
or  liquids  through  a  closed 
membrane  from  within  out- 
ward, or  from  the  denser  to  the 
rarer  fluid  in  the  process  of 
osmose. 

EX'OSPORE,  see  Epispore. 

EXOSPO'RIUM,  see  Epispoke. 

EX'OSTOME,  the  orifice  in  the 
outer  coal  of  an  ovule  or  seed, 
which  with  the  endostome 
forms  the  foramen. 

fiXOSTO'SIS,  any  indurated  pro- 
tuberance. 

EXOTER'IC,  having  its  cause  or 
origin  outside  the  organism. 
Compare  Esoteric. 

flXOTHE'ClfjM,  the  outer  coat  or 
epidermis  of  an  anther.  Com- 
pare Endothecium. 

EXOTIC,  introduced  from  a  for- 
eign country. 

EX'PLANATE,  spread  or  flattened 
out.  Applied  to  a  part  usually 
rolled  or  folded.  Compare 
Complanate. 

flXSERT'ED,  protruding  beyond 
the  margin  of  a  receptacle,  as 
stamens  beyond  the  corolla,  or 
a  panicle  of  a  grass  above  the 
leaf-sheath. 

EXSICCA'TA  (pi.  Exsicca'tae),  a 
dried  herbarium  specimen; 
exsiccate. 

EXSICCATE,  see  Exsiccata. 

EX'SICCATED,  dried;  especially, 
collected  and  dried  for  preser- 
vation as  a  botanical  specimen. 


EXSTTP'ULATE,without  stipules. 

fiXSUC'COUS,  destitute  of  juice. 

EXTERIOR,  wheu  applied  to  the 
parts  of  a  flower,  means  the 
same  as  Anterioi,  i.e.,  the  side 
away  from  the  axis;  lower ; 
outer. 

EX'TINE,  the  outer  coat  of  a 
pollen -grain.  (E  x  i  u  e  of 
Schacht.)     Compare  Intine. 

extra  -Axillary,    situated 

out  of  the  axil. 

EXTRACELLULAR,  outside  of 
a  cell. 

EX'TRA  FOLIA  CEOtJS,  not  situ- 
ated upon  or  near  the  leaves, 
as  extra-foliaceous  prickles. 

EXTRAvAG'INAL,  applied  to 
branches  in  grasses  which  in 
growth  burst  through  the  base 
of  the  subtending  sheath. 
Compare  Intka vaginal. 

EXTRORSE',  applied  to  anthers 
the  lobes  of  which  are  situated 
on  the  outside  of  the  filament 
or  connective,  i.e  ,  on  the  side 
farthest  removed  from  the  pis- 
til. Such  anthers  generally 
dehisce  on  the  outside  also. 

EXtJNGUIC'tJLATE,  without  an 
unguis  or  claw,  as  most  petals. 

ExtJ'VLffi,  anything  excreted  or 
cast  off.     (Rare.) 

EYE  (Hort.),  a  bud  on  a  tuber; 
the  cavity  enclosed  by  the  calyx 
in  the  apple;  the  ostiolum  or 
opening  in  the  apex  of  a  fig; 
any  conspicuous  central  spot 
in  a  flower  or  petal,  including 
the  disk  in  Composite. 

FACE,  the  upper,  inner,  or  free 

surface  of  an  organ  as  opposed 

to  the  back. 
FA'CIES,  the  general  aspect  of  a 

plan  t.      (Obs. )      Compare 

Habit. 


68 


Facultative 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Fascicle 


FACULTATIVE,  occasional;  in- 
cidental.   Compare  Obligate. 

FACULTATIVE  PARASITE,  a 
plant   (usually  a  saporophytic 

fungus)  capable  of  passing 
through  at  least  certain  stages 
of  its  development  as  a  para- 
site, but  which  does  uot  always 
or  necessarily  do  so. 

FACULTATIVE  SAP'ROPHlTE,  a 
plant  (usually  applied  to  para- 
sitic fungi)  which  is  capable  of 
living  as  a  saprophyte  during 
the  whole  or  a  part  of  its  life. 

F.ECULA,  see  Fecula. 

FALCATE,  scythe  -  shaped,  or 
sickle-shaped.  Compare  Unci- 
nate. 

FAL'ClFORM,  see  Falcate. 

FALSE,  similar  in  appearance, 
but  different  in  structure  or 
origin;  spurious.  The  same 
as  the  Greek  pseudo-. 

FALSE  DICHOTOMY,  any  dichot- 
omous  appearance  which  does 
not  arise  from  a  terminal  divi- 
sion of  the  main  axis,  as  a 
dichasium. 

FALSE  DISSEPIMENT,  one  of 
the  additional  partitions  in 
certain  fruits  which  is  not 
formed  by  the  edges  of  car- 
pels. False  dissepiments  fre- 
quently proceed  from  the 
dorsal  suture. 

FALSE  INDUSlUM,  a  recurved 
margin  of  the  frond  in  ferns 
covering  the  sporangia,  as  in 
the  genus  Pteris. 

FALSE  RACEME',  see  Helicoid 
Cyme. 

FALSE      PAREN'CHYMA,      see 

PSEUDOPARENCHYMA. 

FAM'ILY,  the  same  as  Order, 
which  see,  and  in  more  fa- 
miliar use.  The  term  is  also 
employed,  especially  among 
cryptogams,  to  indicate  groups 
lower  than  the  order.     In  hor- 

69 


ticulture  it  is  sometimes  used 
to  indicate  groups  of  related 
varieties,  as  the  Duchess  fam- 
ily among  apples. 

FAN'-SHAPED,  like  a  fan  in  out- 
liue,  especially  if  also  plaited; 
fhibelliform;  flabellate. 

FAN'-VEINED,  see  Palmately- 

VEINED. 

FARCTATE,  without  vacuities; 
stuffed;  obstructed;  infarctate; 
infarcted;  opposed  especially 
to  ristulose.  Seldom  used,  the 
word  solid  or  turgid  being 
nearly  always  preferable.  See 
Stuffed. 

FARI'NA,  starch.  Formerly  ap- 
plied also  to  pollen. 

FARINACEOUS,  containing 
starch,  or  of  the  texture  of 
meal  or  flour. 

FAR'INOSE,  covered  with  a  white 
mealy  powder. 

FAR'INOSE,  u.,  a  supposititious 
cellulose  substance  in  starch- 
grains,  which  is  not  colored 
blue  by  iodine.  Compare 
Granulose. 

FAS'ClA  [fdsh-i-d]  (pi.  Fasciae), 
a  cross-baud,  especially  of 
color.     (Rare.) 

FAS'CIATED,  (1)  having  broad 
parallel  bands  or  stripes; 
(2)  exhibiting fasciation,  which 
see. 

FASCIA'TION,  a  monstrous  flat- 
tened expansion  of  the  stem, 
as  in  the  garden  cockscomb 
(Celosia). 

FASCICLE,  a  bundle,  as  the 
clustered  leaves  on  the  dor- 
mant branches  or  spurs  of  the 
larch;  a  bundle  of  tuberous 
roots,  as  in  the  dahlia;  a  fibro- 
vascular  bundle,  especially  if 
rudimentary;  a  close  cyme,  as 
in  sweet-william;  a  bundle  of 
herbarium  specimens. 


Fascicled 


A  DICTIONARY 


Fibre 


FASCICLED,  growing  in  tufts  or 
clusters;  fascicular;  fascicu- 
lated. 

FASCICULAR,  see  Fascicled. 

FASCICULAR      SYS'TEM,     see 

FlBROVASCULAR  SYSTEM. 

FASCICULAR   TIS'SUE,    see   Fi- 

BROVA8CULAR  TISSUE. 

FASCICULATE,  see  Fascicled. 

FASCICULATED,  see  Fascicled. 

FASCIC  ULUS  (pi.  Fascic'ull),  a 
dense  cymose  inflorescence,  as 
in  sweet-william;  fascicle. 

FASTIG'lATE,  having  t  h  e 
branches  close,  parallel,  and 
upright,  as  in  Lombardy  pop- 
lar. Sometimes  erroneously 
used  for  flat-topped. 

FAUX  (pi.  Fauces),  the  throat  or 
orifice  of  a  gamopetalous  or 
gamosepalous  flower. 

FAVEL'LA  (pi.  Favel'lae),  a  form 
of  sporocarp  in  Florideae,  con- 
sisting of  an  irregular  mass  of 
spores  embedded  in  more  or 
less  gelatinous  material  and 
without  a  distinct  conceptacle. 
It  may  be  seated  upon  the 
frond  or  more  or  less  embedded 
in  it,  and  is  derived  from  one 
or  from  several  contiguous 
cells.  In  the  latter  case,  and 
also  when  embedded  in  the 
frond,  it  was  formerly  called 
a  favellidium. 

FAVE'OLATE,  see  Alveolate. 

FA VOSE',  see  Alveolate. 

FEATHER-VEINED,     see    PiN- 

NATELY- VEINED. 

FEATH'ERY,  see  Plumose. 

FECULA,  any  powdery  farina- 
ceous matter. 

FECULENT,  muddy;  thick  with 
sediment. 

FECUND  A' TION,  see  Fertiliza- 
tion. 

FECUNDITY,  fertility;  fruitf ill- 
ness. 


FEED'ER,  an  outgrowth  of  the 
hypocotyl  in  the  embryo  of 
some  genera  of  Gnetaceoe 
which  serves  for  the  absorp- 
tion of  the  endosperm. 

FELT'ED-TIS'SUE,  hyphal  tissue 
in  which  the  filamentous  cells 
are  not  regularly  united,  as  in 
phen  ogams,  but  cross  one 
another  irregularly,  and  are 
often  more  or  less  grown  to- 
gether; telacontexta;  spurious 
tissue.  In  its  more  consoli- 
dated forms  it  is  known  as 
pseudo-parenchyma. 

FE'MALE  FLOWER,  one  having 
pistils  only;  pistillate  flower. 

FENES'TRATE,  having  rather 
large  openings  like  windows. 

FERAL,  see  Wild. 

FERRU'G-INOUS,  resembling  iron- 
rust  ;  brownish  -  red.  For 
synonyms  see  Rubiginose. 

FER'TILE,  producing  fruit,  or 
reproductive  bodies  of  any 
kind;  having  pistillate  or  per- 
fect flowers. 

FERTILIZATION,  the  process  by 
which  the  pollen  causes  the 
ovule  to  develop  as  a  seed.  It 
is  the  essential  feature  of  sex- 
ual reproduction  of  every  kind, 
being  the  union  of  the  male 
and  "female  reproductive  bod- 
ies. In  some  cases,  and  per- 
haps always,  it  consists  in  the 
coalescence  of  the  nuclei  of 
two  cells  of  different  nature 
and  origin;  fecundation;  im- 
pregnation. See  Conjuga- 
tion. 

FEU'lLLEMdRT,  of  the  color  of 
a  faded  leaf;  filemot.     (Rare.) 

FI'BER,  see  Fibre. 

FI'BRE,  any  slender  thread-like 
body  of  considerable  strength; 
especially:  (1)  the  slender  fusi- 
form cells  of  the  inner  bark, 
known  as  bast;  (2)  small  slen- 


:o 


Fibril 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Fimbria 


der  roots  like  those  of  grasses. 
Also  applied  to  bodies  of  simi 
lar  form  which  have  no  special 
strength,  as  the  threads  or  fila- 
nients  in  a  nucleus  during  cell- 
division. 

Fl'BRIL,  diminutive  of  Fibre;  a 
small  or  secondary  fibre. 

FIBRIL'LA  (pi.  Fibril'lse),  see 
Fibril. 

FI'BRILLOSE,  diminutive  of 
Fibrous;  bearing  fibrils  or  com- 
posed of  small  fibres. 

FI'BRILLOSE  MYCE'LIUM,  see 
Fibrous  Mycelium. 

FIBROUS,  composed  wholly,  or 
in  large  part,  of  fibres;  separa- 
ble into  fibres. 

FIBROUS  MYCE'LIUM,  myce- 
lium in  which  the  hyphae  form 
by  their  union  elongated 
branching  strands;  fibrillose 
mycelium;  mycelial  strand. 

FI'BRO-VA'SAL     BUN'DLE,     see 

FlBRO VASCULAR  BUNDLE. 

FI'BRO  VA'SAL      STRING,      see 

FlBROVASCULAK  BUNDLE. 

FIBROVAS'CULAR  BUN'DLE,  one 
of  the  characteristic  elements 
in  the  stem  of  all  flowering 
plants  and  the  higher  crypto- 
gams. Isolated  fibrovascular 
bundles  form  the  ' '  fibres"  in 
the  so-called  pith  of  a  corn- 
stalk, and  the  veins  in  leaves. 
Each  bundle  usually  consists 
of  two  parts,  xylem  and  phloem 
(which  see),  the  whole  often 
surrounded  by  a  special  layer 
of  cells  called  the  bundle- 
sheath. 

FIBROVAS'CULAR  CORD,  a  term 
applied  by  Strasburger  to  a 
fibrovascular  bundle  in  mono- 
cotyledons, but  not  generally 
adopted. 

FIBROVAS'CULAR  CYL'INDER, 
a  name  given  to  the  peculiar 


fibrovascular  system  in  the 
stem  of  Lycopodiaceaa.  Some- 
times used  in  exogeus,  espe- 
cially in  roots,  where  it  is 
generally  called  "central  cyl- 
inder." 

FIBROVAS'CULAR  SYS'TEM,  the 
fibrovascular  tissues  of  a  plant 
taken  together.  In  exogenous 
trees  it  includes  the  veins  of 
the  leaves,  and  all  the  material 
of  the  stem  and  branches,  ex- 
cept the  pith,  medullary  rays, 
and  outer  bark. 

FIDDLE-SHAPED,  see  Panduri- 

FORJI. 

FIL'AMENT,  the  stalk  of  a  sta- 
men supporting  the  anther. 

FILAMEN'TOUS,  slender  and 
thread-like,  or  composed  of 
filaments. 

FILAMEN'TOUS  MYCE'LIUM, 
one  composed  of  free  hyphae, 
which  are  at  most  loosely  in- 
terwoven with  one  another, 
but  without  forming  bodies  of 
definite  shape  and  outline;  Hoe- 
cose  mycelium. 

FILAMEN'TOUS  SPOR'OPHORE, 
see  Simple  Sporophoke. 

FILA'RIOUS,  see  Filamentous. 

FIL'EMOT,  see  Feuillemort. 

FIL'ICOID,  fern-like. 

FIL'IFORM,  thread-shaped;  slen- 
der, round,  and  of  equal  thick- 
ness throughout.  Compare 
Capillary. 

FIL'IFORM  APPARATUS,  a  ho- 
mogeneous, strongly  refrac- 
tive, cellulose  cap  often  found 
at  the  apex  of  each  synergida, 
especially  in  monocotyledons. 

FILIPEN'DULOUS,  hanging  by  a 
thread. 

FI'LOSE,  terminating  in  a  thread- 
like process. 

FIM'BRlA,  a  fringe. 


n 


Fimbriate 


A  DICTIONARY 


Floral 


FIM'BRlATE,  fringed;  bordered 
by  lax,  slender  processes,  gen- 
erally larger  than  hairs. 

FIM'BRICATE,  see  Fimbriate. 

FIMBRIL'LATE,  diminutive  of 
Fimbriate;  having  a  very  small 
or  fine  fringe;  fimbrilliferous. 

FIMBRILLIF'EROUS,    see     Fim- 

BRILLATE. 

FINGERED,  see  Digitate. 

FIS'SILE,  capable  of  being  split 
or  divided. 

FIS  SION,  the  division  of  au  organ 
which  is  usually  entire;  that 
mode  of  cell-division  in  which 
the  cell  separates  into  two 
nearly  equal  portions. 

FISSIP  AROtJS,  reproducing  by 
spontaneous  division  into  two 
parts. 

FIS  TULAR,  see  Fistulose. 

FIS  TULIFORM,  tubular. 

FIS'TtJLOSE,  hollow  and  cylin- 
drical, or  nearly  so,  as  the  stems 
of  many  grasses;  tistular;  fistu- 
lous. Used  especially  when 
the  hollow  is  of  considerable 
size,  as  in  reeds. 

FIS'TULOUS,  see  Fistulose. 

FLABEL'LATE,  see  Fan-shaped. 

FLABEL'LIFORM,  see  Fan- 
shaped. 

FLACCID,  unable  to  support  its 
own  weight.     Compare  Lax. 

FLAGEL'lA,    pi.,    see    Flagel- 

LTJM. 

FLAGELLAR"?,  pertaining  to  or 
caused  by  flagella,  as  the  flag- 
ellary,  movements  of  certain 
zoospores. 

FLAG'ELLATE,  (1)  bearing  fla- 
gella; (2)  flagelliform. 

FLAgEL'LIFORM,  long  and 
supple  like  a  whip-lash;  flag- 
ellate. 

FLAGEL'LUM  (jd.  Flagel'la), 
any  slender  flexible  process  or 


organ,  as  (1)  a  solitary  long 
swinging  process  of  proto- 
plasm on  certain  zoospores  (a 
large  cilium);  (2)  a  similar  ap- 
pendage to  the  cells  of  many 
bacteria;  (3)  a  young  flexible 
shoot,  especially  a  long  trail- 
ing branch  of  a  vine  (sar- 
ment). 

FLAT  (Hort.),  in  describing 
fruits,  means  flattened  eudwise 
(depressed). 

FLAVES'CENT,  yellowish. 

FLA'VOUS,  see  Flavus. 

FLA'VITS,  pure  pale  yellow; 
lemon-yellow.     Compare    Lu- 

TEUS. 

FLESH'Y,  enlarged  and  some- 
what soft,  as  a  tuber.  Com- 
pare Succulent. 

FLEX'UOSE,  zigzag;  wavy; 
winding;  flexuous. 

FLEX'tJOtJS,  see  Flexuose. 
FLOATING,  see  Natant. 
FLOC'CI,  pi.,  see  Floccus. 

FLOCCOSE',  covered  with  matted 
woolly  hairs,  especialty  if  they 
fall  away  in  tufts.  Said  of 
the  perithecia  of  Erysiphe 
when  the  appendages  are  of 
equal  diameter  throughout, 
more  or  less  tortuous,  and  end 
abruptly,  or  in  a  straight  point 
(thus  distinguished  from 
"hooked"  and  "  dichoto- 
mous). " 

FLOCCOSE'  MYCE'LIUM,  see 
Filamentous  Mycelium. 

FLOC'CULENT,  see  Floccose. 

FLOCCUS  (pi.  Floc'ci),  any  woolly 
.hair  or  thread,  or  a  tuft  of 
such  filaments. 

FLO'RA,  the  aggregate  of  the 
species  of  plants  of  a  country 
or  region,  or  a  book  which  de- 
scribes them. 

FLORAL,  pertaining  to  a  flower. 


Floral  Diagram         OF   BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Foliiform 


FLORAL  DIAGRAM,  a  drawing 
showing  the  relative  position 
of  the  parts  of  a  flower. 

FLO'RAL  EN  VELOPES,  in  ordi- 
nary plants  the  calyx  and 
corolla,  sometimes  including 
bracts  when  developed  in  a 
special  manner  so  as  to  sur- 
round a  flower:  in  grasses  the 
flowering  glume  and  palet. 

FLO'RAL  GLUME,  used  by  Dr. 
W.  J.  Beal  instead  of  flower- 
ing glume  or  lower  palet. 

FLO'RAL  LEAF,  see  Bract. 

FLORES'CENCE,  the  opening  of 
flowers;  blossoming;  anthesis. 

FLO  RET,  an  individual  flower  of 
a  head  or  cluster,  especially  in 
Composite;  floscule;  tiosculus; 
floweret. 

FLORIF'EROUS,  flower-bearing. 

FLORIP'AroUS,  floriferous;  some- 
times used  when  a  proliferous 
branch  or  flower  bears  addi- 
tional flowers  instead  of  stems 
and  leaves. 

FLOS'CULAR,  see  Flosculous. 

FLOS'CULE,  see  Floret. 

FLOS' CtJLOSE,  see  Flosculotjs. 

FLOSCULOUS,  composed  of  or 
bearing  florets;  applied  mainly 
to  heads  of  flowers  iu  Com- 
posites when  composed  of 
tubular  florets  only.  Com- 
pare Semiflosculous. 

FLOWER,  the  part  of  a  plant 
immediately  concerned  in  the 
production  of  seed.  A  com- 
plete flower  in  ordinary  plants 
consists  of  pistils,  stamens, 
corolla,  and  calyx,  of  which 
the  two  former  are  essential  to 
the  production  of  seed.  The 
parts  of  a  flower  are  modified 
leaves. 

FLOWER-BUD,  an  unopened 
flower  or  cluster  of  flowers. 

FLOWERET,  see  Floret. 


FLOWER-HEAD,  see  Head. 

FLOWERING  GLUME,  the  organ 
in  grasses  formerly  called  the 
lower  palet.  It  may  subtend 
one  flower  or  more.  Dr.  W. 
J.  Beal  proposes  the  more 
appropriate  term  Floral  Glume. 

FLU'ITANT,  floating  in  or  upon 
water.     Compare  Natant. 

FLU'VIAL,  see  Fluviatic. 

FLUVIAT'IC,  belonging  to  flow- 
ing water;  fluvial;  fluviatile. 

FLU'VIATILE,  see  Fluviatic. 

FOLDED,  (1)  said  of  leaves  in 
vernation  wheu  the  two  halves 
are  simply  brought  together 
forward;  (2)  (Hort.)  when  a 
narrow  projection  of  the  flesh 
of  an  apple  extends  into  the 
cavity.  (Warder.)  Compare 
Lipped. 

FOLIA'CEOUS,  leaf -like;  having 
leaves  intermixed  with  the 
flowers,  as  a  foliaceous  spike; 
consisting  of  thin  laminae  or 
layers;  foliose. 

FOLIA'CEOUS  THAL'LUS,  the 
thallus  in  lichens  when  flat 
and  leaf-like  and  attached  by 
one  or  few  points;  frondose 
thallus.  Compare  Crusta- 
CEotrs  Thallus. 

FOLIAGE  LEAVES,  ordinary 
green  leaves,  in  distinction 
from  those  which  are  trans- 
formed into  petals,  scales,  etc. 

FO'LIAR-TRACE,  see  Leap- 
trace. 

FOLIATION,  the  act  of  leafing 
out;  frondescence.  Some- 
times used  erroneously  for 
prefoliatiou. 

FOLIF'EROUS,  bearing  or  pro- 
ducing leaves;  foliiferous;  foli- 
i  parous. 

FOLIIF'EROUS,  see  Foliferotjs. 

FO'LIIFORM,  leaf -shaped  . 


73 


Foliiparous 


A  DICTIONARY 


Foveate 


FOLllP'AROUS,  producing  leaves 
or  leaves  only. 

FO'LIOLATE,  pertaining  to  leaf- 
lets, as  trifoliolate— having 
three  leaflets. 

FO'LIOLE,  a  little  leaf  or  leaflet. 
(Rare.) 

FOLI'6LUM  (pi.  Foll'ola),  see  Fo 

LI  OLE. 

FO'LIOSE,  (1)  abounding  in 
leaves;  foliaceous;  leafy; 
(2)  having  the  nature  or  ap- 
pearance of  a  leaf. 

FO'LIOUS,  see  Foliose. 

FO'LltTM  (pi.  Fo'lia),  a  leaf. 

FOL'LICLE,  a  simple  pod  opening 
by  the  ventral  suture  only,  as 
in  the  milkweed  (Asclepias). 

FOLLIC'ULATE,  having  follicles. 

FOLLIC'ULUS,  see  Follicle. 

FOOT,  a  basal  protrusion  of  the 
fern-plant  which  maintains  its 
connection  with  the  prothallus. 
Also  a  similar  base  to  the  seta 
in  mosses. 

FOOT-STALK,  the  stem  of  a  leaf, 
flower,  or  other  organ.  See 
Petiole,  Peduncle,  Pedi- 
cel, Stipe. 

FORA'MEN  (pi.  Foram'ina),  any 
small  aperture,  especially  that 
in  the  integuments  of  the  ovule, 
at  which  fertilization  is  effect- 
ed.    Compare  Mickofyle. 

FORAM'InATED,  having  small 
holes  or  perforations.  Com- 
pare Lacunose. 

FORAMIN'ULOSE,  pierced  with 
very  small  holes;  diminutive 
of  Foraminated. 

FORCIPATE,  like  a  pair  of  pin- 
cers. 

FORKED,  having  two  or  more 
main  branches  arising  from 
nearly  the  same  point;  furcate. 
Compare  Bifurcated. 

FORM,  (1)  nearly  the  same  as 
Variation,  which  see;  (2)  one 


of  the  conditions  or  states  when 
several  regularly  appear  among 
plants  of  the  same  parentage, 
as  the  short-styled  form  in 
heterostyled  species. 

FdRM'ATIVE,  concerned  with  or 
serving  for  growth,  as  forma- 
tive material  (starch,  albumi- 
noids, etc.),  formative  tissue 
(meristem). 

FORM-GE'NUS,  a  so-called  genus 
constituted  by  similar  form- 
species,  as  Botrytis  in  fungi; 
pseudo-genus. 

FORM-SPE'CIES,  a  particular 
phase  in  the  development  of  a 
protean  organism,  as  the  rusts; 
so  called  because  the  different 
stages  have  often  been  mistaken 
for  distinct  species.  Used  also 
by  E.  L.  Sturtevant  synony- 
mously with  Race. 

FORM-SPORE,  a  body  which  is 
morphological!}'  or  physio- 
logically a  spore,  but  which 
either  does  not  become  de- 
tached as  an  ordinary  spore 
for  dispersion,  or  which  has 
not  the  power  of  germination. 

FOR'NICATE,  see  Vaulted. 

FORNIX  (pi.  F6r'nice§),  arched 
scales  in  the  throat  of  a  corolla, 
as  in  comfrey. 

FOSSIL  BOT'ANY,  the  science  of 
fossil  plants,  including  their 
order  of  succession  on  the 
earth;  paleobotany;  paleo- 
phytology;  geological  botany; 
phytolithology. 

FOSTER-PLANT,  see  Host. 

FOUR-FOLD  POL'LEN  -  GRAIN, 
see  Pollen-tetrad. 

FO' VEA  (pi.  Fo'veae),  a  pit  or  de- 
pression, as  that  in  the  leaf  of 
Isoetes,  containing  the  sporan- 
gium. 

FO'VEATE,  marked  with  deep  or 
rather  large  pits  or  depressions. 
Compare  Alveolate. 


74 


Foveola 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Frustule 


FOVEOLA  (pi.  Fove'olae),  a  little 
pit  or  depression;  diminutive 
of  Fovea. 

FO'VEOLATE,  marked  with  little 
pits  or  depressions. 

FOVIL'LA  (pi.  Fovil'lae),  the  con- 
tents of  a  pollen-grain;  gener- 
ally used  in  the  singular  for 
the  entire  contents,  but  some- 
times applied  to  the  individual 
granules  in  the  fluid  proto- 
plasm. 

FREE,  not  united  with  any  dis- 
similar part;  opposed  to  Ad- 
herent.    Compare  Distinct. 

FREE  CELL-FORMATION,  the 
production  of  new  cells  within 
another,  generally  free  from 
the  cell-wall  of  the  original  or 
mother  cell.  Usually  applied 
to  cases  in  which  several  nuclei 
appear  within  the  cell,  each  of 
which  becomes  surrounded  by 
an  independent  cell-wall,  as  in 
the  production  of  pollen;  in- 
ternal or  endogenous  cell-for- 
mation. 

FREE  GROWING,  thrifty  or  vig 
orous,  as  opposed  to  dwarf  or 
feeble. 

FREE-STOCK,  a  seedling  tree  of 
the  same  species  used  for  graft- 
ing, as  opposed  to  a  stock  of  a 
different  species,  the  latter  be- 
ing generally  used  for  dwarf- 
ing. 

FREE'STONE,  applied  to  drupes 
in  which  the  flesh  separates 
readily  from  the  pit  when 
ripe.     Compare  Clingstone. 

FRILL,  see  Armilla. 

FRIN&ED,  see  Fimbriate. 

FROND,  the  leaf  in  ferns,  espe- 
cially the  foliage  portion  of  it; 
the  expanded  leaf -like  portion 
of  the  thallus  of  liverworts; 
the  stem  and  leaves  taken  to- 
gether in  plants  where  the  dis- 
tinction between  leaf  and  stem 


is  not  obvious,  or  where,  as  in 
Equisetum,  the  leaves  are  un- 
important; the  whole  expanded 
leaf-like  or  branching  thallus 
of  many  marine  algae. 

FRONDES'CENCE,  see  Foliation 
and  Phyllody. 

FRON'DIFORM,  frond-like  or 
frond-shaped,  especially  like 
the  leaves  of  ordinary  ferns. 

FRON'DOSE,  frond  like,  or  pro- 
ducing fronds  instead  of  ordl- 
dary  foliage;  leafy  or  leaf  like. 
(Kare.)     Compare  Thalloid. 

FRON'DOSE  THAL'LUS,  see  Fo- 
liaceous  Thallus. 

FR6TH  Y,  see  Warty. 

FRtJCTES'CENCE,  the  time  at 
which  a  fruit  arrives  at  ma- 
turity. 

FRUCTIFICA'TION,  the  fruit  and 
attendant  parts;  an  inflores- 
cence at  any  stage  of  growth, 
the  process  of  development  of 
a  fruit  and  its  attendant  parts. 

FRUCTIFICATION,  ORGANS  OF, 
stamens  and  pistils. 

FRUIT,  the  mature  ovary  and  its 
contents,  together  with  any 
closely  adhering  part;  special- 
ized reproductive  bodies  of  any 
kind,  as  the  spores  of  crypto- 
gams, including  any  modified 
portion  of  the  plant  in  which 
they  are  produced.  The  term 
is  also  extended  to  many  con- 
solidated forms  of  inflores- 
cence, as  the  cone  of  the  pine. 

FRUIT'-BUD,  generally  the  same 
as  Flower-bud.  which  see. 

FRUIT'  DOT,  see  Sonus 

FRUIT'  SPUR,  a  short  stout 
branch,  bearing  one  or  more 
flower-buds,  as  in  the  apple. 

FRUMENTA'CEOUS,  producing  or 
pertaining  to  edible  grain. 

FRUS'TULE,  the  individual  3n 
Diatomaceae  (often  joined  to- 
gether in  colonies). 


75 


Frustulose 


A  DICTIONARY 


Funiculus 


FRUS  TULOSE,  consisting  of  sim- 
ilar separable  parts,  like  the 
frustules  of  diatoms. 

FRUTES'CENT,  somewhat  shrub- 
by,— woody  at  the  base  and 
herbaceous  above,  like  the  gar- 
den sage;  subfrutescent;  suf- 
frutesceut. 

FRU'TEX,  a  shrub,  which  see. 

FRU'TICOSE,  shrubby;  pertain- 
ing to  shrubs;  shrub -like. 
Compare  Frutescent. 

FRU'TiCOSE  THAL'LUS,  a  thallus 
in  lichens  which  is  attached  to 
the  substratum  by  one  point 
only,  or  by  a  narrow  base,  and 
grows  upward  as  a  simple,  or 
more  usually  branched,  shrub- 
like body. 

FRUTICULOSE,  like  a  small 
shrub;  diminutive  of  Fruticose. 

FRUTICULUS,  a  little  shrub. 

FtJ'COID,  pertaining  to,  or  resem- 
bling, Fucus,  a  genus  of  marine 
alga;. 

FUGA'CIOUS,  disappearing  in  a 
very  short  time;  ephemeral. 
Compare  Caducous. 

FU'GTTIVE,  quickly  disappear- 
ing; easily  blown  away  or 
absorbed;  volatile;  evanescent; 
fugacious. 

FUL'CRATE,  furnished  with  ful- 
cra, which  see. 

FUL'CRUM  (pi.  Ful'cra),  a  gen- 
eral term  for  various  append- 
ages to  the  plant  which  serve 
for  support  or  defence,  as  ten- 
drils, spines,  prickles,  hairs, 
etc.     Now  little  used. 

FULIG'INOSE,  see  Fuliginous. 

FULIGINOUS,  dark  brown ;  sooty 
or  smoky. 

FULL,  applied  to  double  flowers 
in  which  all  the  stamens  and 
pistils  are  transformed  into 
petals;  completely  double. 

FUL' VID,  see  Fulvous. 


FUL'VOUS,  yellow,  mixed  with 
gray  and  brown;  tawny. 

FUL'VUS,  see  Fulvous. 

FU'MOSE,  smoke-colored;  brown- 
ish gray. 

FU'MOtJTS,  see  Fumose. 

FUNDAMENTAL  ORGANS,  root, 
stem,  and  leaf. 

FUNDAMEN'TAL  SYS'TEM,  all 
that  portion  of  the  substance 
of  the  higher  plants  which  is 
not  included  in  the  fibrovas- 
cular  and  epidermal  systems. 
Compare  Cellular  System. 

FUNDAMEN'TAL  TIS'SUE,  pith, 
cortex,  and  medullary  rays; 
ground-tissue. 

FUNGICIDAL,  destructive  to 
fungi;  antimycotic. 

FUNGICIDE,  anything  destruc- 
tive to  the  life  of  a  fungus. 

FUN'GIFORM,  mushroom-shaped. 

FUNGIL'LIFORM,  diminutive  of 
Fungiform. 

FUNGOID,  fungus-like. 

FUNGOL'OGY,  see  Mycology. 

FUN'GOSE,  spongy  in  texture,  like 
many  fungi. 

FUN'GOUS,  produced  by  a  fungus; 
pertaining  to  a  fungus  or  to 
fungi,  as  a  fungous  disease. 
The  substantive  form  "Fun- 
gus" is  also  used  as  an  adjec- 
tive. 

FUN'GUSED,  injured  by  a  fungus. 
(Rare.) 

FU'NICLE,  see  Funiculus. 

FUNICULAR  CORD,  see  Funicu- 
lus. 

FUNICULUS,  the  stalk  of  an  ovule 
or  seed  by  which  it  is  attached 
to  the  placenta;  funicular  cord; 
umbilical  cord;  podosperm. 
In  Nidularise  a  hyphal  cord 
attaching  the  peridiolum  to  the 
inner  surface  of  the  wall  of  the 
peridium. 


76 


Funiliform 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Gemmaceous 


FUNIL'IFORM,  like  a  rope  or 
cord,  as  the  roots  of  many 
en  doge  us. 

FUN'NEL-FORM,  tubular,  and 
gradually  enlarging  upward  to 
a  spreading  border;  infundi- 
buliform.  Compare  Rotate 
and  Cyathiform. 

FURCATE,  see  Forked. 

FUR'CATED,  see  Forked. 

FURCATION,  division  into  two 
(rarely  said  of  more)  main 
branches.     See  Bifurcation. 

FURFURA'CEuUS,  covered  with 
soft  scales  easily  displaced; 
scurfy. 

FURROWED,  see  Sulcate. 

FUSCES'CENT,  slightly  fuscous. 

FUS'COUS,  grayish  brown. 

FUSIFORM,  spindle-shaped;  en- 
larged, terete,  and  tapering 
toward  each  end,  as  the  roots 
of  some  radishes. 

FU'SOID,  somewhat  fusiform. 

GAL  BULUS,  a  closed  fleshy  cone, 
resembling  a  berry,  as  that  of 
juniper. 

GA'LEA,  an  arched  sepal  or  petal 
resembling  a  helmet;  helmet; 
hood;  cucullus.  Also  applied 
lo  the  upper  lip  of  some  Scro- 
phulariaceae,  though  not  so 
arched. 

GA'LEATE,  helmet-shaped,  as  the 
flower  of  Aconitum. 

GALVAnOT'ROPISM,  the  curva- 
ture of  growing  organs  under 
the  influence  of  a  current  of 
electricity. 

GAM'ETE,  any  sexual  proto- 
plasmic body,  naked  or  in- 
vested with  a  membrane,  mo- 
tile or  non-motile,  as  an 
oosphere  or  antherozoid;  con- 
jugation-cell; generative  cell. 
Used  mainly  in  Conjugates. 


GAMETOGEN'ESIS,  the  produc- 
tion of  gametes  (male  or  fe- 
male). 

GAM'ETOPHYTE,  the  prothallus 
or  sexual  generation  in  ferns, 
etc.     Compare  Sporophyte. 

GAmOGEN'ESIS,  sexual  repro- 
duction. 

GAmOPET'ALOUS,  having  the 
petals  more  or  less  united; 
sympetalous.  Also  called  erro- 
neously Monopetalous.  Com- 
pare Polypetalous  and  Unx- 

PETALOUS. 

GAmOPHYL'LOUS,  a  term  includ- 
ing Gamopetalous  and  Gamo- 
sepalous,  but  applied  mainly 
to  sepals. 

GAMOSEP'ALOUS,  having  sepals 
more  or  less  united;  mono- 
sepalous. 

GANGLION  (pi.  Gan'glia),  a  term 
applied  to  various  enlargements 
on  the  mycelium  of  certain 
fungi,  some  of  which  at  least 
are  rudimentary  fructifications. 

GEITONOG'AMY,  the  fertilization 
of  a  pistil  by  pollen  from 
another  flower  of  the  same 
plant — the  closest  kind  of  cross- 
fertilization. 

GEM,  see  Gemma. 

(jEM'INATE,  in  pairs  or  twins; 
biuate. 

GEM  MA  (pi.  Gem'msei,  an  old 
term  for  leaf -bud,  now  usually 
confined  to  various  asexual  re- 
productive bud-like  processes 
in  cryptogams.  They  may  be 
distinguished  from  gonidia  by 
not  having  as  uniform  methods 
of  production,  by  greater  vari- 
ation in  size,  and  by  usually 
containing  many  cells.  See 
Gonidium. 

GEMMA'CEOUS,  having  the  na- 
ture of  gemmae;  bearing 
gemmas;  gemmiferous. 


77 


Gemmation 


A  DICTIONARY 


Germination 


GEMMA'TION,  reproduction  by 
means  of  gemmae. 

GEMMIFEROUS,  bearing  gem- 
mas. 

GEMMIP'AROUS,  producing 
gemmae. 

GEM'MULE,  diminutive  of 
Gemma— an  old  term  for  leaf- 
bud  aud  plumule.  Now  ap- 
plied to  certain  primary  for- 
mative granules  in  the  proto- 
plasm.    (Nageli.) 

GENEA6EN'ESIS,  see  Parthe- 
nogenesis. 

GENERA,  pi.,  see  Genus. 

GENERAL,  see  Common. 

6ENERAL  INVOLUCRE,  see 
Common  Involucre. 

GENERATING  TIS'SUE,  see 
Meristem. 

GENERATIVE  CELL,  a  sexual 
reproductive  cell  of  any  kind. 
See  Gamete.  Also  applied  to 
the  cell  in  a  pollen -grain  which 
develops  into  the  pollen-tube. 
Compare  Vegetative  Cell. 

GENERATIVE  NU'CLEUS,  the 
nucleus  in  the  pollen-tube 
which  is  directly  concerned  in 
fertilization. 

GENERIC,  pertaining  to  a  genus- 

GENET'IC,  pertaining  to  genera- 
tion or  origin;  e.g.,  things  are 
genetically  related  which  have 
the  same  origin. 

GENET'IC  SPIRAL,  a  spiral  line 
passing  through  the  point  of 
insertion  of  all  equivalent  lat- 
eral members  ou  an  axis  from 
older  to  younger;  generating 
spiral;  fundamental  spiral. 

GENICULATE,  bent  abruptly  at 
an  angle,  like  the  knee,  as  the 
stems  of  decumbent  grasses. 

GENICULUM,  a  term  occasionally 
applied  to  a  node,  especially 
when  the  stem  is  bent  at  that 
point,  as  is  frequent  in  grasses. 


GENUFLECTION,  the  formation 
of  a  knee-like  bend  in  a  con- 
jugating filament,  as  in  Siro- 
gonium. 

GE'NUS  (pi.  Gen'era),  a  group  of 
species  within  a  family  or 
order. 

GE'NUS  HY'BRID,  a  hybrid  be- 
tween plants  of  distinct  genera; 
bigener. 

GE'OBLAST,  a  plumule  which  in 
germination  leaves  the  cotyle- 
dons under  ground,  as  in  the 
pea. 

GEOGRAPHICAL   BdT'ANY,  the 

study  of  plants  iu  respect  to 
their  geographical  distribution ; 
botanical  geography. 

6EOL6GICAL  BOT'AnY,  see  Fos 
sil  Botany. 

GEOT'ROPISM,  the  tendency  to 
grow  downward  or  toward  the 
centre  of  the  earth.  Compare 
Apogeotropism. 

GERM,  a  bud  or  growing  point; 
the  embr}ro  iu  a  seed;  a  rudi- 
mentary ovary  or  young  fruit; 
a  female  reproductive  cell— 
germ-cell,  oosphere;  a  spore 
or  seed;  especially  a  spore  or 
reproductive  individual  in  bac- 
teria. 

GERM-CELL,  any  female  repro- 
ductive cell.  Compare  Sperm- 
cell.  See  Oospiieue.  Ap- 
plied also  by  Brefeld  to  spores 
of  the  simplest  character  (Spo- 
ridia)  borne  on  a  promycelium. 

GER'MEN,  an  old  name  for  ovary. 

GER'MINAL  APPARA'TUS,  see 
Egg-apparatus. 

GER'MINAL  COR'PUSCLE,  see 
Oosphere. 

GER'MINAL  VES'ICLE,  see 
Oosphere. 

GERMINATION,  the  early  stage 
of  growth  of  a  seed  or  spore 
into  a  new  plant;  sprouting. 


Germinative  Nucleus  OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Glaucous 


GER'MINATIVE  NU'CLEUS,  see 
Generative  Nucleus. 

GERM  -  NU'CLEUS,  the  nucleus 
resulting  from  the  union  of 
the  pronuclei  of  two  gametes 
in  conjugation  or  fertilization. 

GERM-PORE,  a  pit  in  the  coat  of 
a  spore  through  which  the 
germ-tube  issues  in  germina- 
tion. 

GERM-TUBE,  the  first  growth 
from  a  spore  or  sclerotium 
upon  germination. 

GIBBOUS,  convex,  as  though 
swollen;  protuberant,  espe- 
cially upon  one  side,  or  some 
distinct  part  of  the  surface. 

GILLS,  the  spore-bearing  plates 
upon  the  lower  side  of  the  cap 
in  mushrooms;  lamellae. 

GIR'DLE,  the  overlapping  edge 
of  one  of  the  two  valves  in 
diatoms. 

GLA'BRATE,  nearly  glabrous. 

GLABRES'CENT,  slightly  gla- 
brous. 

GLABRIUS'CULUS,  almost  but  not 
quite  glabrous. 

GLABROUS,  smooth;  free  from 
roughness  or  hairs — the  sur- 
face may  be  uneven.  Com- 
pare Scabrous  and  L;evis. 

GLAD'lATE,  see  Ensiform. 

GLAND,  any  secreting  apparatus. 
A  gland  is  generally  a  group 
of  cells  having  a  peculiar  form 
and  character  to  adapt  them  to 
their  special  function.  They 
sometimes  form  wart-like  pro- 
jections upon  the  surface,  or 
depressions  within  it.  The 
hairs  of  many  plants  also  serve 
as  glands  (see  Glandular 
Hair).  In  deeply  -  seated 
glands  of  certain  kinds,  as 
those  of  the  pine,  the  internal 
cell-walls  of  the  gland  are 
more  or  less  absorbed  to  form 
reservoirs  for  the  secreted  sub- 


stance. The  term  gland  is  also 
applied  to  certain  wart-like 
swellings  which  are  not  secre- 
tory, as  the  abortive  teeth  at 
the  base  of  the  leaf  in  the  peach 
and  cherry. 

GLANDIFORM,  gland-shaped  or 
gland-like;  adenoid. 


GLAND    OF 

Lepal. 


THE     TORUS,    see 


GLANDULAR,  gland-like  or  bear- 
ing glands;  glanduliferous. 

GLAN'DULAR  DISK,  see  Re- 
tinaculum. 

GLAN'DULAR  HAIR,  an  epi- 
dermal appendage  of  one  or 
more  cells,  the  apex  of  which 
is  usually  enlarged  and  contains 
the  peculiar  secretion. 

GLAN'DULAR  WOOD'ifr  TIS'SUE, 
a  term  formerly  applied  to  the 
woody  tissue  of  Coniferne  from 
the  appearance  of  its  circular 
bordered  pits. 

GLAN'DULA'TION,  the  position 
arid  arrangement  of  the  glands 
upon  a  plant. 

GLANDUlIF'EROUS,  bearing 
glands. 

GLAn'DULOSE,  see  Glandular. 

GLAN'DULOSE-SER'RATE,  hav- 
ing serratures  tipped  by  so- 
called  glands,  as  the  leaves  of 
Primus  glandulosa. 

GLANS,  a  nut  like  that  of  the  oak 
and  chestnut,  and  sometimes 
extended  to  all  large  nuts.  A 
term  of  little  use. 

GLAR'EOSE,  growing  in  gravelly 
places. 

GLAUCES'CENT,  slightly  glau- 
cous. 

GLAU'COUS,  covered  with  a 
whitish  bloom,  as  the  leaves 
of  cabbage;  more  accurately, 
light  bluish  green;  sea-green. 
Compare  Pruinose,  Hoary, 
and  Canescent. 

9 


Gleba 


A  DICTIONARY 


Granula-gonimia 


GLE'BA  (pi.  Gle'bae),  chambered 
sporogeuous  tissue  within  a 
sporophore,  as  in  puff-balls. 

GLO'BATE,  globular. 

GLO'BOIDS,  granules  of  calcium- 
maguesium  phosphate  fouud  in 
grains  of  aleurone. 

GLO'BOSE,  see  Globular. 

GLOB'ULAR,  spherical  or  nearly 
so;  globose. 

GLOB'ULE,  the  antheridium  or 
male  organ  of  Characeae. 

GLO€HID'lATE,  barbed  like  an 
arrow  or  fish-hook. 

GLO'CHIS,  a  barbed  hair  or 
bristle. 

GLOMERATE,  collected  into  a 
close  round  head. 

GLOM'ERtTLE,  a  capitate  cyme. 

GLU'MA,  see  Glume. 

GLUMA'gEOUS,  bearing  or  re- 
sembling glumes. 

GLUME,  one  of  the  outer  floral 
envelopes  in  grasses.  The 
term  as  now  used  includes  the 
bracts  which  subtend  a  spike- 
let  (empty  glumes)  and  the 
lower  of  the"  two  bracts  sub- 
tending the  individual  flower 
(flowering  glume). 

GLUMEL'LA,  an  obsolete  term 
which  has  been  applied  both 
to  the  palet  and  lodicule  in 
grasses. 

GLUMEL'LULA,  see  Lodicule. 

GNAUR,  a  knot.    (Obs.) 

GNOMON'ICAL,  bent  at  right 
angles.  (Ohs.)  See  Genicu- 
late. 

GOB'LET-SHAPED,  see  Crateri- 

FORM. 

GONID  IOPHORE,  a  stalk  bearing 
a  gonidium. 

GONID'IUM  (pi.  Gonld'ia),  a  gen- 
eral term  for  nearly  all  asexual 
reproductive  bodies  in  crypto- 
gams.     Also    applied    to    the 


80 


algal   host  of    lichens.     Com- 
pare Spore  and  Carpospore. 

GONIM'IA  (sing.  Gonim'lum),  a 
term  of  little  importance  origi- 
nated by  Nylander  and  used 
by  Tuckerman  and  others  for 
pale  hluish  green  gouidia  in 
lichens. 

GONIM'IC  LAYER,  the  gonidial 
layer  in  certain  lichens.  "  Go- 
nidial layer"  is  preferable. 

GON'IMOUS,  gonidial  as  applied 
to  the  algal  host  of  lichens; 
gonimic.     (Rare.) 

GON'OPHORE,  a  stalk  elevating 
the  stamens  and  pistils  only. 

GONOPH'ORUM,  see  Gonophore. 

GON'OPLASM,  in  Peronosporeae, 
the  portion  of  the  protoplasm 
of  the  antheridium  which 
passes  through  the  fertilizing 
tube  and  coalesces  with  the 
oosphere.     (De  Bary.) 

GORGE,  see  Throat. 

GOS'SYPINE,  cottony. 

GRAC'ILE,  slender. 

GRAFT  -  HYBRID,  a  plant,  or 
portion  of  a  plant,  which  is 
supposed  to  have  been  essen- 
tially modified  through  the 
influence  of  a  graft. 

GRAIN,  the  seed  or  fruit  of 
Gramineae;  any  small  seed. 

GRAINED,  having  grain  -  like 
tubercles  or  processes,  as  those 
on  the  flowers  of  dock  (Ruraex). 

GRAMINACEOUS,  pertaining  to 
grasses;  gramineous. 

GRAMIN'EAL,  see  Gramina- 
ceous. 

GRAmiN'EOUS,  see  Gramina- 
ceous. 

GRAminOl'OGY,  see  Agrostol- 
ogy. 

GRAN'ULA  -  GONIM'lA,  an  old 
term  for  the  gonidia  of  lichens. 


Granular 


OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Gynaecium 


GRAN'ULAR,  composed  of  grains 
or  granules;  covered  with  small 
tubercles. 

GRAN'ULATE,  see  Granular. 

GRAN'ULE,  any  small  grain-like 
body. 

GRANULIF'EROUS,  see  Granu- 
lar. 

GRAVE'OLENT,  having  a  strong 
unpleasant  odor. 

GREEN  LAYER,     see      M  e  s  o  - 

PHLCSUM. 

GREGARIOUS,  thesame  as  Social ; 
also  applied  to  the  fruiting 
spols  or  sori  of  a  parasitic 
fungus  when  they  appear  in 
groups  upon  the  host.  Com- 
pare Cespitose. 

GROSSIFICA'TION,  the  swelling 
of  the  ovary  after  fertilization. 

GROUND-TIS'SUE,  see  Funda- 
mental Tissue. 

GROWING  POINT,  see  Punctum 
Vegetationis. 

GROWTH-FORM,  a  vegetable 
structure  marked  by  some 
easily  recognized  feature  of 
growth,  characterizing  stages 
in  the  lives  of  plants  which  are 
not  necessarily  closely  related, 
as  a  filamentous  fungus. 

GROWTH'  -  RING,  see  Annual 
King. 

GRUMOSE',  see  Grumous. 

GRU'MOUS,  consisting  of  clus- 
tered grains  or  tubercles;  gru- 
mose. 

GUARD-CELLS,  special  epidermal 
cells,  usually  two  in  number, 
enclosing  the  opening  of  a 
stoma,  and  whicb  have  the 
power  of  altering  their  shape 
so  as  to  increase  or  diminish 
the  size  of  the  opening. 

GUARD'IAN-CELLS,  see  Guard- 
cells. 

GU'LAR,  pertaining  to  the  throat. 


GUM,  a  name  applied  to  various 
viscid  (not  oily)  secretions  of 
amorphous  character  which 
either  dissolve  in  water  or 
merely  swell  in  it.  as  cerasin, 
the  characteristic  element  of 
cherry  gum. 

GUM-PAS'SAGE,  a  glandular  in- 
tercellular passage  containing 
gum. 

GUS'SET,  an  intercellular  space, 
either  filled  or  hollow,  at  an 
angle  where  more  than  two 
cells  meet. 

GTJT'TATE,  covered  with  small 
dots,  as  though  sprinkled  with 
some  colored  fluid. 

GUT'TIFER,  a  plant  which  pro- 
duces gum  or  resin. 

GUTTIF'EROUS,  yielding  gum  or 

resin. 
GUT'TULATE,  resembling   small 

drops  of  oil  or  resin. 

GYMNAX'ONY,  a  monstrous  con- 
dition in  which  the  placenta 
protrudes  from  the  ovary. 

6YMN0BLAS'TUS,  having  the 
ovary  superior.     (Obs.) 

GYMNOCAR'POUS,  naked-fruited ; 
having  the  fruit  destitute  of 
hairs  (rare),  or  free  from  the 
perianth  or  other  covering;  in 
fungi,  having  the  hymenium 
exposed  when  the  spores  are 
maturing.      Compare    Angio- 

CARPOUS. 

GYMNOSPER'MOUS,  having  the 
seeds  naked  (not  enclosed  in  a 
pericarp),  as  in  Couiferse. 

GYMNOS'TOMOUS,  said  of  the 
mouth  of  the  sporangium  in 
mosses,  when  destitute  of  a 
peristome. 

GYM'NOSPORE,  a  naked  spore — 
one  not  produced  in  a  recep- 
tacle. 

GYN-SCI'tlM,  see  Gvncscium. 


si 


Gynander 


A   DICTIONARY 


Hairy 


GYNAN'DER,  a  plant  having  the 
stamens  inserted  on  the  pistil. 
(Rare.) 

GYNAND'RIAN,      see       Gynan- 

DROUS. 

GYnAND'ROPHORE,  a  stalk  sup- 
porting the  stamens  and  pistils 
above  the  insertion  of  the 
corolla;  gonophore. 

gYnANDROS'POROUS,  bearing 
both  male  and  female  spores; 
applied  in  (Edogoniea;  to  cer- 
tain female  plants  which  pro- 
duce audrospores. 

GYNAn'DROUS,  having  stamens 
and  pistils  united. 

GYnAN'THEROUS,  having  sta- 
mens couverted  into  pistils. 

6YNECI'tJM,  see  Gyno2Ctum. 

GYN'OBASE,  an  elevated  portion 
of  the  receptacle  supporting 
the  ovary,  as  in  geranium. 
Compare  Gynophore. 

GYNOBA'SIC,  having  a  gynobase. 
Also  applied  to  styles  which 
are  attached  to  the  base  instead 
of  the  summit  of  the  ovary. 

GYNODICE'CIOUS,  having  only 
pistillate  flowers  on  one  set  of 
plants  and  perfect  flowers  upon 
another  set.  Compare  Gyno- 
moncecious  and  Androdtce- 
cious. 

GYNCEfJIUM  (pi.  Gynffi'9la),  the 
pistils  of  a  flower  taken  to- 
gether. 

GYNOMON(E'CIOUS,  having  per- 
fect and  pistillate  flowers  on 
the  same  plant  but  no  stami- 
nate  flowers.  Compare  Gyno- 
diozcious  and  Andromonce- 
cious. 

GYNOPHORE,  the  stalk  of  a 
pistil  elevating  it  above  the 
receptacle;  carpophore;  basi- 
gynium;  podogynium;  the- 
caphore.  (Obs. )  Compare 
Gynobase. 


82 


GYNOSTE'GIUM  (pi.  Gynoste'gia), 
a  sheath  or  covering  of  the 
gyncecium,  as  the  monadel- 
phous  filaments  of  Asclepias. 

GYNOSTE'MlUM,  a  term  formerly 
used  for  the  united  stamens 
and  style  (column)  in  orchids. 

GY'RATE,  coiled,  circiuate,  or 
taking  a  circular  course.  Com- 
pare Gyrose. 

GYRO'MA,  an  old  term  for  the 
annulus  of  ferns. 

GYROSE',  curved  alternately 
backward  and  forward;  nearly 
the  same  as  Aufractuose. 
Sometimes  used  in  the  sense 
of  Gyrate. 

HAB'IT,  the  general  appearance 
or  manner  of  growth,  as  loose 
or  compact,  dwarf  or  other- 
wise, climbing,  creeping,  or 
upright.  Also  the  character 
with  regard  to  fruitfulness, 
hardiness,  etc. 

HAB'iTAT,  the  kind  of  situation 
in  which  a  plant  is  naturally 
found,  as  marsh,  woods,  moun- 
tains, etc.  Compare  Habita- 
tion. 

HABITATION,  the  entire  locality 
or  geographical  range  within 
which  a  species  is  found.  Com- 
pare Habitat  and  Station. 

HAD'ROME,  see  Xylem.  Ap- 
plied by  Ptonie  to  the  phloSm- 
like  portion  of  the  fibrovascular 
bundle  in  vascular  cryptogams. 

HAlR,  any  feeble  outgrowth 
from  the  epidermis;  trichome. 
Hairs  may  be  of  auy  shape, 
and  may  consist  of  one  cell  or 
more.  They  are  usually  de- 
rived from  a  single  epidermal 
cell. 

HAlR-POINTED,  terminating  in 
a  very  fine  weak  point. 

HAlR'Y,  covered  with  longer  and 


Half-breed 


OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Hebecarpous 


coarser    hairs    than    "pubes- 
cent." 

HALBERD  SHAPED,  see  Has- 
tate. 

HAL'BERT-SHAPED,  see  Has- 
tate. 

HALF-AnAt'ROPOUS,    see    Am- 

PHITKOPOUS. 

HALF-BREED,  applied  in  stock- 
breeding  to  a  cross  between  a 
well  -  established  breed  and 
common  or  "scrub"  stock, 
but  seldom  used  in  botany. 
(Used  by  Burbidge  in  the  sense 
of  Cross.) 

HALF-EQ'UITANT,  said  of  oppo- 
site leaves  whose  margins  are 
folded  forward  and  enclose  the 
stem  and  one  edge  of  tbe  oppo- 
site leaf,  leaving  one  margin  of 
each  leaf  outside.  Compare 
Equitant. 

HALF  INFE'RIOR,  said  of  an 
ovary  when  the  stamens  are 
perigynous. 

HALF"  STEM-CLAsP'ING,  see 
Semiamflexicaul. 

HALF  SUPE'RIOR,  see  Perigy- 
NQTJS. 

HALOPH  ILOUS,  salt  loving. 

HAL'OPHYTE,  a  plant  containing 
a  large  quantity  of  common 
salt  in  its  composition,  and 
which  thrives  best  in  salty 
places,  as  Salsola  Kali. 

HALVED,  see  Dimidiate. 

HA'MATE,  hooked. 

HAMOSE',  see  Hamate. 

HA'MOUS,  see  Hamate. 

HAM'ULATE,  diminutive  of 
Hamate. 

HAmULOSE,  diminutive  of  Ha- 
mose;  bearing  small  hooks. 

HAMULUS,  a  small  hook. 

HAplOGONID'IUM,  an  algal 
gonidinm  in  lichens  resem- 
bling Protococcus.     (Bare.) 


HAPLOPERIS'TOMOUS,  having  a 
peristome  in  mosses  with  but  a 
single  row  of  teeth. 

HAPLuSTEM'ONOUS,  having  the 
stamens  in  one  whorl. 

HARD,  said  of  fruit*,  chiefly  pears, 
which  require  cooking  to  soft- 
en them  for  eating. 

HARD'Y,  said  of  plants  capable 
of  passing  the  winter  uninjured 
by  cold.  Hardiness  also  im- 
plies the  ability  to  withstand 
any  injurious  climatic  influ- 
ence, but  its  limited  use  re- 
ferring to  cold  is  most  common. 

HAS'TATE,  like  the  head  of  a 
halberd— applied  to  leaves 
which  have  a  spreading  lobe 
on  each  side  of  the  base. 
Compare  Sagittate. 

HAS'TIFORM,  see  Hastate. 

HAs'TILE,  see  Hastate. 

HATCH  ET  SHAPED,   see  Dola- 

BRIPORM. 

HAULM,  the  dead  stems  of  any 
herbaceous  plant. 

HAUSTO'RIUM  (pi.  Hausto'ria), 
the  special  organ  of  certain 
parasites  by  means  of  which 
they  obtain  food  from  their 
host. 

HEAD,  any  compact  somewhat 
rounded  body  upon  a  stem. 
The  term  is  also  applied  to  a 
cluster  of  nearly  sessile  flow- 
ers, as  in  the  clovers  and 
Composite,  also  to  other  more 
or  less  compact  inflorescences, 
as  the  spike,  corymb,  and 
panicle.     See  Capitulum. 

HEART,  the  organic  centre  of 
anything,  as  the  central  por- 
tion of  a  tree-trunk,  or  a  grow- 
ing point  surrounded  by  leaves. 

HEART-SHAPED,  see  Cordate. 

HEART-WOOD,  see  Duramen. 

HEBECAR'POtJS,  having  pubes- 
cent fruit.     (Obs.) 


83 


Hebetate 


A  DICTIONARY 


Hermaphrodite 


HEBETATE,  having  an  obtuse 
point;  blunted. 

HEDERA'CEOUS,  pertaining  to  or 
resembling  ivy. 

HED'ERAL,  see  Hedekaceods. 

HELIC/IFORM.  see  IIelicoid. 

HEL'ICOID,  (I)  coiled  into  the 
form  of  a  helix  or  snail  shell; 
spiral;  (3)  in  inflorescence  con- 
trasted with  Scorpioid,  which 
see.  See  Helicoid  Cyme  and 
Helicoid  Dichotomy. 

HEL'ICOID  CYME,  one  in  which 
each  successive  flower  is  situ- 
ated upon  the  same  side  of  a 
pseudaxis,  winch  may  or  may 
not  be  coiled,  as  the  primary 
branches  of  the  inflorescence 
of  Hemerocallis  fulva  ;  bostry- 
choid  cyme;  bostryx;  false  ra- 
ceme. Compare  Scorpioid 
Cyme. 

HfiL'ICOID  DICH&T'OMY,  a  di- 
chotomy in  winch  a  branch  on 
the  same  side  in  each  succes- 
sive bifurcation  continues  to 
develop  while  the  other  does 
not;  bostrychoid  dichotomy. 
Compare  Scorpioid  Dichot- 
omy. 

HELIOgY'RATE,  having  a  circu- 
lar line  carried  obliquely 
around  au  object,  as  the  annu- 
lus  on  the  spore-case  of  Tri- 
chomaues. 

HELIOT'ROPISM,  having  the 
power  of  movement  under  the 
influence  of  light. 

HflLMflT,  see  Galea. 

HELMET-SHAPED,  see  Gale- 
ate. 

HELO'BIOtJS,  see  Paltjstrine. 

HEM!  ANAT  ROPOUS,    see     Am- 

PHITROPOUS. 

HEM'ICARP,  one  of  the  ripened 
separable  carpels  of  a  dicar- 
pellary  fruit,  as  in  Umbel- 
liferse;  diachoenium.  See 
Mericarp. 


HEM  ICYCLE,  half  of  a  coil  or 
circle. 

HEMlCYC'LIC,  having  part  of 
the  floral  organs  arranged  in 
whorls  and  the  remainder  in 
a  spiral.  Compare  Cyclic 
and  AcY'CLic. 

HEMIT'ROPAL,    see    Amphitro- 

FOUS. 

HEMIT'ROPOtJS,  sec  Ampiiitro- 
pous. 

HEPTAgYNOUS,  having  seven 
pistils  or  styles. 

HEPTAM'EROUS,  having  seven 
parts. 

HEPTAN'DROUS,  having  seven 
stamens. 

HEPTAPET'ALOUS,  having  seven 
petals. 

HERB,  a  plant  of  which  the  stem 
contains  but  little  wood  and 
dies  to  the  ground  at  the  close 
of  the  season.  It.  may  be  au 
annual,  a  biennial,  or  a  peren- 
nial. 

HERBACEOUS,  like  an  herb; 
succulent.  Also  green,  as 
opposed  to  colored  like  an 
ordinary  corolla,  as  a  petal 
with  an  herbaceous  (green)  tip. 

HERBACEOUS  PERENNIAL,  see 
Perennial  Hehb. 

HERBAL,  see  Herljaiuum. 

HERBARIUM  (pi.  Herba'rium? 
or  Herba'ria),  a  classified  col- 
lection of  dried  specimens  of 
plants;  herbal;  hortus-siccus. 

HERBES'CENT,  herbaceous  or 
somewhat  so. 

HERBORiZATION,  see  Bota- 
nizing. 

HERCOGAMOUS,  said  of  an 
hermaphrodite  flower  when 
some  structural  obstacle  pre- 
vents self-fertilization,  as  in 
many  orchids. 

HERMAPHRODITE,     see    Per- 
fect. 
84 


Hesperidium 


OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Heterophyllous 


HESPERIDIUM,  a  fruit  like  the 
orange,  being  succulent  within 
and  covered  with  an  indehis- 
ceut  leathery  riud. 

HET-K'RIO,  a  collection  of  dis- 
tinct indehisceut  carpels  be- 
longing to  a  single  flower. 
They  may  be  either  dry  upon 
a  fleshy  receptacle,  as  in  the 
strawberry,  or  dry  upon  a  dry 
receptacle,  as  in  Ranunculus, 
or  fleshy  upon  a  dry  receptacle, 
as  in  the  raspberry.  Usually 
but  improperly  spelled  Eterio. 

HETERAUXE'SIS,  any  irregular 
or  unsymmetrical  growth, 
either  normal  or  abnormal. 

HETEROCAR'POUS,  bearing  fruit 
of  two  or  more  kinds  or  forms, 
as  in  the  genus  Amphicarpea. 
Compare  Homocarpous. 

HETEROCEPH'AlOUS,  bearing 
heads  of  more  than  one  kind. 
For  example,  having  flower- 
heads  some  of  which  contain 
only  staminate  flowers  and 
some  only  pistillate. 

HETEROCHRO'MOtJS,  having  dif- 
ferent members  unlike  in  color; 
also  applied  to  a  flower-head 
in  Composite  when  the  florets 
of  the  centre  or  disk  differ  in 
color  from  those  of  the  circum- 
ference or  ray. 

HETEROCLI'NOUS,  having  male 
and  female  flowers  in  separate 
heads  or  receptacles. 

HET'EROCYST,  one  of  the  inter- 
calated cells  of  special  charac 
ter  in  the  filaments  of  Nosto- 
chiueae;  limiting-cell.  They 
are  usually  large,  rounded, 
brownish,  and  glassy  in  ap- 
pearance. 

HETEROD'ROMOUS,  turning  or 
coiling  in  opposite  directions, 
as  a  tendril  which  coils  first 
one  way  and  then  the  other,  or 
a  plant  on  which  the  leaf-spiral 
of  a  branch  runs  in  the  oppo- 


site direction  from  that  of  the 
main  axis.  Compare  Homo- 
dromous  and  Antidromous. 

HETERCE'CIOUS,  parasitic  on  dif- 
ferent plants  at  different  stages 
of  growth;  metcecious;  metox- 
enous;  heteroxenous. 

HETERCECIS'MAL,  see  Heterce- 

cious. 
HET'EROZCYST,     see     Hetero- 

cyst. 

HETEROG'AmOUS,  said  of  the 
heads  of  flowers  in  Composita? 
when  the  florets  are  not  all 
alike  in  sex. 

HETEROGE'NEOUS,  not  of  uni- 
form substance  or  character. 

HETEROGEN'ESIS,  see  Sponta- 
neous Generation. 

HETEROGENOUS,  having  two  or 
more  kinds  of  flowers  differing 
in  the  relative  lengths  of  the 
stamens  and  styles;  hetero- 
styled.  See  Dimorphous  and 
Tkimorphous. 

HETEROM'ALOtJS,  spreading  in 
all   directions.     Compare  Ho- 

MOMALOUS. 

HETEROM  EROUS,  having  a  dif- 
ferent number  of  parts  in  the 
different  whorls  of  a  flower. 
Compare  Isomerous.  Applied 
also  to  a  lichen  thallus  when  a 
layer  of  the  algal  cells  divides 
it  into  an  outer  cortical  and  an 
inner  medullary  portion.  Com- 
pare HOMOIOMEROUS. 

HETEROMOR'PHOUS,  of  two  or 
more  forms,  as  the  flowers  of 
Buchloe  dactyloides. 

HETEROPHYLLOUS,  having  two 
or  more  distinct  sorts  of  foliage- 
leaves  on  the  same  plant,  as  in 
junipers;  also  applied  to  species 
whose  leaves  differ  widely  from 
those  of  related  species.  The 
term  is  not  usually  applied  to 
plants  in  which  the  leaves  mere- 
ly assume   different   forms   at 


85 


Heterorhizal 


A   DICTIONARY 


Histogeny 


successive  elevations  on  the 
stem. 

HETERORHIZAL,  Laving  roots 
which  seem  to  proceed  from 
no  fixed  point,  as  those  of  acro- 
gens;  said  also  of  spores  which 
germinate  indifferently  from 
auy  portion  of  the  surface. 
Little  used. 

HETEROS'POROUS,  bearing  asex- 
ually  produced  spores  of  more 
than  one  kind,  as  in  the  Ure- 
diueoe;  having  inacrospoies 
and  microspores,  as  in  Sela- 
ginella.  Compare  Homo- 
spokous  and  Isosporous. 

HET'EROSTYLED,  see  Heterog- 
onous. 

HET'EROTAXY,  the  deviation  of 
organs  from  their  normal  posi- 
tion. 

HETEROT'ROPAL,  see   Amphit- 

UOPOUS. 

HETEROT'ROPOUS,  see  Amphit- 
ropous.  Also  applied  to  any 
part  which  is  turned  iu  an 
unusual  direction. 

HETEROX'ENOUS,  see  Heterce- 
ciocs. 

HEX-,  a  prefix  derived  from  the 
Greek,  meaning  six.    See  Sex-. 

HEXAG'YNOUS,  having  six  pistils 
or  styles. 

HEXAM  EROUS,  having  the  parts 
in  sixes.  Applied  mainly  to 
the  parts  of  a  flower,  and 
meaning  six  organs  in  each 
whorl.    Also  written  6-merous. 

HEXAN'DROUS,  having  six  sta- 
mens; hexastemouous. 

HEXAPflT'ALOUS,  having  six 
petals. 

HEXAPHYL  LOUS,  having  six 
leaves  or  leaflets. 

HEXASTEM'ONOUS,  see  Hexan- 

DHOUS. 

HIBER'NACLE,  see  Hibernactj- 
lum. 


HIBERNAC'ULUM,  a  protection 
for  a  growing  part  through  the 
winter,  as  a  bud  or  bulh. 

HIBER'NAL,pertaining to  winter; 
blooming  or  vegetating  in  win- 
ter; hiemal;  hyemal. 

HIBERNATION,  passing  the  wiu- 
ter  in  a  dormant  condition. 

HIDDEN-VEINED,  having  the 
veins  of  a  leaf  buried  in  the 
tissue  so  as  not  to  be  easily 
visible. 

HIDE-BOUND,  see  Bark-bound. 

HIEMAL,  see  Hibernal. 

HILAR,  pertaining  to  the  hilum. 

HILE,  see  Hilum. 

HI'LUM  (pi.  Hi'la,  or  preferably 
Hflum§),  the  scar,  or  point  of 
attachment  of  a  seed.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  the 
nucleus  of  a  starch-grain. 

HIP,  the  fruit  of  the  rose;  a 
cynarrhodium. 

HIPPOCREP'IFORM,  horseshoe- 
shaped. 

HIRSUTE,  clothed  with  rather 
numerous  long  coarse  hairs, 
harsher  than  pubescent  and 
less  harsh  than  hispid. 

HIR'TUS,  indefinite  in  meaning, 
but  nearly  the  same  as  Hirsute, 
which  see. 

HIRTEL'LOUS,  slightly  hirsute; 
stiffly  pubescent. 

HISPID,  clothed  with  erect  stiff 
hairs,  as  Borage. 

HISPLD'ULOUS,  minutely  hispid. 

HISTIOL'OGY,  see  Histology. 

HISTODIAL'YSIS,  the  separation 
of  the  cells  of  a  tissue  from 
each  other. 

HISTOGENET'IC,  tissue-forming; 
pertaining  to  histogeny. 

HISTOGEN'IC,      see      Histoge- 

NETIC. 

HISTOG'ENY,  the  origin  or  for- 
mation of  tissue. 


Histology 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Homosporous 


HISTOLOGY,  the  science  of  the 
structure  of  tissues.  Compare 
Morphology. 

HOARY,  grayish  white;  canes- 
cent. 

HOLD  -FAST,  any  root  or  root-like 
organ  whose  chief  function  is 
to  retain  the  plant  in  place,  as 
the  afirial  roots  of  ivy,  or  the 
suckers  or  rhizoids  of  rnauy 
sea-weeds;  crampon. 

HOLERA'CEOUS,  see  Olera- 
ceous. 

HOLOCAR'POUS,  having  the  peri- 
carp entire.     (Rare.) 

HOLOSAP'ROPHYTE,  a  complete 
saprophyte:  one  which  lives 
entirely  on  dead  organic  mat- 
ter. 

HOLOSERIC'EOIJS,  covered  with 
veiy  short  silky  hairs  hardly 
visible  to  the  eye.  Compare 
Veluttnous. 

HOMOBLAs'TIC,  said  of  the 
embryo  when  in  its  usual 
position  with  the  radicle  di- 
rected toward  the  micropyle 
and  the  cotyledons  in  the  oppo- 
site direction.  Compare  Enan- 
tioblastic. 

HOMOCAR'POUS,  bearing  fruit  all 
of  one  kind.  Compare  Hete- 
rocarpots. 

HOMOCEN'TRIC,  see  Concen- 
tric. 

HOMOCHRO'MOUS,  of  uniform 
color. 

HOMOD'ROMAL,   see  Homodro- 

MOUS. 

HOMOD'ROMOUS,  turning  contin- 
uously in  the  same  direction. 
Compare  Heterodromous. 

HOMODY'NAMOtJS,  of  equal 
strength,  size,  or  vigor. 

HOMOG'AMOtJS,  having  all  the 
florets  of  a  head  in  Composite 
alike  in  sex.     Compare  Hete- 


rogamous.      Also    used     for 
Synacmic,  which  see. 

HOMOGENEOUS,  having  the  same 
nature  or  structure  throughout. 

HOMOG'ONOUS,  having  the  sta- 
mens and  pistils  alike  in  char- 
acter in  all  flowers  of  the 
species;  homostyled.  Com- 
pare Heterogonous. 

HOMOIOM'EROUS,  applied  to  a 
lichen  thallus  in  which  the 
gonidia  and  hyphoe  are  min- 
gled together  and  not  dis- 
tinctly stratified.  Compare 
Heteromerous. 

HOMOLOGOUS,  of  the  same  mor- 
phological nature,  as  leaves, 
bracts,  sepals,  petals,  stamens, 
and  pistils  are  all  homologous, 
or  forms  of  the  same  funda- 
mental organ. 

HOM  OLOGUE,  a  part  homologous 
with  another,  as  a  stamen  with 
a  leaf;  homotype.  Compare 
Analogue.  A  nectary,  for 
example,  is  in  some  cases  the 
homologue  of  a  stamen  and  in 
others  of  a  petal,  but  it  is 
always  the  analogue  of  any 
other  nectary. 

HOMOL'OGY,  correspondence  in 
structure  or  morphological  na- 
ture. Compare  Analogy. 
See  Homologous  and  Homo- 
logue. 

HOMOM'ALOUS,  applied  to  leaves 
or  other  organs  which  originate 
on  the  different  sides  of  a  stem, 
but  are  all  turned  toward  one 
side.     Compare  Secund. 

HOMOMOR'PHOUS,  of  the  same 
shape  or  character,  as  when 
the  disk-flowers  as  well  as  the 
ray-flowers  of  a  head  in  Com- 
posite are  ligulate. 

HOMOPET'ALOUS  (obs.),  see 
Regular. 

HOMOS'POROUS,  having  asexu- 
ally  produced  spores  of  only 


Homostyled 


A  DICTIONARY 


Hybrid 


one    kind;    isosporous.     Com- 
pare Heterosporous. 

HOMOSTYLED,     see      Homogo- 

NOUS. 

HOMOT'ROPAL,  see  Homotro- 
pous. 

HOMOT'ROPOUS,  said  of  an  em- 
bryo in  a  curved  seed  when  it 
is  curved  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  seed. 

HOM'OTYPE,  see  Homologue. 

HON'EY,  see  Nectar. 

HONEY-COMBED,  see  Alveo- 
late. 

HON'EY  DEW,  a  sweet  substance 
found  on  the  leaves  of  plants, 
usually  a  secretion  from  plant- 
lice. 

HON'EYGUIDE,  see  Nectar- 
guide. 

HONEY-PORE,  the  supposed  pore 
in  flowers  which  secretes 
honey.     (Obs.) 

HONEY-SPOT,      see      Nectar- 

GUIDE. 

HOOD,  see  Cucullus. 

HOOD'ED,  see  Cucullate. 

HOOD  -SHAPED,  see  Cucullate. 

HOOP,  the  connecting  baud  be- 
tween the  valves  in  Diatoma- 
ceae. 

HORIZONTAL  SYSTEM,  the  cel- 
lular as  distinguished  from  the 
fibrovascular  system.  Little 
used. 

HOR'MOGON,  see  Hormogonium. 

HORMOGONI'UM  (pi.  Hormogo- 
ni'a),  a  reproductive  body  in 
certain  alga1,  as  the  Oscilla- 
torieae,  consisting  of  a  short 
chain  of  cells,  one  of  the  natu- 
ral fragments  of  a  filament. 

HORN,  any  horn-shaped  appen- 
dage, as  the  spur  of  a  flower. 

HORN'LET,  a  little  horn. 

HORNY,  of  the  texture  of  a  horn, 


as  the  pericarp  of  witch-hazel, 
Hamamelis  Virgin  tea. 

HOROLOG'ICAL,  said  of  flowers 
which  open  and  close  at  defi- 
nite hours  of  the  day. 

HORTEN'SIS,  pertaining  to  a 
garden. 

HOR'TUS-SiCCUS,  see  Herba- 
rium. 

HOSE-INHOSE,  when  the  calyx 
iu  a  gamopetalous  flower  takes 
the  form  of  the  corolla,  or 
when  the  corolla  itself  in  such 
a  flower  is  in  two  parts  or 
whorls. 

HOST,  a  plant  which  supports  a 
parasite. 

HOST -PLANT,  see  Host. 

HU'MIFUSE,  spreading  upon  the 
ground. 

HTJ'MILIS,  low,  or  less  in  stature 
than  related  species,  but  not 
necessarily  dwarf;  pumilus. 

HUMUS  PLANT,  see  Sapro- 
phyte. 

HUSK,  any  large,  dry,  thin 
envelope  covering  the  fruit  or 
inflorescence,  as  one  of  the 
bracts  surrounding  an  ear  of 
corn. 

HYALES'CENT,  somewhat  hya- 
line. 

HY'ALINE,  clear  and  colorless 
like  glass  or  water;  translucent 
or  transparent. 

HYALOPLASM,  the  clear  portion 
of  the  protoplasm  free  from 
granules.  Often  restricted  to 
such  a  layer  next  to  the  cell- 
wall,  then  called  by  some 
Ectoplasm. 

HYBER'NACLE,  see  Hibernacu- 
lum. 

HY'BERNATING,  see  Hiber- 
nating. 

HY'BRID,  the  offspring  of  two 
species  of  the  same  genus. 
Compare    Cross.     The    term 


Hybridization 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Hypnospore 


Hybrid  is  often  erroneously 
used  to  designate  tbe  result  of 
cross-fertilization  between  any 
different  species  or  varieties. 
As  true  hybrids  are  often  sterile, 
the  term  "  mule"  has  been  ap- 
plied to  them.  Burbidge  pro- 
poses to  retain  the  term  "  mule'' 
for  sterile  hybrids  only.  See 
Genus-hybrid. 

HYBRIDIZA'TION,  the  fertiliza- 
tion of  a  flower  by  pollen  from 
a-  plant  of  another  species. 
Often  erroneously  used  for 
cross-fertilization  in  general. 

HY'DROID,  see  Tracheid. 

HYDROPHILOUS,  having  the 
pollen  conveyed  to  the  stigma 
by  means  of  water. 

HYDROPHYTE,  an  aquatic  plant 
of  any  kind. 

HYDROTROPISM,  power  in  a 
growing  organ  of  turning 
in  a  definite  manner  or  direc- 
tion through  the  influence  of 
moisture,  i.e.  of  taking  a 
definite  position  with  respect  to 
the  source  of  moisture.  See 
Positive  and  Negative  Hy- 
drotropism. Compare  Hy- 
groscopic. 

HYE'MAL,  see  Hibernal. 

HYGROMET  RIC,  moving  in  a 
definite  manner  as  a  result 
of  a  change  in  the  degree  of 
moisture ;  hygroscopic. 

HYGROPH'ANOtTS,  having  a 
watery  appearance. 

HY'GROPLASM,  the  fluid  portion 
of  the  protoplasm.  Compare 
Stereoplasm. 

HYGROSCOPIC,  (1)  absorbing 
moisture  with  avidity; 
(2)  showing  an  increase  or 
diminution  of  moisture  by  mo- 
tion; hygrometric.  Compare 
Hydrotropism. 

HYGROSCOPIC  gELLS,  certain 
cells  in  the  leaves  of  grasses 


which  have  the  power  of  alter- 
ing their  form  under  the  influ- 
ence of  moisture  and  causing 
the  leaves  to  "curl"  in  dry 
weather.  From  their  bladder- 
like appearance  they  are  also 
called  Bulliform  Cells. 

HYME'NIUM  (pi.  Hyme'nia),  a 
spore-bearing  surface  in  fungi, 
especially  in  mushrooms  and 
their  allies. 

HYMENOPHORE,  the  portion  of 
a  sporophore  immediately  be- 
neath a  hymenium;  hymen- 
ophorum. 

HYMENOPHORUM,  see  Hymen- 
ophore. 

HYpAN'THIUM,  an  expanded, 
usually  fleshy,  receptacle, 
more  or  less  enclosing  the 
flowers,  as  in  the  fig,  rose, 
Dorstenia  and  Ambora;  hy- 
panthodium.  See  Hip  and 
Syconus.     Compare    Clinan- 

THIUM       and      ReCEPTACULAR 

Tube. 
HYpAntHO  DltJM,   see  Hypan- 

THIUM. 

HYPERBOREAN,  growing  in  the 
extreme  north. 

HYPER' TROPHY,  excessive  de- 
velopment. Compare  Atro- 
phy. 

HY'PHA  (pi.  Hy'phse),  a  filament 
of  mycelium. 

HYPHAS'MA,  an  old  term  for 
mycelium,  still  occasionally 
used  when  particularly  deli- 
cate and  web-like. 

HYP'NOSPERM,  an  asexually  pro- 
duced resting-spore  in  algae; 
hypnospore. 

HYPNOSPORAN'GIUM,  a  sporan- 
gium containing  resting-spores. 

HYPNOSPORE,  any  resting- 
spore,  especially  one  produced 
asexually.  Compare  Hypno- 
sperm.     See  Resting-spore. 


89 


Hypo- 


A  DICTIONARY 


Idioplasm 


HYPO-,  in  Greek  derivatives, 
under. 

HYpOCARPOGE  AN,  producing 
fruit  beneath  the  surface  of 
the  ground,  as  the  peanut. 

HYP'OCHIL,  see  Hypochilium. 

HYPOCHIL'IUM,  the  lower  or 
basal  part  of  the  divided  label- 
luni  in  certain  orchids;  hypo- 
chil.     Compare  Epichiliom. 

HY'POCOTYL,  the  caulicle.  Com- 
pare Epicotyl. 

HYPOCOTYLE'DONArY,  situated 
below  the  cotyledons. 

HYPOCRAtERIFORM,  having  a 
long  tube  with  an  abruptly 
spreading  border,  as  in  phlox; 
salver-form. 

HYP'ODERM,  see  Hypoderma. 

HYPODERMA,  cells  or  layers  of 
cells  next  beneath  the  epider- 
mal system  which  are  devel- 
oped in  a  special  manner,  usu- 
ally as  colleuchyma  or  other 
strengthening  tissue. 

HYPODER  MAL,  situated  beneath 
the  epidermis;  hj'podermous. 

HYPODER'MOUS,  see  Hypoder- 
MAL. 

HYPOGJEAN,  see  Hypogeax. 

HYPOGJE  OUS,  see  Hypogeax. 

HYPOGE'AL,  see  Hypogeax. 

HYPOGE  AN,  subterranean:  ap- 
plied to  parts  which  grow 
beneath  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  and  to  plants  which 
ripen  their  fruit  beneath  the 
surface;  hypogoeau;  hypogae- 
ous;  hypogeal;  hypogeous. 

HYP0G'iN0u*S,  growing  upon 
the  lower  surface  of  anythiug. 

HYPOGE'OUS,  see  Hypogeax.  " 

HYpOG'YNOUS,  growing  beneath 
the  pistil,  and  free. 

HYPONAS'TIC,  denoting  curva- 
ture from  growth  on  the  lower 
side  of  au  organ,  causing  it  to 


bend  upward.     Compare  Epi- 

XASTIC. 

HY'POnASTY,  having  more  rapid 
growth  upon  the  lower  than 
upon  the  upper  surface.  Com- 
pare Epixasty. 

HYPOPHLOZ'ODAL,  beneath  the 
bark. 

HYPOPH'YLLOUS,  situated  upon 
the  lower  side  of  a  leaf. 

HYPOPHYL'LUM,  an  abortive  or 
scale-like  leaf  subtending  any- 
thing.    (Rare.) 

HYPOPHYSIS,  an  appropriate 
but  seldom  used  term  for  the 
Apophysis  in  mosses. 

HYpOTHAL'LUS,  a  lower  or  in- 
terior stratum  in  a  thallus. 

HYPOTHE  CltJM,  a  portion  of  the 
thallus  beneath  or  around  the 
apothecium  in  lichens. 

HYP'SOPHYLL,  see  Bract. 

HYSTERAN'THOtJS,said  of  plants 
which  have  the  flowers  ex- 
pand after  the  leaves  have 
appeared.  The  leaves  there- 
fore in  a  hysteranthous  plant 
are  proteranthous. 

HYSTEROGENIC,  formed  late; 
applied  to  intercellular  spaces 
formed  in  older  tissues.  Com- 
pare Protogexic. 

ICOS-,     in     Greek    compounds, 

twenty. 
ICOSAN'DROUS,    having    twenty 

or   more   perigynous   stamens. 

Compare  Polyandrocs. 
IDENTIFICATION,   see    Deter- 

MIXATIOX. 

ID'IOBLAST,  a  single  cell  in  a 
tissue  which  differs  greatly 
from  its  neighbors  iu  form, 
size,  nature  of  cell-wall,  or 
cell-contents. 

IDIOPLASM,  a  term  applied  by 
Nageli  to  the  active  organiz- 
ing part  of  the  protoplasm. 


90 


Igneus 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Incubation 


IG'NEUS,  fiery-red,  a  lively  scar- 
let. 

IMBER'BIS,  without  a  beard  or 
other  hairs.     See  Glabrous. 

IMBIBITION,  the  addition  of 
moisture  to  organized  bodies 
in  a  manner  which  causes 
them  to  swell  up.  Compare 
Absorption. 

IMBRICATE,  overlapping  like 
tiles  or  shingles  on  a  roof,  as 
the  scales  of  buds.  In  aesti- 
vation at  least  one  piece  is 
wholly  external  and  one 
wholly  internal. 

IMBRICATED,  see  Imbricate. 

IM'BRICAtIVE,  see  Imbricate. 

IMMAR'GINATE,  without  a  dis- 
tinct rim  or  border. 

IMMERSED',  (1)  growing  wholly 
under  water;  demersed;  sub- 
mersed. (2)  When  one  part 
or  organ  is  completely  em- 
bedded in  another;  innate. 
Compare  Emersed. 

IMMORTELLES',  a  term  applied 
to  various  plants,  the  dower- 
heads  of  which  retain  their 
original  shape  and  an  attrac- 
tive appearance  when  dried,  as 
Gnaphalium  and  some  other 
Composite;  everlasting  flow- 
ers. 

iMPARIPIN'NATE,  pinnate  with 
a  terminal  leaflet,  thus  usually 
making  an  odd  number;  oddly 
pinnate. 

IMPERFECT,  said  of  a  flower 
which  lacks  either  stamens  or 
pistils. 

IMPERFORATE,  closed;  without 
an  opening. 

IMPREGNATION,  see  Fertili- 
zation. 

IN-AND-IN,  breeding  for  succes- 
sive generations  from  closely 
related  individuals.  Growing 
a  "stock"  or  "  strain"  of  corn 
on  the  same  farm  for  many 


years  would  be  called  in-and- 
in  breeding. 

INANE',  empty. 

INAN'THERATE,  bearing  no  an- 
ther; said  of  certain  sterile  fila- 
ments or  abortive  stamens. 

INARCHING,  the  natural  union 
of  stems  or  roots  which  grow 
in  contact;  natural  grafting. 
Also  applied  in  horticulture  to 
a  form  of  grafting  in  which 
both  stock  and  scion  remain  at 
first  attached  to  their  own  roots. 

INARTICULATE,  not  jointed; 
continuous. 

INCANES'CENT,  see  Canescent. 
Strictly,  somewhat  or  slightly 
canescent. 

INCA'NOUS,  see  Canescent. 

INCISED',  irregularly  and  deeply 
cut  into  rather  large  lobes. 

INCLINED',  gradually  bent  out 
of  a  perpendicular  at  less  than 
a  right  augle,  as  the  branches 
of  most  deciduous  trees. 

INCLUDED,  contained  in  a  cavity 
and  not  projecting  beyond  it; 
enclosed.  Compare  Exserted. 

INCOMPLETE',  destitute  of  some 
part  which  is  usually  present; 
said  especially  of  flowers  which 
lack  one  or  more  of  the  four 
sets  of  primary  organs,  sepals, 
stamens,  and  pistils. 

INCONSPICUOUS,  small  in  size; 
not  readily  observed. 

INCRAS'SATE,  thickened;  espe- 
cially, gradually  thickened  or 
enlarged  upward  from  the  base. 

INCRES'CENT,  growing. 

INCUBATION,  the  period  from 
the  time  of  infection  or  the 
sowing  of  the  spores  until  a 
bacterium  or  fungus  becomes 
externally  or  visibly  manifest. 
Applied  mainly  to  pathogenic 
bacteria  affecting  animals  to 
indicate  the  period  from   the 


91 


Incubous 


A  DICTIONARY 


Infectious 


time  the  organism  enters  the 
body  until  the  disease  appears. 

IN'CUBOUS,  having  the  tip  of  one 
leaf  overlap  the  base  of  the  one 
above  it,  as  in  the  Jungerman- 
niaceae.     Compare  Succubous. 

INCUMBENT,  leaning  or  lying 
upon;  applied  to  cotyledons 
when  the  radicle  is  folded 
against  the  back  of  one  of 
them  (the  radicle  in  such  case 
being  dorsal).  Compare  Ac- 
CUMBENT.  An  anther  is  in- 
cumbent when  lying  on  the 
inside  of  the  filament  to  which 
it  is  attached.  Compare  Ver- 
satile. 

INCUR'VATE,  see  Incurved. 

INCURVED',  bent  or  curved  in- 
ward; incurvate. 

INDEC,ID'UOUS,  either  evergreen 
or  persistent. 

INDEFINITE,  either  uncertain 
or  not  uniform  in  number,  or 
too  many  to  be  readily  count- 
ed; numerous;  over  twenty 
when  applied  to  stamens. 
Also  applied  to  objects  which 
have  no  well-defined  boundary 
or  outline. 

INDEFINITE  GROWTH,  see  In- 

DETERMINATE. 
INDEFINITE  INFLORESCENCE, 

see  Indeterminate. 

INDEHIS'CENT,  not  opening  in 
a  definite  manner  at  maturity 
to  discharge  the  contents.  The 
fruits  of  the  pea  and  lily  are 
dehiscent,  those  of  the  tomato 
and  apple  indeldscent. 

INDETERMINATE,  a  mode  of 
centripetal  infloresceuce  in 
which  the  flowers  all  arise 
from  axillary  buds.  Applied 
also  to  all  stems  which  do  not 
produce  a  well-developed  ter- 
minal bud  at  the  close  of  the 
season,  as  the  grape.  Com- 
pare Determinate. 


92 


INDIF'FERENT,  undifferen- 
tiated; not  specialized;  as  in- 
different cells  or  tissues. 

INDIGENOUS,  strictly  native; 
aboriginal.  Compare  Natu- 
ralized. 

INDIVIDUAL  FERTILIZATION, 
a  term  applied  by  L.  H. 
Bailey  to  cross-fertilization 
between  different  flowers 
upon  the  same  plaut. 

INDUMEN'TUM,  any  hairy  cover- 
ing upon  plants. 

INDUP'LICATE,  having  the  mar- 
gins folded  inward.  Compare 
Involute. 

INDUrAS  CENT,  becoming  hard. 

IN'DURATED,  hardened. 

INDU'SlATED,  furnished  with  an 
indusium. 

INDU'SIUM,  an  outgrowth  of  the 
epidermis  covering  the  sorus  in 
many  kinds  of  ferns;  shield. 
Also  applied  to  a  ring  of  "col- 
lecting hairs"  below  the  stigma, 
as  in  Lobeliacese. 

INDtJ'SIUM,  FALSE,  see  False 
Indusium. 

INDU'VIiE,  any  parts  of  the  flow- 
er which  persist  and  cover  the 
fruit  at  maturity;  also  dead 
and  withered  leaves  which  re- 
main persistent  on  the  stem. 
Compare  Reliquiae. 

INEQUILAT'ERAL,  unequal 
sided. 

INER'MOUS,  unarmed;  destitute 
of  spines,  prickles,  etc. 

INFARCT'ATE,  see  Farctate. 

INFECTIOUS.  In  ordinary  use 
this  term  has  the  same  sense 
as  Contagious,  being  applied  to 
all  diseases  which  are  commu- 
nicable from  one  plant  or  ani- 
mal to  another  by  direct  con- 
tact or  otherwise.  In  a  broad 
sense  infectious  includes  Con- 
tagious, as  defined  under  that 


Inferior 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Instipulate 


term,  and  applies  also  to  dis- 
eases originating  from  germs 
which  are  able  to  vegetate  for 
a  time  at  least  outside  of  the 
affected  plant  or  animal.  In  a 
strict  sense  Infectious  applies 
only  to  diseases  produced  by 
organisms  which  have  their 
natural  home  outside  of  the 
infected  body. 

INFE'RIOR,  lower,  as  an  ovary 
to  which  the  other  floral  organs 
are  adnate  so  that  they  arise 
from  its  summit.  If  the  other 
organs  are  free  from  the  ovary 
they  are  inferior  and  the  ovary 
superior,  though  the  term  is 
seldom  applied  to  them.  The 
inferior  side  of  a  leaf  or  flower 
is  the  lower  or  anterior  side 
which  faces  away  from  the 
supporting  axis  or  stem. 

INFLA'TED,  puffed  up;  bladdery. 

INFLECT'ED,  see  Inflexed. 

INFLEXED',  abruptly  bent  in- 
ward or  downward;  inflected. 

INFLORESCENCE,  (1)  the  ar- 
rangement of  the  flowers  or 
flower-clusters  on  a  plant;  an- 
thotaxy.  Compare  Phyllo- 
taxy.  (2)  The  portion  of  the 
plaut  which  bears  the  flowers 
and  fruit,  i.e.,  a  flower-cluster 
of  any  kind. 

INFRA-AXILLARY,  situated  be- 
low the  axil. 

INFRACTED,  see  Inflexed. 

INFRtJCTES'CENCE,  an  inflores- 
cence in  fruit;  the  fruiting 
portion  of  a  plant,  together 
with  its  fruit.  Little  used, 
and  applied  mainly  to  col- 
lective fruits. 

INFUNDIB'ULAR,  see  Infundib- 

TJLIFORM. 

INFUNDIB'ULIFORM,  funnel- 
shaped;  having  a  tube  which 
gradually  eularges  upward  and 
bears  a  moderately  spreading 


border,   as  Datura.     Compare 
Hypocrateriform. 

INI'TIAL  CELLS,  the  first  formed 
cells  of  a  tissue. 

INJECTION,  filling  of  inter- 
cellular spaces  by  water,  an 
occurrence  which  rarely  hap- 
pens. 

INNATE',  (1)  said  of  anthers  at- 
tached by  their  base  to  the 
apex  of  the  filament;  such 
anthers  are  sometimes  called 
Vertical ;  (2)  said  of  an  organ 
or  object  which  grows  within 
the  substratum,  as  "mycelium 
or  perithecia  innate,"  i.e., 
growing  within  the  tissue  of 
the  host. 

IN'NER  LAM'INA,  the  layer  of  a 
liguified  cell-wall  adjoining  the 
inside  of  the  cell.  Compare 
Middle  Lamina. 

INNOVATION,  a  new  or  addi- 
tional growth  or  shoot,  as  the 
supplementary  extensions  of 
the  stem  in  mosses.  Applied 
also  to  an  entire  group  of  off- 
growths  of  the  same  morpho- 
logical value  if  some  of  the 
forms  are  true  innovations  in 
their  manner  of  growth;  thus 
Dr.  William  Trelease  applies 
this  term  in  Epilobium  to 
forms  which  vary  in  differ- 
ent species  from  sessile  buds 
to  dense  rosettes,  running  leafy 
shoots,  scaly  rhizomes,  and 
filiform  bulbiferous  stolons. 

INOSCULATING,  opening  into 
each  other;  anastomosing. 

INSERT'ED,  attached  to  or  grow- 
ing out  of,  as  stamens  inserted 
on  the  corolla. 

INSERTION,  the  place  or  mode 
of  attachment. 

INSPIS'SATED,     thickened     by 

drying. 
INSTIP'ULATE,    see     Exstipu- 

LATE. 


93 


Integrifolious 


A  DICTIONARY 


Intine 


INTEGRIFO'LIOUS,  having  entire 
leaves. 

INTEG'UMENT,  any  covering 
layer  or  membrane. 

IN'TER-,  in  composition,  be- 
tween.    Compare  Intra-. 

INTERAX'ILLARY,  between  the 
axils. 

INTER'CALATflD,  inserted  be- 
tween or  in  the  midst  of. 

INTERCAR'PELLARY,  between 
the  carpels. 

INTERCEL'LULAR  PASS' AGE,  a 
continuous  opening  between 
the  cells. 

INTERCEL'LULAR  SPACE,  any 
cavity  within  the  plant.  Usu- 
ally applied  to  smaller  open- 
ings than  intercellular  passages. 

INTERgEL'LULAR  SUB'STANCE, 
material  extruded  from  the 
cells  within  the  plant. 

INTERCEL'LULAR  SYS'TEM,  the 
intercellular  spaces  and  mate- 
rial of  a  plant  taken  together. 

INTERCOSTAL,  situated  between 
the  ribs  of  a  leaf. 

INTERFASglC'ULAR,  between 
the  bundles:  said  of  a  la}rer 
of  cambium  which  extends 
from  one  fibrovascular  bundle 
to  another. 

INTERFI'LAR,  between  the  fila- 
ments, as  the  resting-spore  in 
the  conjugation-tube  of  Meso- 
carpus,  or  the  fluid  portion  of 
the  protoplasm  in  the  hypo- 
thetical fibrillar  network. 
Compare  Intrafilar. 

INTERFOLlA'CEOUS,  attached  to 
the  stem  between  the  bases  or 
petioles  of  opposite  leaves;  in- 
terpetiolar.  Compare  Intra- 
foliaceous. 

INTERME'DIATE  TIS'SUE,  all 
the  fundamental  tissue  in  exo- 
gens,  except  that  which  is  im- 
mediately associated  with  the 


94 


epidermis  and  the  fibrovas- 
cular bundles.  It  includes 
the  pith,  medullary  rays,  and 
most  of  the  cortex.  The 
term  is  of  little  use. 

INTERME'DIATE  ZONE,  the  zone 
in  endogens  between  the  pith 
and  epidermis  containing  the 
fibrovascular  bundles. 

INTERNAL  GLAND,  a  secreting 
cell,  or  usually  a  cluster  of 
secreting  cells,  within  the 
plant,  as  those  containing  es- 
sential oil  which  form  the 
translucent  dots  in  the  leaves 
of  the  orange. 

IN'TERNODE,  the  portion  of  a 
stem  between  two  nodes. 

INTERPET IOLAR,  see  Inter- 
fouaceous. 

INTERRUPTED,  said  of  any 
surface  or  series  the  continuity 
of  which  is  broken,  as  a  pin- 
nate leaf  in  which  leaflets  much 
larger  or  smaller  than  usual  are 
interposed  among  the  others,  or 
a  slender  stem  or  root  which  is 
contracted  at  intervals. 

INTERRUP'TEDLY  -  PIN'NATE, 

pinnate  with  small  (or  some- 
times large)  leaflets  interposed 
between  those  of  the  usual  size. 

INTERSTI'TIAL,  applied  to  that 
method  or  theory  of  growth 
which  consists  in  the  inter- 
position of  new  particles  be- 
tween the  older  ones  instead 
of  additions  to  the  surface. 

INTEX'INE,  see  Intextine. 

INTEX'TINE,  a  term  applied  by 
Fritzsche  to  the  inner  part  of 
the  extine  when,  as  in  Oeno- 
thera, it  separates  as  a  dis- 
tinct membrane.  Compare 
Exintine. 

IN'TINE,  the  inner  coat  of  a 
pollen-grain. 


Intortion 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Involucre 


INTOR'TION,  turning  to  oue  side 
from  the  vertical  or  any  straight 
line.     (Rare.) 

INTRA-,  in  composition,  within. 
Compare  Inter-. 

INTRAcAR'PELLARY,  produced 
inside  a  carpel. 

INTRACELLULAR,  within  a  cell. 

INTRAfASCICULAR,  within  the 
bundle,  as  an  intrafascieular 
lacuna  in  Equisetum. 

INTRAfI'LAR,  within  the  fila- 
ment.    Compare  Interfilar. 

INTRAfOLIA'CEOUS,  within  a 
leaf;  between  the  leaf  and 
stem,  as  the  stipules  of  Potyg- 
onum;  iutrapetiolar.  Compare 
Interfoliaceous. 

INTRAlAM'ELLAR,  within  spe- 
cial layers  or  lamellae,  as  the 
trama  of  Hymeuomycetes. 

INTRAmARCJINAL,  situated 
within  but  near  the  margin. 

INTRAMAT'RICAL,  in  a  matrix 
or  nidus. 

INTRAPET'IOLAR,  (1)  inside  or 
beneath  the  petiole,  as  the  buds 
of  sumach  and  sycamore  (sub- 
petiolar);  (2)  between  the  petiole 
and  the  stem,  as  the  stipules  of 
sycamore  and  most  buds;  in- 
trafoliaceous. 

INTRAvAG'INAL,  within  the 
sheath:  applied  to  branches 
in  grasses  which  in  their 
growth  do  not  break  through 
the  base  of  the  sheath  of  the 
subtending  leaf,  but  push  up- 
ward between  the  sheath  and 
the  stem.  Compare  Extra- 
vaginal. 

INTRODUCED',  applied  to  plants 
brought' from  another  country, 
and  growing  spontaneously 
unless  otherwise  noted.  Com- 
pare Naturalized. 

INTROFLEXED',  bent  strongly 
inward.  Between  Incurved 
and  Infracted. 


INTRORSE',  facing  or  turning 
inward.  Applied  to  anthers 
which  open  on  the  side  next 
the  pistil. 

INTRUDED,  appeariug  as  if 
pushed  inward  or  indented; 
intruse. 

INTUSSUSCEP'TION,  the  inter- 
calation or  formation  of  other 
particles  among  those  already 
present. 

IN'ULIN,  a  material  isomeric 
with  (resembling)  starch 
w7hich  replaces  that  substance 
in  many  Composite. 

INVAg'INATED,  iuclosed  in  a 
sheath. 

INVERSE',  see  Inverted. 

INVERT'ED,  having  a  position  or 
mode  of  attachment  the  reverse 
of  that  which  is  usual;  inverse. 
A  seed  or  ovule  is  inverted 
when  attached  to  the  top  of 
the  ovary.  It  is  then,  how- 
ever, more  properly  called 
' '  suspended . "  Compare 
Erect  and  Ascending. 

INVERT'ED  SUPERPOSITION, 
the  situation  of  accessory 
buds  below  the  principal  bud 
or  one  first  formed.  Compare 
Direct  Superposition. 

INVOL'UCEL,  a  partial  or  secoud- 
ary  involucre,  as  one  subtend- 
ing a  partial  umbel. 

INVOLUCEL'LUM,  see  Involu- 
cel. 

INVOLU'CRAL,  pertaining  to  an 
iuvolucre. 

INVOLU'CRATE,  having  an  iu- 
volucre; involucred. 

IN'VOLUCRE,  a  set  of  bracts  im- 
mediately subtending  a  flower 
or  infloresceuce;  involucrum. 

IN'VOLUCRED,       see      Involu- 

CRATE. 

INVOLU'CRET,  see  Involucel. 
INVOLU'CRUM,  see  Involucre. 


95 


Involute 


A  DICTIONARY 


Joint 


IN'VOLTJTE,  rolled  inward  from 
both  sides.  Compare  Con- 
volute. 

INVOLU'TION-EORM,  a  swollen 
bladder-like  form  in  Schizo- 
mycetes,  supposed  to  be  a  dis- 
eased couditiou  of  the  form 
with  which  it  is  found  asso- 
ciated.    (De  Bary.) 

INVOLU'TION-PE'RIOD.see  Rest- 
in  g-period. 
INVOLUTION-STAGE,  see  Rest- 

ING-STAGE. 

IRREG'ULAR,  denoting  flowers 
in  which  one  or  more  of  the 
orgaus  of  a  set  are  different 
in  size  or  form  from  the 
others.  Irregularity  occurs 
most  frequently  in  the  petals. 
The  pea  is  an  example  of  an 
irregular  flower,  the  tulip  of 
a  regular.  Compare  Symmet- 
rical. 

IRREG'ULAR  PELO'RlA,  a  tera- 
tological  condition  in  which  an 
irregular  flower  becomes  regu- 
lar by  the  formation  of  the 
irregular  parts  in  increased 
number.  Compare  Regular 
Pelorta. 

IRRITABIL'lTY,  having  the 
power  of  movement  in  a 
definite  manner  under  the 
influence  of  external  stimuli, 
as  in  the  coiling  of  tendrils, 
twiuing  of  stems,  or  "sleep" 
of  leaves;  sensitiveness.  Com- 
pare Excitability  and  Con- 
tractility. 

isADEL'PHOUS,  having  an  equal 
number  of  stamens  in  each 
adelphia. 

ISOBlLAT'ERAL,  having  two 
sides  alike  in  form  and  struc- 
ture, as  the  leaves  in  the  iris. 

ISOB'RIOUS,  applied  to  the  em- 
bryo of  dicotyledons  because 
both  are  equally  developed; 
isodynamous.     Little  used. 


ISOOHRO'US,  uniform  in  color 
throughout;  uuicolor.  Com- 
pare Concolor. 

ISODY'NAMOUS,  equally  devel- 
oped. 

ISOG'AmY,  the  conjugation  of 
gametes  of  similar  form. 
Compare  Oogamy. 

ISOG  YNOUS,  having  the  pistils 
of  a  flower  all  alike.  Compare 
Heterogynous. 

ISOMERIC,  see  Isomerous. 

ISOM'EROUS,  having  the  same 
number  of  orgaus  in  each 
floral  whorl;  isomeric.  There 
may  be  more  than  one  whorl 
of  any  of  the  kinds  of  organs. 
Compare  Heteromerous. 

ISOPH'OROUS,  transformable  into 
something  else,  as  "Actinia  is 
an  isoplwrous  form  of  Deudro- 
bium." 

I'SOSPORE,  said  of  a  spore  when 
all  arealike,  as  in  ferns.  (Rare.) 
Compare  Macrospore  and 
Microspore. 

ISOS'POROUS,  not  having  macro- 
spores  and  microspores;  ho- 
mosporous.  Compare  Heter- 
osporous. 

ISOSTEM'ONOUS,  having  the  sta- 
mens equal  in  number  to  the 
petals.  More  properly,  having 
the  stamens  and  petals  each  in 
one  whorl  aud  of  equal  number. 
Compare  Anisostemonous, 
Meiostemonous,  Diplostem- 
onous,  and  Obdiplostemo- 
nous. 

ISCS'TOMOUS,  having  calyx  aud 
corolla  of  equal  size.     (Rare.) 

ISTH'MUS,  the  constricted  por- 
tion between  the  two  half-cells 
in  most  desmids. 

JOINT,  a  node;  the  septum  be- 
tween two  cells  in  a  filament; 
articulation. 


96 


Juba 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Labium 


JU'BA,  a  loose  panicle.    (Obs.) 

JtJ'GUM  (pi.  Ju'ga),  (1)  one  of 
the  ridges  on  an  umbelliferous 
fruit;  (2)  a  pair  of  leaflets  in  a 
pinnate  leaf. 

JULA'CEOUS,  see  Amentaceous. 

jfj'LIFORM,  resembling  an  anient 

or  catkin. 
JU'LUS,  see  Ament. 
JUVENES'CENCE,    see    Rejuve 

nescence. 

KARYOKINE'SIS  (also  spelled 
Caryocinesis),  Schleicher's 
term,  which  has  been  gener- 
ally adopted,  for  the  trans- 
formations of  the  nucleus 
during  cell-division ;  indirect 
division  of  Fleming. 

KARYOL'YSIS,  the  dissolution  of 
the  uucleus  or  some  part  of  it. 

KARYOMITO'SIS,  see  under 
Mitosis. 

KAR'YOPLAsM,  see  Nucleo- 
plasm. 

KArYOSO'MA  (pi.  Karyosom'ata), 
a  consolidated  mass  of  micro- 
somata  in  a  nucleus. 

KATABOL'IC,  a  term  applied  by 
Geddes  to  disruptive,  destruc- 
tive, or  descending  metabo- 
lism, accompanying  the  waste 
of  tissues,  resulting  in  the 
formation  of  chemical  prod- 
ucts of  simpler  composition; 
catabolic.  Compare  Anabolic. 

kATHOD'IC,  see  Cathodic. 

KEEL,  a  ridge  somewhat  resem- 
bling the  keel  of  a  boat;  par- 
ticularly the  two  inferior  petals 
of  a  papiliouaceous  flower 
which  are  more  or  less  united 
into  a  keel-shaped  body;  ca- 
rina. 

KEELED,  having  a  keel  or  longi- 
tudinal ridge;  cariuated. 

KERAMID  IUM,  see  Ceramid- 
ium. 


KEY,  see  Samara. 

KEY-FRUIT,  see  Samara. 

KID'NEY  FORM,  see  Reniform. 

KID'NEY-SHAPED,  see  Reni- 
form. 

KNEE,  a  kind  of  knot  which  pro- 
jects upward  into  the  air  from 
the  roots  of  the  bald  cypress 
{Taxodium  distkhum)  and 
some  other  trees.  Produced 
mainly  in  wet  soil,  and  for- 
merly supposed  to  serve  for 
aeration,  but  now  believed  to 
be  an  organ  of  strength.  See 
Pneumatode.  The  term  knee 
is  also  applied  to  any  abruptly 
bent  or  knee-shaped  organ. 

KNEE-JOINTED,  see  Genicu- 
late. 

KNEEPAN-SHAPED,  see  Patel- 

LIFORM. 

KNOT,  a  node  or  swolleu  joint; 
a  protuberance  on  the  surface 
of  a  tree,  as  where  a  branch 
has  been  removed  and  the  cut 
or  broken  surface  is  more  or 
less  overgrown;  a  place  in  the 
wood  where  the  tissues  are  dis- 
placed by  an  injury  or  by  the 
passage  of  a  branch. 

KNOTTED,  cylindrical,  and 
swollen  at  intervals,  some- 
what like  a  knotted  cord. 

LABEL'LUM,  the  large  lower 
petal  of  au  orchid;  lip. 

LA'BlATE,  gamopetalous,  with 
two  divisions,  anterior  and 
posterior;  two-lipped;  bila- 
biate. The  two  lips  of  a  la- 
biate flower  are  usually  un- 
equal and  the  flower  irregular, 
as  in  snap-dragon. 

LA'BIOSE,  having  the  petals  of  a 
polypetalous  corolla  arranged 
so  as  to  imitate  the  labiate  form. 
(Rare.) 

LA'BIUM,  the  lower  lip  of  a 
labiate  flower. 


97 


Lacerate 


A  DICTIONARY 


Larval  State 


LAC  ERATE,  having  the  margin 
deeply  cut  iuto  irregular  seg- 
ments as  if  torn.  Compare 
Erose,  Incised,  Laciniate. 

LAc'ERATED,  see  Lacerate. 

LACH'RYMiEFORM,  see  Tear- 
shaped. 

LACIN'lA  (pi.  Lacin'ise),  a  seg- 
ment of  a  laciniate  leaf. 

LACIN'lATE,  deeply  cut  into 
narrow  incisions,  more  ir- 
regular and  larger  than  Fim- 
briate; slashed. 

LACIN'IFORM,  fringe-like. 

LAglN'ULATE,  finely  laciniate. 
Compare  Lacinulose. 

LAc,IN'UL6SE,  laciuulate  or  bear- 
ing little  fringes. 

LACTES'CENT,  resembling  or 
producing  milk  or  latex. 

LACTIFEROUS,  producing  or 
conveying  latex;  laticiferous. 

LACTIFEROUS  VES'SELS,  see 
Laticiferous  Vessels.^ 

LAcU'NA  (pi.  Lacu'nae),  a  large 
deep  depression  on  the  surface, 
or  open  space  between  the 
cells. 

LACU'NAR,  having,  resembling, 
or  pertaining  to  lacunar. 

LAC'UnOSE,  (1)  perforated  with 
rather  large  holes.  Compare 
Foraminated.  (2)  Having 
depressions  in  the  surface 
larger,  more  irregular,  or 
more  irregularly  placed  than 
in  Alveolate. 

LAC'UNOSE  -  RUGOSE',  marked 
with  deep  broad  irregular 
wrinkles,  as  the  shell  of  the 
walnut  or  pit  of  the  peach. 
Compare  Ruminated. 

LAcUS'TRINE,  growing  in  or  on 
the  margins  of  lakes. 

LADDER  CELLS,  see  Scalari- 
form  Vessels. 

LEVIGATE,  smoothed,  as  if 
polished;  loevis. 


L.&"ViS,  smooth;  having  an  even 
surface  devoid  of  hair  or 
roughness  of  any  kind;  op- 
posed especially  to  asperate, 
striate,  sulcate,  or  any  un- 
evenuess.  Compare  Nitid 
and  Glabrous. 

LAgE'NIFORM,  shaped  like  a 
Florence  flask  (the  ordinary 
bulbous  flask  of  chemists). 
The  term  bottle-shaped  means 
the  same,  or  nearly  the  same. 

LAM'EL,  see  Lamella. 

LAMEL'LA  (pi.  Lamellae),  dimin- 
utive of  Lamiua;  a  thin  plate, 
as  one  of  the  "  gills"  beneath, 
the  cap  of  a  mushroom. 

LAM'ELLATE,  composed  of  thin 
plates  or  scales;  lamellose. 

LAMEL'LlFORM,  in  the  form  of 

a  plate  or  scale. 
LAM'ELLOSE,  see  Lamellate. 

LAMINA  (pi.  Lam'inae),  the  blade 
of  a  leaf  or  limb  of  a  petal  or 
sepal. 

LAM'INATED,  consisting  of 
plates,  scales,  or  layers;  plated. 

LAMINATED  BULB,  see  Tuni- 
cated  Bulb. 

LA'NATE,  covered  with  long 
curled  hairs  like  wool;  la- 
nose;  lanuginous;  woolly. 

LAN'CEOLATE,  tapering  abrupt- 
ly toward  the  base  and  gradu- 
ally toward  the  apex,  like  the 
head  of  a  lance. 

LANCE-OVATE,  between  lanceo- 
late and  ovate,  but  approaching 
nearer  the  latter. 

LA'NOSE,  see  Lanate. 

lAnU'GINOUS,  see  Lanate. 

LAP'IDOSE,  growing  in  stony 
places. 

LAPPA'CEOUS,  bur-like. 

LAR'VAL  STATE,  resting  state, 
as  the  sphacelium  of  ergot. 
(W.  G.  Smith.)     Seldom  used. 


Lasiocarpous 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Leaflet 


LASIOCARPOUS,  having  pubes- 
cent fruit. 

LA'TENT,  remaining  dormant 
beyond  the  usual  time,  or 
until  called  into  growth  by 
some  particular  stimulus. 

LA'TENT  BUD,  see  Dormant 
Bud  and  Adventitious  Bud. 

LA'TENT  PERIOD,     see      Dor- 
mant   State    and    Resting  I 
Period. 

LAT  ERAL,  attached  to  the  side 
of  an  organ. 

LAT'ERAL,  n.,  a  side  branch  or 
root. 

LAT'ERAL  BUD,  one  situated  on 
the  side  of  a  branch,  usually 
in  the  axil  of  a  leaf.  Compare 
Terminal  Bud. 

LAT'ERAL  DEHISCENCE,  when 
the  opening  of  an  anther  takes 
place  upon  one  or  both  sides, 
instead  of  on  the  surface  facing 
or  opposite  to  the  pistil. 

LATERAL  NUCLEOLUS,  see 
Paranucleolus. 

LAT'ERAL  NU'CLEUS,  see  Para- 
nucleus. 

LAT'ERAL  PLANE,  of  a  flower 
or  other  lateral  structure,  a 
plane  passing  from  side  to 
side  at  right  angles  to  the 
median  plane.  The  lateral 
plane  of  a  leaf,  for  example, 
would  pass  between  its  upper 
and  lower  surfaces. 

LA'TEX,  a  viscid  milky  fluid 
found  in  certain  plants,  as  the 
lettuce.  See  Laticiferous 
Vessels. 

LA'TEX  TUBES,  see  Laticifer- 
ous Vessels. 

LATICIFEROUS  VES'SELS,  spe- 
cial" anastomosing  tubes  con- 
taining the  latex  in  such  plants 
as  have  milky  juice;  latex 
tubes. 


LATIFO  LlATE,     having     broad 
leaves.      Compare     Stf.noph- 
yllous  and  Angustifoliate. 
LAtIFO'LIOUS,  see  Latifoliate. 
LATISEP'TATE,  having  a  broad 
septum  or  partition; — applied 
to    pericarps.     Compare    An- 
gustiseptate. 
LAT'TICED,  see  Clatiirate. 
LAT'TICED    CELL,    see    Sieve- 
tube. 
LAX,  loose;  the  opposite  of  close 
or  crowded.     An  inflorescence 
may  be  lax  because  its  pedicels 
are  flaccid  or  slender. 
LEADER,  the  upper  portion  of 
the  primary  stem  of  a  tree.or 
a  central  upright  branch  which 
extends  beyond  the  rest  of  the 
head . 
LEAF,  an  appendage  to  the  stem, 
definite  in   position,  and  usu- 
ally  expanded   to   receive   air 
aud  light.     Besides  leaves  of 
the  usual  forms  which  serve  as 
foliage  there  are  other  forms 
for    additional    purposes,     in- 
cluding those  which  form  the 
various  parts  of  a  flower.     See 
Phyllome. 
LEAF-ARRANGE'MENT,        see 

Phyllotaxis. 
LEAF-BLADE,  the  expanded  por- 
tion of  ordinary  leaves;  lamina. 
LEAF-BUD,  a  bud  which  imme- 
diately upon    expansion    pro- 
duces leaves  only.     Compare 
Flower-bud. 
LEAF-CYCLE,    the   course   of  a 
spiral  from  the  insertion  of  a 
leaf  through  that  of  interme- 
diate ones  to   the  insertion  of 
the  next  leaf  directly  above  or 
below  the  place  of  starting. 
LEAF-GREEN,      see      Chloro- 
phyll. 
LEAFLET,  one  of  the  divisions 
or  blades  of  a  compound  leaf. 
Leaflets  are  often  articulated 


99 


Leaf-scar 


A  DICTIONARY 


Leptome 


to  the  common  petiole,  and  iu 
order  to  be  distinguished  from 
segments  they  must  them- 
selves have  distinct  petioles, 
however  short. 
LEAF-SCAR,  the  place  on  a  stem 
from  which  a  leaf  has  fallen. 

LEAF- SHEATH,  see  Sheath. 

LEAF-STALK,  see  Petiole. 

LEAF-TENDRIL,  a  tendril  which 
is  a  transformed  leaf  or  part  of 
a  leaf. 

LEAF  TRACE,  a  fibrovascular 
bundle,  or  collection  of  bun- 
dles, while  on  its  passage  from 
the  fibrovascular  system  of  the 
stem  to  the  leaf. 

LEATHERY,  see  Coriaceous. 

LEFT.  The  left  margin  of  a  leaf, 
petal,  or  other  foliar  organ  is 
the  one  upou  the  left  hand  as 
its  stem  is  held  downward  or 
toward  the  observer  and  t  he- 
organ  is  viewed  upon  the 
upper  or  inner  surface.  The 
left  side  of  a  lateral  flower  is  the 
side  upon  the  left  hand  as  the 
observer  stands  in  front  with 
the  stem  erect  and  the  flower 
between  him  and  the  main  axis. 
See  remarks  under  Dextrorse. 

LEGITIMATE  FERTILIZA- 

TION, fertizliatiou  iu  the 
usual  or  natural  manner, 
either  close  or  cross  fertili- 
zation, whichever  in  the  par- 
ticular case  occurs  iu  nature. 

LEG'tJME,  the  fruit  of  the  Legu- 
minosse.  It  is  monocarpellary, 
with  the  seeds  attached  to  the 
ventral  side,  and  usually  mon- 
olocular  and  dehiscent  into 
two  valves  by  ventral  and  dor- 
sal sutures.  The  pea  and  bean 
are  examples.     Compare  Lo- 

MENT. 

LEGU'MINOUS,  bearing  legumes, 
or  relating  to  plants  of  the 
order  Legurninosoe. 


LEIO-,  a  prefix  from  the  Greek, 
meaning  smooth. 

LEN'TICELS,  small  developments 
of  cork  at  particular  points  on 
the  surface  of  many  kinds  of 
stems.  They  appear  during 
the  first  season's  growth,  and 
in  some  cases,  at  least,  origi- 
nate beneath  the  stomata. 
They  probably  aid  iu  the 
transfer  of  gases  and  aqeuous 
vapor. 

LENTICELLE',  see  Lenticel. 
LENTIC'ULA  (pi.  Lentic'ulae),  see 
Lenticel. 

LENTICULAR,  in  the  form  of  a 
double  convex  lens;  lentiform. 

LEN'TIFORM,  see  Lenticular. 

LENTIG'INOSE,  see  Lentigi- 
nous. 

LENTIG'INOUS,  covered  with 
small  dots,  like  dust,  scurf, 
or  freckles;  lentigiuose. 

LEP'AL,  a  rudimentary  sterile 
stamen,  or  organ  supposed  to 
be  such,  usually  in  the  form 
of  a  nectar-gland  or  petaloid 
scale;  gland  of  the  torus.  See 
Staminodium. 

LEPAN'THltJM,  an  old  term  for 
a  petal  which  contains  a  nec- 
tary. 

LEP'IDES,  epidermal  scales  of 
various  kinds,  especially  when 
attached  at  the  centre.  Com- 
pare Ramenta. 

LEPIDOTE,  scaly;  scurfy;  lep- 
rous; leprose. 

LEP'ROSE,  see  Lepidote. 

LEP'ROUS,  see  Lepidote. 

LEP  TA-,  or  LEPTO-,  a  prefix 
from  the  Greek,  meaning 
small,  thin,  or  slender. 

LEP'TOME,  see  Phloem.  Ap- 
plied by  Potonie  to  the 
phloem-like  portion  of  the 
fibrovascular    bundle    in  vas- 

100 


Leptophloem 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Liguliflorous 


cular    cryptogams.     Compare 
Hadrome. 

LEPTOPHLO'EM,  a  term  applied 
by  Vaizey  to  a  portion  of  the 
central  fascicle  or  strand  in  the 
seta  of  Polytrichaceae  (in 
mosses)  which  he  considers 
to  be  rudimentary  phloem. 

LEPTOPHYL'LOUS,  having  scale- 
like leaves. 

LEPTOSPORAN'GIUM,  a  sporan- 
gium derived  from  a  single 
epidermal  cell,  as  in  the  true 
ferns,  in  distinction  from  one 
derived  from  a  group  of  epi- 
dermal cells  (eusporangium), 
as  in  the  Ophioglossaceee  and 
Marattiaceae. 

LEPTOXY'LEM,  so-called  rudi- 
mentary xylem  in  the  seta  of 
Polytrichaceae.     (Vaizey.) 

LETT-,  or  LEUCO-,  a  prefix  from 
the  Greek,  meaning  white. 

LEUCAN'THOUS,  white-flowered. 

LEU'CITE,  see  Leucoplast. 

LEU'COPLAST,  a  colorless  proto- 
plasmic granule  (plustid)  such 
as  those  in  which  starch  origi- 
nates; starch-builder;  leuco- 
plastid;  amidoplast;  anaplast; 
leucite  proper.     See  Plastid. 

LEVIGATE,  see  Levigate. 

LE'VIS,  see  L^evis. 

Ll'ANE,  a  woody  climbing  or 
twining  plant  of  considerable 
size;  applied  only  to  those 
which  ahound  in  some  tropical 
forests. 

LI'BER,  the  inner  layer  of  bark, 
consisting  chiefly  of  the  phloem 
of  the  fibrovascular  system  and 
therefore  containing  the  bast- 
tissue;  bast. 

LI'BRIFORM  CELL,  a  narrow 
thick-walled  cell  of  woody 
tissue  resembling  bast;  wood- 
fibre. 

LID,  see  Operculum. 


LID-CELLS,  terminal  cells  of  the 
neck  in  some  archegonia  which 
for  a  time  close  the  canal;  stig- 
matic  cells. 

LIFE-CY'CLE,  the  course  of  de- 
velopment from  any  given 
stage,  as  the  spore  or  seed, 
back  to  the  same  stage  again. 

LIG'NEOUS,  woody,  or  pertain- 
ing to  wood. 

LIGNIFICA'TION,  the  process  of 
becoming  converted  into  wood ; 
sclerosis. 

LIG'NINE,  a  secondary  deposit, 
forming  the  greater  part  of  the 
bulk  of  ordinary  wood.  It 
contains  less  oxygen  than  cel- 
lulose, and  accordiug  to  Pay  en 
has  the  formula  CasH^C^o- 
It  is  also  written  Ligniu,  and 
is  the  same  as  Sclerogen. 

LIG'NUM,  see  Wood. 

LIG'ULA  (pi.  Lig'ulie),  see  Lig- 
ule. 

LIG'ULATE,  (1)  having  a  ligule; 
(2)  strap  -  shaped,  i.e.,  linear 
and  about  four  to  six  times  as 
long  as  broad. 

LIG'ULATE  FLORET,  one  of  the 

marginal  flowers  of  a  head  in 
Compositae,  bearing  a  ligulate 
or  strap-shaped  corolla;  ray- 
floret.  Compare  Tubular 
Floret. 

LIGULE,  (1)  a  strap-shaped  co- 
rolla in  Compositae,  such  as 
those  on  the  outer  margin  of 
the  head  in  most  sun-flowers; 
(2)  a  membranous  appendage 
on  the  inner  side  of  the  leaf  in 
many  grasses  and  some  other 
endogens  at  the  top  of  the 
sheath. 

LIGULLFLO'ROUS,  said  of  a  head 
of  flowers  in  Compositae  which 
contains  ligulate  flowers  only, 
as  in  Chicory. 


101 


Limb 


A  DICTIONARY 


Loculose 


LIMB,  the  expanded  portion  of  a 
petal  or  sepal.  Compare  Blade 
and  Border. 

LIM'BATE,  see  Bordered. 

LIM'BUS,  border,  blade,  or  limb. 
(Obs.) 

LIM'ITING  CELL,  see  Hetero- 
cyst. 

LINE,  one  twelfth  of  an  inch. 

LIN'EAR,  very  narrow,  with  the 
margins  parallel  or  nearly  so. 

LIN'EATE,  marked  with  tine  par- 
allel lines,  especially  of  color. 
Compare  Striate  and  Acicu- 

LATED. 

LIN'EOLATE,  diminutive  of  Lin- 
eate. 

LIN'GUJEFORM,  see  Tongue- 
shaped. 

LIN'GUIFORM,  see  Tongue- 
shaped. 

LIN'GtJLATE,  see  Tongue- 
shaped. 

LI'NINE,  a  term  proposed  by 
Schwarz  and  adopted  by  Stras- 
burger  (1888)  for  the  substance 
of  the  hyaloplasmic  filaments 
of  the  nucleus  in  a  state  of 
repose. 

LINNJ:'AN  SYS  TEM,  the  system 
of  classification  devised  by 
Linnaeus,  founded  upon  the 
number  and  arrangement  of 
the  stamens  and  pistils;  sexual 
system. 

LIP,  (1)  one  of  the  divisions 
(especially  the  lower)  of  a  la- 
biate calyx  or  corolla;  (2)  the 
labellum  in  orchids. 

LIPOX'ENOtJS,  said  of  a  parasite 
which  leaves  its  host  and  com- 
pletes its  development  inde- 
pendently at  the  expense  of 
the  reserve  material  appro- 
priated from  the  host.  (De 
Bary.)     Compare  Metcecious. 

LIPPED,  see  Labiate.  Applied 
in  pomology  to  the  cavity  of 


an  apple  when  a  broad  pro- 
jection of  the  flesh  protrudes 
against  the  stem.  Compare 
Folded. 

LIREL'LA  (pi.  Lirel'lae),  a  linear 
sessile  apothecium  in  lichens. 

LITHOPHILOUS,     see      Saxico- 

LOUS. 

LITH'OCARP,  see  Carpolite. 
LITH'OCYST,  a  cell  containing  a 


cystolith. 

LITHOSPER'MOUS,  having  very 
hard  seeds. 

LIT'TORAL,  growing  upon 
shores,  especially  upon  the 
sea-shore  between  tide-marks. 
Compare  Marine. 

LIVID,  lead-color;  bluish  brown 
or  gray. 

LOB  ATE,  lobed;  said  of  a  leaf 
the  margin  of  which  is  divided 
about  to  the  middle  into  round- 
ed parts  with  broad  sinuses. 

LOBE,  a  rounded  portion  of  a 
leaf  or  petal;  any  division  of  a 
leaf  larger  than  a  tooth  which 
is  not  a  leaflet. 

LOBED,  see  Lobate. 

LOB'ULATE,  having  small  lobes. 

LOB'ULE,  a  small  lobe. 

LOCEL'LATE,  having  small  or 
secondary  cavities  (locelli). 

LOCEL'LUS  (pi.  Lo^el'll),  diminu- 
tive of  Loculus;  a  little  cavity. 
Used  by  some  in  the  sense  of 
Loculus  for  a  compartment  in 
an  ovary  or  anther. 

LOC'ULAmeNT,  see  Loculus. 

LOC'ULAR,  having  a  cavity  or 
cavities;  loculose. 

LOCULICI'DAL,  dehiscent 
throughout  the  middle  of 
the  back  of  each  cell  at  a 
dorsal  suture.     Compare  Sep- 

TICIDAL. 

LOCULOSE,  locular;  cellular;  es- 
pecially, having  numerous  cav- 
102 


Loculous 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Lysi  genie 


ities,  as  the  pith  of  poke,  Phy- 
tolacca decandra. 

LOCULOUS,  see  Locular. 
LOC'ULUS  (pi.  Loc'uli),  the  cell  of 
an  ovary,   anther,    or  similar 
cavity. 
LOCUS  TA,  see  Spikelet. 
LODIC'ULA    (pi.    Lodic'ulae),   see 

Lodicule. 
LOD'ICULE,    one    of    the    small 
scales  at  the  base  of  the  grain 
between  the  stamens  and  palet 
of  many  grasses. 
LOMENT,   a    jointed    or    pluri- 
locular    legume     formed    by 
spurious     transverse    dissepi- 
ments,   as     in     Desmodium. 
Some  loments  are  articulated 
and  separable  at  the  septa  or 
pseudo-septa  between  the  seeds. 
LOMENTA'CEOUS,  bearing  or  re- 
sembling a  loment. 
LOMEN'TUM,  see  Loment. 
LONGITUDINAL    SYS'TEM,    an 
obsolete  term  for  fibrovascular 
system. 
LO'RATE,  having  the  form  of  a 
thong  or  strap;  ligulate;  linear. 
Compare  Flabelliform. 
LU'BRICOUS,  slippery. 
LU'CID,  clear.     Often  used  in  the 

sense  of  Nitid. 
LUM  BRICAL,  about  the  shape  of 
an  earth-worm.  Compare  Ver- 
micular. 
LU'MEN  (pi.  Lu'mina),  the  cavity 
of  a  cell  or  filament,  or  any 
part  or  spot  which  seems  to 
emit  light. 
LU'NAR,    (1)   pertaining  to    the 
moon;   (2)    in   the  form  of  a 
half-moon    or    crescent,    as  a 
lunar  spot  upon  a  leaf;  semi- 
lunar;   semilunate.     Compare 
Lunate. 
LU'NATE,  said  of  an  organ  hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  half- moon  or 
crescent,  or  which  is  marked 


with  one  or  more  spots  of  that 
form,  as  a  lunate  leaf.  Com- 
pare Lunar. 

LU'NATED,  having  lunar  mark- 
ings; lunate. 

LU'NIFORM,  half-moon  or  cres- 
cent shaped;  lunate. 

LU'NULATE,  diminutive  of  Lu- 
nate. 

LU'PULINE,  a  yellow  waxy  pow- 
der resembling  pollen,  upon 
the  scales  of  the  hop,  contain- 
ing the  active  principle,  which 
is  bitter,  aromatic,  and  tonic. 

LUPULI'NOUS,  resembling  a  head 
or  cone  of  hops. 

LU'RID,  dingy  brown. 
LUTES'CENT,  yellowish. 

LU'TEUS,  bright  orange  yellow. 

Compare  Flavus. 
LYCOT  ROPAL,     see     Lycotro- 

POUS. 

LYCOT'ROPOUS,  said  of  an  other- 
wise orthotropous  ovule  which 
is  curved  like  a  horseshoe. 
LYMPHATIC,  clear,  like  water; 
not  clouded:  said,  for  example, 
of  ordinary  plant-hairs  contain- 
ing clear  cell-fluid  in  distinc- 
tion   from    those    which    are 
glandular,  in  which  the  cell- 
contents  are  usually  granular 
and  turbid. 
LYRATE,   pinnatifid,    with    the 
lobes  decreasing    in    size    to- 
ward the  base. 
LY'RATELY  PIN'NATE,  pinnate, 
with  the  pinnae  decreasing  in 
size  toward  the  base  of  the  leaf. 
LYRE-SHAPED,  see  Lyrate. 
LYSIGENET  IC,  see  Lysigenic. 
LYSIGEN'IC,  formed  by  the  dis- 
organization of   cells;   applied 
to  the  formation  of  certain  in- 
tercellular spaces  which  origi- 
nate by  the  breaking  down  of 
contiguous  cells;    lysigenetic; 

103 


Lysigenous 


A  DICTIONARY 


Manubrium 


lysigeuous.     Compare  Schizo- 

GENIC. 

LYSIG'ENOUS,  see  Lysigenic. 

MACRAN  DROUS,  having  large  or 
elongated  male  plants  in  algae. 

MACRO-,  large  or  long. 

MACROCEPHALOUS,  a  term 
sometimes  applied  to  embryos 
which  have  the  cotyledons 
very  large  and  consolidated, 
as  in  horse-chestnut.  Com- 
pare Macropodous. 

MACROGONID'IUM  (pi.  Macrogo- 
nid'ia),  see  Mackospore. 

MACROPH'YLLOUS,  having  loDg 
or  large  leaves. 

MACROP'ODOtJS,  a  term  of  little 
importance  applied  to  a  leaf 
having  a  long  petiole,  or  to  an 
embryo,  chiefly  in  monocoty- 
ledons, having  a  large  radicle. 

MACROSPORAN'GltJM,  a  sporan- 
gium containing  macrospores; 
megasporangium;  oosporan- 
gium. 

MAC'ROSPORE,  a  female  or  ar- 
chegonium  -  bearing  spore  in 
some  vascular  cryptogams. 
The  macrospores  are  larger 
than  the  male  or  microspores. 

MACROSPO'ROPHYL,  the  leaf 
bearing  the  macrosporangium 
in  the  heterosporous  Pterido- 
phyta.  It  is  the  homologue  of 
the  carpel  in  flowering  plants. 

MACROSTY'LOUS,  applied  to  het- 
erostylous  flowers  with  long 
styles  and  short  filaments.  See 
remark  under  Microstylous. 

MACULATE,  spotted  or  blotched; 
maculose. 

MACULA'TION,  the  pattern  or 
arrangement  of  the  spots  upon 
a  plant. 

MAC ULOSE,  see  Maculate. 

MAIDEN  (Hort.),  a  term  some- 
times applied  to  a  tree  or  other 
plant  of  one  year's  growth  from 


the  bud  or  graft.  Also  applied 
to  any  plant  which  has  not 
fruited,  and  in  forestry  to  a 
seedling  in  distinction  from  a 
tree  which  has  sprung  from  an 
old  root  or  stub. 

mALACOID,  mucilaginous. 

MALE,  bearing  stamens  only; 
staminate;  bearing  only  male 
organs  of  whatever  kind,  or 
pertaining  to  individuals 
which  bear  them. 

MALE  FLOWER,  staminate 
flower. 

MALPIGHIA'CEOUS  HAIRS,  stel- 
late hairs  attached  by  their 
middle,  as  in  the  order  Mal- 
pighiaceae. 

MALPIG'HIAN  CELLS,  palisade- 
like cells  in  which  tine  or  more 
light  lines  are  present,  found 
in  the  seed-coats  of  Legu- 
minosae,  Malvaceae,  etc. 

MAM'MIFORM,  breast-shaped. 

MAMMIL'LA  (pi.  Mammil'lae),  a 
small  nipple  or  teat-like  promi- 
nence, as  on  some  pollen-grains. 
More  short  and  obtuse  than 
Papilla.  The  term  is  some- 
times applied  to  the  apex  of 
the  nucleus  of  an  ovule. 

MAm'MILLATE,  nipple-shaped, 
or  bearing  mammillae.  Com- 
pare Papillate. 

MAM'MILLATED,  bearing  mam- 
millae. 

MAm'MOSE,  breast  -  shaped,  or 
bearing  breast-shaped  promi- 
nences. 

MAN'ICATE,  having  a  coating  of 
entangled  hairs  which  may  be 
removed  entire.  Compare 
Floccose  and  Pannose. 

MANUBRIUM  (pi.  Manu'bria), 
a  cylindrical  cell  which  pro- 
jects inward  from  the  centre 
of  each  of  the  eight  shields 
composing  the  wall  of  the  glob- 
ule in  Characeae.     The  mauu- 


104 


Marbled 


OF   BOTANICAL   TERMS.        Medullary  Rays 


bria  support  the  apparatus 
which  contains  the  anthero- 
zoids. 

MARBLED,  covered  with  faint 
irregular  wide  stripes,  or  trav- 
ersed by  vein-like  markings 
like  those  which  occur  in  cer- 
tain kinds  of  marble;  marmo- 
rate. 

MARCES'CENT,  withering  but 
not  falling  off,  as  the  corolla 
of  lobelia. 

MAR'GINAL  VEIL,  in  Hymen  o- 
mycetea  (mushrooms,  etc.),  a 
membrane  stretching  from  the 
margin  of  the  pileus  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  stipe  in  the  young 
sporophore  and  covering  the 
hymeuium;  velum  partiale. 

MAR'GINATE,  having  a  margin 
differing  in  texture,  form,  or 
color  from  the  remainder  of 
the  surface;  margined;  edged. 

MAR'GINED,  see  Marginate. 

MARINE',  growing  in  the  sea  or 
upon  the  immediate  sea-shore. 
Compare  Littoral  and  Mari- 
time. 

MARITIME,  growing  upon  or 
near  the  sea-shore. 

MAR'MORATE,  see  Marbled. 

MASKED,  see  Personate. 

MAs'StJLA  (pi.  Mas'sulse),  one  of 
the  lumps  of  mucilage  derived 
from  the  disorganized  tapetum 
of  the  microsporaugium  of 
Azolla  and  enclosing  a  num- 
ber of  spores.  Also  applied 
to  an  adherent  group  of  pol- 
len-grains derived  from  a  sin- 
gle mother-cell,  as  the  ulti- 
mate groups  in  a  pollen-mass 
in  orchids,  each  containing 
four  grains. 

MAST,  a  popular  name  for  the 
fruit  of  the  oak,  chestnut, 
beech,  and  some  other  forest 
trees. 


MAS'TOID,  large  teat  -  shaped. 
(Rare.) 

MA'TRIX,  the  place  or  body 
upou  or  within  which  any- 
thing grows. 

MATTUL'LA,  the  fibrous  material 
at  the  base  of  the  petioles  of 
palms;  reticulum. 

MATtJRES'CENT,  approaching 
maturity. 

MATUTI'NAL,  pertaining  to  the 
morning;  expanding  in  the 
morning,  as  the  flowers  of 
morning-glory. 

MEAL'Y,  see  Farinaceous. 

MEDIAL,  pertaining  to  the  mid- 
dle; median. 

MEDIAN,  see  Medial. 

ME'DIAN  LINE,  a  line  along  the 
centre  or  axis  of  a  bilateral 
organ,  as  along  the  midrib  of 
a  leaf. 

ME'DIAN  PLANE  of  a  flower  or 
other  lateral  structure,  the  same 
as  antero-posterior  plane,  i.e., 
a  vertical  plane  which  bisects 
an  organ  into  right  and  left 
halves.  The  median  plane  of 
a  leaf  would  pass  through  the 
midrib  above  and  below.  Com- 
pare Lateral  Plane. 

MEDTJL'LA,  pith;  also  central 
tissue  of  some  other  kinds,  as 
of  the  thallus  in  lichens. 

MED'ULLARY,  pertaining  to 
medulla  or  pith. 

MED'ULLARY  RAYS,  vertical 
plates  of  cellular  tissue  in  the 
fibrovascular  system  of  exo- 
gens  connecting  the  pith  and 
the  cortex.  They  form  the 
glistening  spots  called  "silver 
grain "  which  are  seen  on 
the  surface  of  wood  which  is 
split  radially.  Only  the  rays 
formed  the  first  season  extend 
entirely  to  the  pith.  See  Xy- 
lem  Ray  and  Phloem  Ray. 


105 


Medullary  Sheath 


A  DICTIONARY 


Meristem 


MEDULLARY  SHEATH,  the  ring 
of  primary  xylem  bundles 
which  project  into  the  pith. 
Compare  Cortical  Sheath. 

MED'ULLARY  SYS'TEM,  a  term 
sometimes  applied  to  the  whole 
fundamental  system,  but  usu- 
ally, and  more  properly,  em- 
ployed to  include  only  the  pith 
and  medullary  rays,  or  funda- 
mental tissue  withiu  the  cortex. 

MED'ULLOSE,  pith-like. 

MEGAlOGONID'IUM,  see  Macro- 
spoke. 

MEGARHY'ZOUS,  large-rooted. 
MEGASPOrAN'GIUM,    see    Mac- 

ROSPORANGIUM. 

MEG  ASPORE,  see  Microspore. 

MEI'OPHYLLY,  the  suppression 
of  one  or  more  leaves  or  foliar 
organs  in  a  whorl;  miophylly. 
It  differs  from  Abortion  in  the 
fact  that  the  suppressed  organs 
have  never  started  to  grow. 

MEIOSTEM'ONOUS,  having  fewer 
stamens  than  petals.  This  is 
its   usual  meauiug.     Compare 

IsOSTEMONOUS. 

MEI'OTAxY,  the  complete  sup- 
pression of  a  whole  set  of  or- 
gaus,  as  all  of  the  corolla  or 
all  of  the  stamens. 

MELAnOSPERM'OUS,  having 
dark-colored  seeds  or  spores. 

MELLIFEROUS,  honey-bearing. 

MEL'ON-SHAPED,  oval,  with  de- 
pressed lines  running  from  end 
to  end,  as  in  most  muskmelons. 

MELT'ING,  easily  dissolving  in 
the  mouth,  or  under  slight 
pressure.  A  descriptive  char- 
acter in  certain  varieties  of 
pears. 

MEMBER,  a  term  employed  to 
designate  any  part  of  a  plant 
when  treated  with  reference  to 
its  position  and  fundamental 
structure,  but  not  with  refer- 


ence to  function.  Thus,  all 
leaves  are  one  and  the  same 
member,  though  they  may  be 
developed  in  different  ways  to 
form  different  organs.  Com- 
pare Organ. 

MEMBRANACEOUS,  see  Mem- 
branous. 

MEM'BRANE,  a  very  thin  ex- 
panded tissue,  serving  the 
purpose  of  separation  or  pro- 
tection. 

MEMBRANEOUS,  see  Membra- 
nous. 

MEM'BRAnOUS,  thin,  soft,  and 
usually  translucent,  like  a 
membrane.  Compare  Sca- 
rious. 

MENIS'COID,  shaped  like  a  me- 
niscus or  concavo-convex  lens. 

MEN'TUM,  a  forward  projection 
of  the  foot  of  the  column  in 
some  orchids. 

MER'ICARP,  one  of  the  carpids 
or  ripened  carpels  of  a  schizo- 
carp,  especially  one  of  the 
halves  of  the  cremocarp  in 
Umbel  liferae;  diachoenium; 
hemicarp. 

MER'IDISK,  a  name  proposed  by 
Clos  for  any  process  upon  the 
receptacle,  aside  from  the  floral 
organs,  whether  glandular  or 
not.     See  Lepal. 

MERISMAT'IC,  dividing  into 
parts  by  the  formation  of 
septa. 

MER'ISPORE,  one  of  the  cells  of 
a  compound  spore. 

MER'ISTEM,  tissue  in  an  early 
condition  or  nascent  state  while 
the  cells  are  still  undergoing 
cell-division,  as  in  cambium; 
formative  tissue;  generating 
tissue. 

MER'ISTfiM,  PRIMARY,  see 
Primary  Meristem. 

MER'ISTEM,     SECONDARY,    see 
Secondary  Meristem. 
106 


Meristematic 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Metaphases 


MERISTEMAtIC,  consisting  of 
meristem. 

MER'ITHALL,  see  Internode. 

MERITHAL  LUS  (obs.),  see  IN- 
TERNODE. 

MEROBLAs  TIC,  applied  to  the 
formation  of  the  embryo  from 
a  part  only  of  the  oosphere,  as 
in  some  Gymnosperms. 

MES'OBLAST  (obs.),  see  Nu- 
cleus. 

MES'OCARP,  the  middle  layer  of 
a  pericarp  when  distinguish- 
able into  three  layers.  This 
layer  is  sometimes  developed 
as  a  sarcocarp.  Applied  main- 
ly to  stone-fruits. 

MES'OCHIL,  the  central  part  of 
the  labellum  in  such  orchids  as 
have  that  organ  separated  into 
three  distinct  portions. 

MESOPHLtE'UM,  the  middle  or 
green  layer  of  the  bark,  be- 
tween the  liber  and  the  outer 
(usually  dry)  epiphlceum  or 
corky  layer;  cellular-envelope. 

MES'OPHYLL,  all  the  fundamen- 
tal tissue  of  a  leaf  within  the 
epidermis. 

MESOPHYL'LtJM,      see      Meso- 

FIIYLL. 

MESOPH'YTtJM  (obs.),  see  Col- 
lar. Also  applied  by  Lind- 
ley  to  the  line  of  demarcation 
between  interuode  and  petiole. 

MES'OSPERM,  see  Secundine. 

MES'OSPORE,  the  middle  coat  of 
a  spore  when  there  are  three. 

MESOSTY'LOUS,  having  styles  of 
intermediate  length  in  hetero- 
styled  plants. 

MESOTHE  CIUM,  the  central  of 
the  three  layers  of  cells  in  the 
coat  of  an  immature  anther; 
fibrous  layer.  The  cells  of 
this  layer  have  annular  thick- 
enings. In  the  mature  anther 
the  proper    endothecium   has 


often  disappeared,  leaving  the 
mesothecium  as  the  inner  lay- 
er, which  is  then  usually  called 
endothecium. 

MfiS'TOME,  a  term  applied  by 
Schweudeuer  to  nbrovascular 
tissue  on  functional  grounds, 
in  distinction  from  cortical  tis- 
sue, which  (serving  for  sup- 
port chiefly)  he  termed  stere- 
ome.  Strictly,  however,  the 
term  mestome  refers  only  to 
the  essential  or  conductive  por- 
tion of  a  bundle,  the  bundle- 
sheath  being  strengthening  tis- 
sue and  therefore  stereome. 

METABOLISM,  the  chemical 
changes  which  take  place  in 
a  plant  in  the  process  of 
growth;  metastasis;  transmu- 
tation. It  includes  both  Ana- 
bolism  and  Catabolism. 

METAGEN'ESIS,  the  production 
of  sexual  individuals  by  non- 
sexual means,  either  directly 
or  through  intervening  sexless 
generations;  alternation  of 
generations;  polymorphism. 

METAkINE'SIS,  that  part  of  the 
metaphases  in  karyokinesis 
which  includes  only  the  sep- 
aration of  the  threads. 

MET'AMER,  applied  by  Sachs  to 
a  Phyton  (which  see),  or  one 
of  any  number  of  similar  parts 
connected  in  a  series. 

METAMORPHOSIS,  the  varied 
development  of  members  of 
the  same  morphological  value, 
resulting  from  their  adapta- 
tion to  different  functions. 
Compare  Transformation. 

METAPHASES,  a  term  applied 
by  Strasburger  to  those  por- 
tions of  karyokinesis  which 
include  the  longitudinal  split- 
ting of  the  threads,  the  for 
niation  of  the  mother-star,  and 
the   subsequent  separation   of 


107 


Metaplasm 


A  DICTIONARY 


Microzoogonidium 


the  segments  to  form  the 
daughter-stars. 

MET'APLASM,  a  name  given  by 
Hanstein^to  that  part  of  the 
protoplasm  which  holds  the 
formative  material.  Used  by 
some  synonymously  with  Deu- 
toplasm . 

METASPER'MOUS,    see    Angio- 

SPERMOTS. 

METASTASIS,  see  Metabolism. 

METEORIC,  applied  to  flowers 
whose  openiug  or  closing  is 
influenced  by  the  weather. 

METOTCIOUS,      see      Heterce- 

CIOL'S? 

METOTCISM,  see  Hetercecism. 
METOX'ENOUS,     see     Heterce- 

CIOUS. 

MIASMATIC,  pertaining  to  in- 
fectious organisms  floating  in 
the  atmosphere.  See  Infec- 
tion. 

MICEL'lA  (pi.  Mhjel 'lae),  a  term 
proposed  by  Ntigeli  for  certain 
structural  particles  which  serve 
for  the  building  up  of  all  plant 
and  animal  tissues.  Tbey  are 
considered  to  be  aggregations 
of  molecules  which,  like  crys- 
tals, are  able  to  iucrease  or 
diminish  in  size  without  chem- 
ical change. 

MICRAN'DRE,  see  Dwarf-male. 

MI  CROBE,  a  micro-organism, 
auimal  or  vegetable.  In  use 
restricted  chiefly  to  plants,  es- 
pecially the  Schizomycetes, 
or  bacteria  and  their  allies. 
See  Microphyte. 

MI'CROCYST,  a  resting  state  of 
certain  swarm-cells  in  Myxo- 
mycetes. 

MICROGONID'lUM  (pi.  Microgo- 
nid'Ia),  applied  to  gonidia  of 
smaller  size  than  others  pro- 
duced by  the  same  species; — 
they  are  usually  male  gonidia, 
as  the  so-called  androspores  of 


(Edogonium.  In  pteridophytes 
and  their  allies  they  are  usu- 
ally called  microspores.  See 
Microspore. 

MICROGRAPHY,  the  description 
or  study  of  microscopic  objects; 
micrology. 

MICROPHYL'LOUS,  having  small 
leaves. 

MICROPHYTE,  any  plant,  such 
as  the  bacteria  and  smaller 
species  of  fungi,  which  can 
be  clearljr  seen  only  by  means 
of  a  microscope. 

MI'CROPYLE,  the  nearly  closed 
foramen  as  it  exists  in  the 
ripened  seed. 

MICROSO'MA  (pi.  Mleroso'mata), 
a  name  proposed  by  Strasbur- 
ger  for  a  class  of  granules  in 
the  protoplasm  which  have  a 
high  degree  of  refringency  and 
are  deeply  stained  by  haema- 
toxylin. 

MICROSPORAN'GIUM  (pi.  Micro- 
sporan'gia),  a  sporangium  con- 
taining microspores. 

MICROSPORE,  a  small  male 
spore,  as  in  Rhizocarpae,  Sela- 
giuellae,  and  Isoetse.  See 
MiCROGONiDiCM.  Compare 
Macrospore. 

MI'CROSTOME,  a  small  mouth  or 
orifice. 

MiCROSTY  LOUS,  applied  to  that 
form  in  heterostyled  plants  in 
which  the  flowers  have  short 
styles  and  long  filaments.  The 
expressions  "  long  -  styled," 
"medium-  or  mid-styled," 
and  "short-styled"  are  pref- 
erable to  Macrostylous,  Meso- 
stylous,  and  Microstylous,  and 
are  more  frequently  used. 

MICROZOOGONIDIUM,  a  motile 
microgonidium,  as  in  Ulothrix, 
differing  from  a  macrozoogo- 
nidium  in  size  and  in  having 
the  power  of  conjugation. 


108 


Microzyme 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Mono- 


MI'CROZYME,  a  microscopic  or- 
ganism capable  of  producing 
fermentation. 

MID  DLE  LAMEL'LA,  the  portion 
of  a  lignified  cell-wall  which 
occupies  the  place  of  the  pri- 
mary membrane.  It  usually 
appears  as  a  fine  dividing  line 
between  adjoining  cells.  Com- 
pare Middle  Lamina. 

MIDDLE  LAM'InA,  the  portion 
of  a  lignified  cell-wall  between 
the  middle  lamella  and  the 
inner  lamina. 

MID  RIB,  the  large  central  vein 
of  a  leaf,  which  usually  exists 
as  a  ridge  continuous  with  the 
petiole. 

MILK,  see  Latex. 

MILK-SAC,  a  form  of  laticiferous 
vessel  existing  in  some  species 
of  maple. 

MILK-SAP,  see  Latex. 

MILK-VESSEL,  see  Laticifer- 
ous Vessel. 

MIMETIC,  pertaining  to  mim- 
icry. 

MIM'ICRY,  special  resemblance 
to  another  object,  serving  usu- 
ally for  protection,  as  when 
plants  bear  a  marked  resem- 
blance in  color  to  the  soil  in 
dry  regions,  thus  being  less 
liable  to  be  seen  and  eafen  by 
animals. 

MIN'lATE,  vermilion-colored. 

MI'OPHYLLY,  see  Meiophylly. 

MIOSTEM'ONOUS,  see  Meiostem- 
onoes. 

MITO'SIC,  pertaining  to,  charac- 
terized by,  or  exhibiting  mito- 
sis; mitotic. 

MlTO'SIS,  (1)  the  splitting  of  the 
chromatin  of  the  nucleus  (ka- 
ryomitosis)  or  the  subdivision 
of  any  minute  granular  body 
found  in  protoplasm;  (2)  a 
figure  occurring  during  mito- 
sis as  a  result  of  that  process. 


MITOTIC,  see  Mitosic. 

MI  TRE-SHAPED,     see     Mitri- 

FORM. 

MIT'RIFORM,  conical  and  slight- 
ly narrowed  toward  the  mouth 
like  a  pope's  mitre.  Also  the 
same  as  Cucullate,  but  not  slit 
upon  one.  side;  mitre-shaped. 

mixed  Inflorescence,  one 

in  which  each  partial  inflores- 
cence develops  in  a  reverse 
order  from  that  of  the  general 
inflorescence,  as  in  Composite 
where  the  general  inflorescence 
is  usually  centrifugal,  the  ter- 
minal "flower"  opening  first, 
while  each  head  is  centripetal, 
the  marginal  florets  being  first 
developed. 

MIXED  VES  SELS,  those  having 
thickenings  in  their  walls  of 
more  than  one  kind,  as  both 
spiral  and  annular  thickenings. 

MO'BILE,  movable. 

MdL'LIS,  soft. 

MONADEL'PHOUS,  having  the 
filaments  free,  and  united  in 
a  ring  around  the  pistil,  as  in 
most  Malvaceae. 

MONANDROUS,  having  but  a 
single  stamen. 

MOnAN'THOUS,  having  but  one 
flower  upon  a  plant  or  pedun- 
cle. 

MdNAs'TER,  see  Mother-star. 

MONE'CIOUS,  see  Monozcious. 

MON'GREL,  property,  a  cross. 
Usually  applied  in  the  United 
States  to  inferior  mixed  breeds 
resulting  from  unknown  or 
heterogeneous  crossing. 

MONIL'IFdRM,  necklace-shaped; 
cylindrical,  and  contracted  at 
regular  intervals  so  as  to  re- 
semble a  string  of  beads. 
Compare  Nodose. 

MONO-,  a  Greek  prefix,  meaning 
one  or  single. 


109 


Monocarp 


A  DICTIONARY 


Monosymmetrical 


MflN'OCARP,  an  annual  or  other 
plant  that  fruits  but  once. 

MONOCAR'PELLArY,  of  one  car- 
pel; monogynous. 

MOnOcAR'PIAN,  see  Monocar- 
pic. 

MdNOCAR'PIC,  bearing  fruit  but 
once.     Compare  Polycarpic. 

MdNOCAR'POUS,  said  of  a  flower 
in  which  the  gynoeciurn  forms 
but  one  ovary,  whether  simple 
or  compound.  Compare  Poly- 
carpous. 

MONOCELLULAR,  see  Unicel- 
lular. 

M6n6CEPH'AL0TJS,  in  single 
heads,  or  having  one  head. 
Applied  to  an  ovary  with  but 
one  style,  or  to  flowers  dis- 
posed in  single  umbels  or 
other  clusters. 

MdNOCHA'SIAL,  in  single  dicha- 
sia.  See  Dichasium  and  Com- 
pound Dichasium. 

MdNOCHA'SIUM,  a  uniparous 
cyme.     Compare  Dichasium. 

MONOCHLAmYD'EOUS,  having 
but  one  floral  envelope  or 
perianth-whorl.  As  this  is 
usually  clearly  a  calyx,  and 
as  in  doubtful  cases  it  is  con- 
sidered so,  the  term  is  often 
equivalent  to  Apetalous.  Com- 
pare ACHLAMYDEOUS. 

MONOCHRO  MIC,  see  Unicolor. 

MONOC'LINOUS,  see  Hermaph- 
rodite.   Compare  Diclinous. 

MONOcOTYLEDONOUS,  having 
but  one  cotyledon  or  seed- 
leaf.  A  term  applied  to  endo- 
geus. 

MONOCYCLIC,  of  a  single  whorl. 

MONCE'CIOUS,  having  stamens 
and  pistils  in  separate  flowers 
on  the  same  plant. 

MONGE'CIOUSLY  POLYG'AMOUS, 
having  perfect  and  separated 
flowers    on    the    same    plant. 


Compare  Dioeciously  Polyg- 
amous. 

MONOGAMOUS,  see  Homoga- 
mous. 

MONOG'YNOUS,  having  but  one 
pistil  or  style.  There  may  be 
several  carpels. 

MONOI'COtJS  (obs.),  see  Monoe- 
cious. 

MONOLdC'ULAR,  see  Uniloc- 
ular. 

MONOM'EROUS,  of  one  part,  as  a 
flower  having  but  one  organ  of 
each  kind,  one  pistil,  one  sta- 
men, etc.;  applied  also  to  tu- 
bers having  but  one  in  tern  ode. 

MONOPET'ALOUS,  see  Gamopet- 
alous. 

MdNOPHYL'LOUS,  see  Gamoph- 

YLLOUS. 

MON'OPODE,  see  Monopodium. 

MONOPOD'IAL,  having  a  single 
main  axis,  as  ordinary  plants. 
Compare  Sympodial  and 
Dichotomous. 

MONOPO'DIUM,  an  axis  of  growth 
which  continues  to  elongate  at 
the  apex,  while  lateral  struc- 
tures of  like  kind  are  pro- 
duced beneath  it  in  acropetal 
succession.  Compare  Sympo- 
dium  and  Dichotomy. 

MONOP'TEROUS,  one-winged. 

MONOSEPALOtJS,  see  Gamosep- 
alous. 

MOnOSI'PHONOUS,  said  of  a 
frond  in  Florideae  when  it 
consists  of  but  a  single  row 
of  cells. 

M6N0SPER'M0tJS,  one  -  seeded. 
Compare  Polyspermous. 

M0N6s'TI€H0US,  in  one  vertical 
rank. 

MONOSTY'LOUS,  having  but  one 
style. 

MdNOSYMMET'RICAL,  capable 
of  division  in  but  one  direc- 
tion into  similar  halves,  as  the 


110 


Monothalamous        OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Multifarious 


flower  of  the  pea;  z3rgonior- 
phous.  Compare  Symmet- 
rical and  PoLYSYMMETRICAL. 

MONOTHAL  AMOUS,  unilocular; 
applied  to  galls  and  rarely 
(Tuckerman)  to  the  apotbecia 
of  lichens. 

MONOTHAL'MIC,  derived  from  a 
single  flower,  as  ordinary  fruits. 
Compare  Polythalmic. 

MONOTYP'IC,  said  of  a  genus 
which  contains  but  one  spe- 
cies, or  of  the  species  itself  in 
such  a  case. 

MONSTER,  a  plant  or  animal 
having  any  marked  abnormal 
development  in  form;  mon- 
strosity. See  Sport  and  Tera- 
tology. 

MONSTROSITY,  see  Monster. 

MONSTROUS,  developed  in  a  re- 
markably abnormal  manner. 
The  term  has  no  reference  to 
size, 

MOP-HEADED,  said  of  a  tree 
without  a  leader  and  with  an 
unusually  large  number  of 
small  branches. 

MORPHOGENESIS,  the  produc- 
tion of  morphological  char- 
acters. 

MORPHOLOGY,  the  science  of  the 
homologies  and  metamorpho- 
ses of  members.  It  treats, 
for  example,  of  the  different 
forms  which  leaves  assume  in 
different  plants,  and  in  the 
same  plant  to  serve  different 
purposes. 

MOS  CHATE,  having  an  odor  like 
that  of  musk. 

MOTHER-CELL,  one  from  which 
another  is  derived. 

MOTHER-STAR,  a  stage  of  karyo- 
kinesis  in  which  the  nuclear 
threads  lie  in  the  equator  of 
the  nucleus,  usually  in  the 
form  of  loops,  with  their  free 
ends  pointing  away  from  the 


centre;  monaster;  nuclear  disk; 
nuclear  plate;  equatorial  plate. 

MOT'TLED,  covered  with  par- 
tially confluent  dots,  or  with 
blotches  of  varying  intensity. 
Applied  mainly  to  "fruits. 

MOUNTAINOUS,  see  Alpes- 
trine. 

MOVEMENTS  OF  VARIATION 
(Pefl'er),  see  Allassotonic 
Movements. 

MUCED'INOUS,  mould-like. 

MU'CILAGE,  dissolved  vegetable 
jelly;  any  slimy  vegetable 
product. 

MUCILAGINOUS,  slimy,  or  yield- 
ing mucilage;  mucous. 

MU'COUS,  see  Mucilaginous. 

MU  CRO,  a  short  sharp  point. 

MU'CRONATE,  terminating  ab- 
ruptly in  a  short  stiff  point. 

MUCRON'UlATE,  diminutive  of 
Mucronate;  ending  abruptly 
in  a  minute  stiff  point. 

MULE,  see  Hybrid.  The  term 
Mule  is  by  some  restricted  to 
genus-hybrids  and  by  others 
to  sterile  hybrids  of  any  ori- 
gin. The  term  is  now  useless 
in  botany. 

MULTAN'GULAR,  having  more 
than  four  angles;  polygonal. 

MULTI-,  a  Latin  prefix  denoting 
many. 

MULTigiP'ITAL,    many-headed; 

applied  to  a  root  or  root-stock 

from  which  several  stems  arise. 
MULTICOS'TATE,    having   many 

ribs  proceeding  from  the  base 

of  the  leaf. 
MULTICUS'PIDATE,  having  many 

cusps  or  points. 
MULTIDEN'TATE,  having  many 

teeth. 
MULTIFARIOUS,  (1)  diversified, 

or  composed  of  many  diverse 

parts;    (2)    arranged   in   many 

ranks  or  rows. 


Ill 


Multiferous 


A  DICTIONARY 


Mycosis 


MULTIF'EROUS,  producing  fruit 
several  times  in  a  season. 

MUL'TIFID,  cut  about  half  way 
to  the  midrib  into  many  seg- 
ments; many-cleft. 

MULTIFLOROUS,  many-flow- 
ered. 

MULTIFO'LlATE,  having  numer- 
ous leaflets. 

MULTIJU'GATE,  having  many 
pairs  of  leaflets. 

MULTILAT  ERAL,  many-sided. 
MULTILOC  ULAR,     many-celled: 

applied   mainly  to  ovaries  or 

pericarps. 

MULTOCULAR  SPORE,  see 
Compound  Spore. 

MULTINUCLEATE,  having  more 
than  one  nucleus  in  a  cell. 

MULTIPARTITE,  divided  into 
many  parts. 

MUL'TIPLE,  compound. 

MUL'TIPLE  COROL'LA,  one  hav- 
ing more  than  one  whorl  of 
petals,  as  in  "double"  flowers. 

MUL'TIPLE  FRUIT,  see  Col- 
lective Fruit. 

MUL'TIPLE  PRI'MARY  ROOT, 
one  having  several  main  divi- 
sions from  the  crown,  as  the 
fascicled  root  of  dahlia. 

MUL'TIPLICATE  FLOWER,  see 
Double  Flower. 

MULTIRA'DlATE,  having  many 
rays. 

MULTIRAMOSE',  having  many 
branches. 

MULTISEP'TATE,  having  numer- 
ous septa. 

MULTISE'RIAL,  in  several  hori- 
zontal rows.  Compare  Multi- 
stichous. 

MULTIS'TI€HOUS,  in  several  or 
many  vertical  rows. 

MURAL,  growing  upon  walls. 


MU'RICATE,  covered  with  short, 
sharp  points.  Compare  Scab- 
rous. 

MUrICULATE,  slightly  niuri- 
cate. 

MURIFORM,  arranged  like 
courses  of  bricks  or  stones  in 
a  wall,  as  the  cells  in  medul- 
lary rays. 

MUSCAR'IFORM,  having  long 
hairs  toward  the  end  like  an 
ancient  fly-flap,  as  the  stjdes 
of  some  Cornpositse.    Compare 

ASPERGILLIFORM. 

MUS'CIFORM,  moss-like. 

MUSCOL'o6y,  see  Bryology. 

MU'TICOtJS,  pointless;  blunt. 
Mainly  in  distinction  from 
Awned  or  Mucrouate. 

MU'TUALISM,  see  Symbiosis. 

MU'TUAL  "  PARASl'TISM,  see 
Symbiosis. 

MYCE'LIAL  STRAND,  see  Fi- 
brous Mycelium. 

MYCE'LltJM,  the  vegetative  por- 
tion of  a  fungus,  consisting  of 
one  or  more  hyphae. 

MYCETOGENET'IC,  produced  by 
fungi. 

MYg£T06ENET'IC  METAMOR'- 
PHOSIS,  deformation  due  to  a 
parasitic  fungus. 

MYCETO'LOGY,  see  Mycology. 

MYC0L'06y,  the  botany  of  fungi. 

MYCOPRO'TEIN,  a  term  some- 
times applied  to  the  peculiar 
protoplasm  of  which  the  putre- 
factive bacteria  are  composed. 

MYCORRHI'ZA,  a  term  applied 
by  Frank  to  a  symbiotic  rela- 
tion supposed  to  exist  between 
the  roots  of  many  plants  and 
the  m3rcelium  of  certain  fungi 
in  soils  containing  a  large 
amount  of  humus. 

MYCO'SIS,  the  presence  of  para- 
sitic fungi  in  a  plant  or  animal, 

112 


Mycoprotein 


OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Nectariferous 


together  with   the  morbid  ef- 
fects of  their  presence. 

MYCOPROTEIN,  a  term  some- 
times applied  to  the  peculiar 
protoplasm  of  which  the  putre- 
factive bacteria  are  composed. 

MY'CROPYLE,  see  MtCROPYLE. 

MYXAMOZ'BiE,  zoospores  in 
Myxomycetes  having  an  amoe- 
boid or  creeping  motion. 

MYX'OSPORE,  a  spore  produced 
in  the  midst  of  a  gelatinous 
mass  without  distinct  ascus  or 
basidium. 

NA'KED,  destitute  of  the  usual 
covering,  as  a  cell  without  a 
wall,  a  stem  without  leaves,  a 
flower  without  floral  envelopes. 

NAKED-SEEDED,     see     Gymno- 

SPERMOUS. 

NANAN  DROITS,  having  short  or 
dwarf  male  plants.  Applied 
to  certain  alga?. 

NA'NISM,  a  dwarf  condition. 

NA'NUS,  dwarf.     Compare  Hu- 

MILIS. 

NA'PIFORM,  turnip-shaped;  i.e., 
depressed-globose  and  tapering 
below,  like  most  varieties  of 
turnip. 

NAS'CENT,  in  the  earliest  rudi- 
mentary condition. 

NAS'CENT  TIS'StJE,    see    Meri- 

STEM. 

NA'TANT,  floating  unattached  in 
or  upon  water.  Compare  Flui- 
tant. 

NAT  URAL  GRAFTING,  see  In- 
arching. 

NATURALIZED,  introduced  from 
another  country,  but  fully  es- 
tablished, growing  and  repro- 
ducing itself  spontaneously. 
Compare  Adventitious. 

NAT'URAL  ORDER,  see  Order. 

NAT'tJRAL  SYS'TEM,  the  system 
of  classification  introduced  by 

1 


A.  L.  de  Jussieu  and  now  in 
general  use,  which  takes  into 
account  all  parts  of  the  plant, 
and  seeks  to  place  each  species 
or  other  group  nearest  to  those 
which  in  all  respects  it  most 
resembles.  Compare  Arti- 
ficial System. 

NAU'TIFORM,  see  Navicular. 

NAVICULAR,  boat -shaped,  or 
like  the  hull  of  a  ship,  as  the 
glumes  of  many  masses;  na- 
viculoid;  nautiform;  cynabae- 
form;  cymbiforin;  scaphoid. 

nAvICULOID,  see  Navicular. 

NEB'ULOSE,  clouded. 

NECK,  the  line  of  junction  be- 
tween root  and  stem  (collar); 
the  upper  tapering  end  of  a 
bulb:  the  narrow  part  of  a 
pear,  toward  the  base;  the 
upper  end  of  the  sheathing 
petiole  in  grasses;  the  upper 
part  of  the  tube  of  a  gamo- 
petalous  corolla  (throat);  the 
prolonged  apex  of  a  pyreno- 
carp;  the  outer  portion  of  an 
archegouium  containing  the 
canal,  etc. 

NECKLACE  SHAPED,  see  Monil- 

IFOKM.  * 

NECROG'ENOUS,  hastening  or 
producing  death.  A  term 
formerly  applied  to  certain 
parasitic  fungi. 

NECTAR,  a  sweet  secretion  by 
some  part  of  a  flower. 

NECTAR-GUIDE,  a  term  applied 
to  various  color-marks  on  flow- 
ers which  seem  designed  to  in- 
dicate to  insects  the  locality  of 
the  nectar;  nectar-spot;  nectar- 
mark;  honey-guide;  honey- 
spot;  pathfinder. 

NECTARIFEROUS,  secreting  nec- 
tar, or  having  a  nectary. 

NECTA'RIUM,  see  Nectary. 

NECTAR  MARK,    see    Nectar- 
guide. 
13 


Nectarotheca 


A  DICTIONARY 


Niveous 


NECTAROTHECA,  a  spur  or  other 
receptacle  containing  a  nec- 
tary.    (Obs.) 

NECTAR  SPOT,  see  Nectar- 
guide. 

NECTARY,  the  part  of  a  flower 
which  secretes  nectar.  Ap- 
plied especially  to  spur-shaped 
appendages  to  the  petals  con- 
taining nectar,  as  in  the  colum- 
bine, and  sometimes  used  for 
similar  organs  which  contain 
no  nectar. 

NEEDLE-SHAPED,  see  Acerose 
and  Acicular. 

NEGATIVE    GEOT'ROPISM,    see 

Apogeotropism. 

NEGATIVE       HELl6T'R0PISM, 

see  Apiieliotkopism. 
NEGATIVELY     HELIOTROP  IC, 

see  Apheliotropic. 
NEGATIVELY      RHEOTROP'IC, 

said  of  an  organ  (usually  a 
root)  when  it  tends  to  grow 
in  a  direction  opposite  to 
that  of  a  current  of  water  in 
which  it  is  placed,  as  the  roots 
of  maize.  (Jonsson.) 
NEMATHE'CltJM  (pi.  Nemathe'- 
91a),  a  wart-like  group  or  mass 
of  tetraspores  in  Florideae. 

NfiMATOID,  thread-like;  fila- 
mentous. 

NE'MEOUS,  composed  of  threads 
or  filaments;  nlamentose. 
(Obs.) 

NEM'OROSE,  growing  in  groves. 

NEPHROID,  see  Reniform. 

NERVATE,  see  Nerved. 

NERVATION,  the  manner  in 
which  the  nerves  of  a  leaf 
are  arranged;  venation. 

NERVE,  a  term  formerly  in  gen- 
eral use  for  the  veins  of  mono- 
cotyledons, now  mainly  used 
for  the  veins  (when  moderately 
developed)  on  the  floral  enve- 


lopes of  grasses.  Compare  Vein 
and  Rib. 

NERVED,  having  nerves  instead 
of  veins;  nervate. 

NERVOSE',  abounding  in  nerves. 

NEST  LING,  see  Nidulant. 

NETTED,  see  Reticulated. 

NEtJRA'TION,  see  Nervation. 

NEUTER,  having  neither  sta- 
mens nor  pistils;  neutral. 
Said  of  a  plant  or  flower. 

NEU'TRAL,  see  Neuter. 

NEW  SPECIES.  A  species  is  con- 
sidered new  when  its  name 
and  description  are  published 
for  the  first  time.  The  botan- 
ical name  is  then  followed  b}r 
the  words  "  new  species,"  or 
their  abbreviation  ("  n.  s."  or 
"  n.  sp." in  English,  "sp.  nov." 
in  Latin),  without  the  name  of 
the  author,  the  writer  of  the 
description  being  understood 
to  be  the  author  of  the  name. 
When  the  name  is  republished 
in  any  manner  the  species  is 
no  longer  considered  new,  and 
the  name  of  its  author  is  then 
appended. 

NID'ULANT,  embedded  in  pulp 
or  other  loose  material,  or 
partly  enclosed  in  a  recepta- 
cle; nestling. 

NIDUS,  a  suitable  place  for  a 
spore  or  seed  to  germinate. 

NIGER,  black  and  either  glisten- 
ing or  slightly  tinged  with  gray. 
Compare  Ater. 

NIGRESCENT,  becoming  black 
or  blackish;  nigricant. 

NIG'RICANT,  see  Nigrescent. 

NIT'ID,  smooth  and  shining; 
bright;  lustrous.  Compare 
Lucid  and  Levigate. 

NIT'IDUS,  see  Nitid. 

NIVEOUS,  snow-white;  pure 
white.  A  clearer  and  purer 
white  than  Candidus. 


114 


Nocturnal 


OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Nucleus 


NdCTUR'NAL,  lasting  through  a 
night,  or  occurring  at  night. 

NODDING,  see  Cernous. 

NODE,  the  place  on  a  stem  where 
one,  two,  or  more  leaves  are 
attached;  any  knot  or  swell- 
ing; a  point  of  intersection,  as 
of  threads  in  reticulated  proto- 
plasm. 

NODIF'EROUS,  bearing  nodes. 

NODOSE',  knotted;  with  swollen 
joints;  swollen  at  intervals. 
Compare  Monii.iform. 

NODULE,  a  small  knot  or  round- 
ed body. 

NODULOSE,  diminutive  of  No- 
dose. 

NOR'MAL,  according  to  rule; 
usual;  of  the  ordinary  type 
or  structure. 

NOSOL'OGY,  VEGETABLE,  see 
Vegetable  Nosology. 

NO'TATE,  marked  by  colored 
spots  or  lines. 

NOTORHI'ZAL,  see  Incumbent. 

NO'TOTRLBE,  said  of  an  irregular 
flower  when  arranged  so  that 
the  pollen  from  the  stamens 
strikes  the  back  of  a  visiting 
insect.  Compare  Sterno- 
tribe  and  Pleurotribe. 

NUcAMENTA'CEOUS,  nut  -  like, 
or  pertaining  to  nuts. 

NUCAmeN'TUM  (obs.),  see 
Ament. 

NUCEL  LUS,  the  nucleus  of  an 
ovule. 

NUgiF'EROUS,  nut-bearing. 

NU'CIFdRM,  nut-shaped;  nuca- 
mentaceous. 

NU'CLEAR,  pertaining  to  a  nu- 
cleus. 

NU'CLEAR  BAR'REL,  a  stage  in 
karyokinesis,  immediately  pre- 
ceding the  nuclear  spindle. 

NU  CLEAR  DISK,  see  Mother- 
star. 


NU'CLEAR  FIBRILS,  see  Spin- 
dle-fibres. 

NU'CLEAR  FIL'AMENT,  a  gen- 
eral term  for  the  chromatin  of 
a  nucleus,  which  in  karyoki- 
nesis appears  as  segments  of  a 
filament,  and  in  the  resting 
state  as  a  filamentous  net- 
work; chromatic  filament. 
See  Chromosome. 

NU'CLEAR  PLATE,  see  Mother- 
star. 

NU'CLEAR  SPINDLE,  a  spindle- 
shaped  achromatic  figure  in 
the  nucleus  during  cell-divi- 
sion, consisting  of  slender  fila- 
ments which  cross  the  equator 
or  extend  toward  it  from  the 
poles.  It  begins  to  appear  in 
the  skein  stage,  and  is  com- 
pleted in  the  mother-star  stage. 

NU'CLEAR  STAR,  see  Aster. 

NU'CLEAR  THREADS,  see  Spin- 

DLE-FIBRES. 

NUCLEATED,  having  a  nucleus. 

NU'CLEIN,  usually  employed  in 
the  sense  of  chromatin.  By 
some  authors  there  is  believed 
to  be  a  distinct  chemical  sub- 
stance, a  form  of  protoplasm, 
which  is  termed  nuclein. 

NU  CLEOLATED,  having  a  nucle- 
olus. 

NU'CLEOLE,  see  Nucleolus. 

NUCLEOLUS  (pi.  Nucleoli),  any 
distinct  body  of  considerable 
size  within  a  nucleus — not  a 
definite  and  constant  organic 
structure.  There  may  be  more 
than  one. 

NUCLEOPLASM,  the  more  fluid 
protoplasm  of  the  nucleus  be- 
tween the  nuclear  threads;  ka- 
ryoplasm. 

NUCLEUS,  (1)  an  organized  struc- 
ture within  the  living  cell  by 
means  of  which  cell-division 
takes  place.  It  is  usually 
spherical    in    form,   richer    in 


115 


Nuculanium 


A  DICTIONARY 


Oblate 


protoplasm,  and  of  higher  re- 
fractive power  than  the  re- 
maining cell-contents;  (2)  the 
part  of  the  ovule  containing 
the  embryo  -  sac  (nucellus); 
(3)  any  organic  centre,  as  the 
hilum  of  a  starch -grain. 

NU'CLEUS  OF  THE  EMBRYO- 
SAC,  see  Secondary  Nucleus. 

NUCULA'NIUM,  a  term  some- 
times applied  to  fruits  like 
the  medlar  which  contain 
several  nut-like  seeds  or  car- 
pels. 

NUCULE,  (1)  the  female  organ 
in  Chara;  (2)  any  small  nut- 
like seed  or  pericarp. 

NUDE,  see  Naked. 

NUDICAU'LOUS,  having  no  leaves 
on  the  stem. 

NU'MEROUS,  too  many  to  be 
readily  counted;  indefinite. 

NURSE  (Hort.),  a  shrub  or  tree 
which  serves  for  the  temporary 
protection  of  a  younger  tree 
or  plant. 

NUT,  the  fruit  of  certain  trees 
and  shrubs,  consisting  of  a 
hard  shell  enclosing  the  seed; 
— also  applied  to  other  small 
nut-like  fruits,  as  those  of  Ca- 
rex,  Rumex,  and  Lithosper- 
mum.  These  latter  are  more 
properly  called  nutlets.  See 
Glans. 

NU'TANT,  see  Cernous. 

NUTA'TION,  the  motion  of  a 
flower,  leaf,  or  growing  stem 
in  following  the  apparent 
movement  of  the  sun  from 
east  to  west  during  the  day; 
simple  nutation.     Compare 

ClRCUMNUTATIOX. 

NUT'LET,  a  small  nut,  or  nut- 
like seed  or  fruit,  as  many 
achenia. 

NUTRI'TION  includes  the  ab- 
sorption, elaboration,  distri- 
bution, and   final  assimilation 


of    plant  •  food    resulting    in 
growth. 

NUX,  see  Nut. 

NYCTOTROP'IC,  applied  to  the 
movements  of  organs  which 
occur  at  night,  or  upon  the 
approach  of  nigh.,,  producing 
what  is  called  the  "sleep"  of 
plants. 

NYCTOT'ROPISM,  the  so-called 
' '  sleep"  of  plants. 

0B-,  inversely. 

OBCLA'VATE,  clavate  in  shape, 
but  attached  by  the  large  end. 

OBCOMPRESSED',  flattened  in  the 
reverse  of  the  usual  direction, 
as  when  a  legume  is  flattened 
so  that  the  dorsal  and  ventral 
sutures  approach  each  other. 
Compare  Depressed. 

OBCON'IC,  conical,  but  attached 
at  the  iipex  instead  of  the  b:ise; 
inversely  conical.  Also  applied 
improperly  in  pomology  to  a 
fruit  which  has  the  form  of  a 
very  short  or  flattened  cone. 

OBCON'ICAL,  see  Obconic. 

OBCOR'DATE,  inversely  heart- 
shaped,  i.e.,  with  the  attach- 
ment at  the  small  end. 

OBDIPLOSTEM'ONOUS,  d  i  p  1  o  - 
steuionous,  with  the  stamens 
of  the  outer  whorl  opposite  to 
the  petals. 

6BIM'BRICATE,  (1)  having  over- 
lapping scales  directed  down- 
ward or  backward;  (2)  having 
the  outer  scales  in  an  involucre 
progressively  longer  than  the 
interior  ones. 

OBLAN'CEOLATE,  lanceolate  in 
form,  but  tapering  toward  the 
base  instead  of  toward  the 
apex. 

OBLATE',  flattened  or  depressed 
at  the  ends  or  poles.     Compare 
Prolate. 
116 


Obligate 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Octosporous 


OB'LIGATE,  necessary;  essential. 
Compare  Facultative. 

OBLIGATE  PARASITE,  an  or- 
ganism to  which  a  parasitic 
life  is  indispensable  for  the 
attainment  of  its  development. 
Compare  Facultative  Para- 
site. 

6BLIQUE',  (l)  occupying  a  posi- 
tion between  horizontal  and 
erect;  (2)  having  one  side  ex- 
tending farther  forward  than 
the  other;  (3)  having  one  side 
more  developed  than  the  other, 
as  many  leaves  and  some  fruits; 
unsymmetrical.  In  pomology, 
Oblique  is  used  in  the  second 
sense  only,  the  third  being 
called  Angular. 

OBLITERATION,  see  Suppres- 
sion. 

OB  LONG,  longer  than  wide,  with 
nearly  parallel  sides.  Com- 
pare Oval. 

OBO  VAL,  sometimes  used  im- 
properly for  Obovate. 

OBOVATE,  ovate  with  the  at- 
tachment at  the  narrow  end. 

OBO'VOID,  ovoid,  and  attached 
by  the  small  end.  Sometimes 
used  incorrectly  for  somewhat 
obovate. 

OB'SOLETE,  suppressed,  or  very 
rudimentary;  scarcely  appar- 
ent.    See  Abortive. 

OBTUSE',  having  a  rounded  end 
or  apex ;  blunt.  Compare 
Acute. 

OBVAL'LATE,  appearing  as 
though  surrounded  by  a  wall. 

OBVERSE',  inverse;  reverse; — as 
a  leaf  which  is  narrowest  at 
the  base. 

OB'VOLUTE,  a  modification  of 
Convolute  in  which  the  entire 
halves  of  adjoining  organs  suc- 
cessively overlap  or  enfold  each 
other.  Half-equitant  is  one 
form  of  this  condition. 


OCEL'LATE,  see  Ocellated. 

OCEL'LATED,  having  a  circular 
patch  of  color  with  a  spot  of 
another  color  within  it  like  an 
eye;  ocellate;  oculate. 

OCEL'LUS,  a  circular  spot,  re- 
sembling an  eye. 

OOHRA'CEOUs,  brownish  yellow; 
yellowish. 

O'OHREA  (pi.  O'-ehreae),  see 
Ocrea. 

0  CHREATE,  see  Ocreate. 

OOHROLEU  COUS,  yellowish 
white;  whiter  than  Ochraceous. 

O'OREA  (pi.  6'€reae),  a  sheath 
formed  by  a  stipule  or  pair  of 
stipules  united  around  the 
stem,  as  in  sycamore. 

©CREATE,  having  ocrese. 

OCTAG'YNOUS,  see  Octogynous. 

OCTAM'EROUS,  having  the  parts 
in  eights,  as  a  flower  with  eight 
petals,  eight  stamens,  etc. 

OCTAN  DROUS,  having  eight  sta- 
mens. 

OCTO-  (or  OCTA-),  (from  the 
Greek,)  eight. 

OCTOGYNOUS,  having  eight  pis- 
tils or  styles;  octagynous. 

OCTOLOC'ULAR,  having  eight 
cells  or  compartments  in  a 
fruit  or  pericarp. 

OCTOPET'ALOUS,  having  eight 
petals. 

OCTORADlATE,  having  eight 
rays,  as  some  ligulate  flowers. 

OCTOSPER  MOUS,  eight-seeded. 

OC'TOSPORE,  an  eight-fold  tetra- 
spore.  Formerly  applied  to 
the  oogonium  of  Fucus  vesicu- 
lous, "which  contains  eight 
oijspheres. 

OCTOSPOROUS,  containing  eight 
spores,  as  most  asci. 

OC  ULATE,  see  Ocellated. 

ODD  LY  PIN'NATE,  see  Impari- 

PINNATE. 


117 


Officinal 


A  DICTIONARY 


Operculate 


OFFIC/INAL,  used  in  medicine  or 
the  arts. 

OFF'SET,  a  short  lateral  branch 
or  stolon  proceeding  from  the 
base  of  the  plant,  which  serves 
or  may  serve  for  propagation. 
It  usually  takes  root  of  itself. 
Lateral  bulbs  are  also  called 
offsets. 

OFFSHOOT,  an  offset,  or  lateral 
branch. 

OIL-TUBE,  see  Vitta. 

OLEAGINOUS,  oily. 

(JLERA'CEOUS,  esculent;  used  for 
food ;  applied  mainly  to  garden 
vegetables. 

6LIGANDR0US,  having  few  sta- 
mens; oligostemonous. 

6L'IGAR€H,  applied  to  a  fibro- 
vascular  cylinder  having  few 
rays,  i.e.,  containing  or  repre- 
senting few  hbrovascular  bun- 
dles. 

OLIGOPHYL'LOUS,  having  few, 
or  comparatively  few,  leaves. 

dLIGOSPER'MOUS,  few-seeded. 

6LIG0STEM  ONOUS,  see  Oligan- 

DROUS. 

flLIVA'gEOUS,  dusky  green. 

OMNIVOROUS,  applied  to  a  para- 
sitic fungus  which  attacks 
many  kinds  of  plants. 

OM'PHAloDE,  see  Omphalo- 
dium. 

OMPHAlO'DIUM  (pi.  Omphalo- 
dia),  the  central  part  of  the 
hilum,  containing  the  vessels 
which  enter  the  raphe  or  cha- 
laza. 

ONE-SIDED,  see  Secund,  Uni- 
lateral, and  Homomalous. 

ONTOGENY,  the  study  of  the 
development  of  an  individual 
through  all  its  stages.  Com- 
pare Phyllogeny. 

O'OCYST,  a  female  organ  or  oogo- 
nium of  doubtful  nature. 


OdG'AMY,  the  conjugation  of 
gametes  which  are  dissimilar 
in  form.     Compare  Isogamy. 

OOGONIUM  (pi.  Oogo'nia),  the 
female  sexual  organ  in  Oo- 
sporese  before  fertilization,  con- 
taining one  or  more  oospheres, 
as  in  Perouospora. 

00  NUCLEUS,  the  nucleus  of  an 
oosphere.  Compare  Spermo- 
nucleus. 

O'OPHORE,  the  first  or  sexual 
stage  or  generation  in  plants 
having  an  alternation  of  gen- 
erations, as  ferns;  oophyte. 
Compare  Sforophore. 

OOPHORID'IUM  (pi.  Oophorld'ia) 
(obs.),  see  Macrosporangium. 

OOPHYTE,  see  Oophore. 

OOSPERM,  see  Oospore. 

O'OSPHERE,  the  oospore  previous 
to  fertilization;  i.e.,  the  cell  or 
protoplasmic  mass  which  after 
fertilization  becomes  the  oo- 
spore. 

OOSPORAnge,  see  Oosporan- 
gium. 

OOSPORANGIUM  (pi.  Oosporan'- 
gla),  an  old  term  for  oogonium. 

OOSPORE,  a  fertilized  oosphere; 
oosperm.  As  a  result  of  fer- 
tilization the  oosphere,  thus 
changed  to  an  oospore,  takes 
on  a  firm  cell-wall  aud  acquires 
the  power  of  germination. 

OPAQUE',  having  a  dull  surface; 
neither  transparent  nor  shining. 

O'PEN,  applied  to  hbrovascular 
bundles  which  always  contain 
cambium  capable  of  further 
growth,  as  in  exogens.  Com- 
pare Closed. 

OPER'CULAR,  like  an  operculum; 
operculate. 

OPERCULATE,  having  an  oper- 
culum. Compare  Deopercu- 
late. 


118 


Operculum 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Oscillating- 


OPER'CULUM,  (1)  a  transversely 
dehiscent  lid  or  cap,  like  that 
covering  the  capsule  of  many 
mosses;  (2)  the  lid  of  a  pitcher- 
shaped  leaf. 

OPIS'THODAL,  posterior;  applied 
to  the  inner  or  posterior  open- 
ing of  a  stoma.  Compare 
Eisodal. 

OP'POSITE,  opposed  in  position. 
Said,  for  example,  of  leaves 
when  situated  over  against 
each  other  in  pairs  at  the 
same  height  upon  the  stem. 
One  floral  organ,  however,  is 
opposite  another  when  it  is 
superposed  to  it,  i.e.,  when  it 
stands  between  it  and  the  axis. 
Compare  Alternate. 
OPPOSITIFLO'ROUS,  having  op- 
posite peduncles. 
OPPGSITIFO'LIOUS,  (1)  having 
opposite  leaves;  adversifolious; 
(2)  situated  opposite  a  leaf,  as 
the  tendrils  in  the  grape. 
OPPOSITELY-PINNATE,  having 

leaflets  in  pairs. 
ORBICULAR,  circular  in  outline, 

or  nearly  so;  orbiculate. 
ORBIC'UlATE,  see  Orbicular. 
OR'DER,  a  division  of  a  class  con- 
taining one   or  more  genera; 
family. 
ORDINAL,     pertaining     to    an 

order. 
OR  GAN,  any  part  having  a  spe- 
cial function,  as  a  leaf  or  sta- 
men.    Compare  Member. 
ORGANIC  CENTRE,  a  point  or 
axis     around     which     growth 
takes  place.     It  may  not  re- 
main the  mathematical  centre. 
ORGANOGENY,  the   origin  and 
development  of  organs;  organ- 
ogenesis. 
SrgAnOG'RApHY,  the  study  of 

organs. 
6RGAN0PLAS'TIC,     having    the 


power  of  producing  organs, 
as  organoplasty  tissue. 

Organs  of  reproduction, 

those  whose  chief  function  is 
to  serve  directly  or  indirectly 
in  the  production  of  seeds  or 
spores.  In  the  higher  plants 
the  stamens  and  pistils  are 
usually  indicated  by  the  term. 

ORGANS      OF      VE6ETATI0N, 

those  ^whicb  minister  to  the 
growth  of  the  whole  plant: 
roots,  stem,  and  leaves. 

Orientation,  strictly,  facing 

the  east.  Used  in  horticulture 
for  the  setting  of  transplanted 
trees  facing  the  same  way  as 
they  stood  originally.  Used 
in  botany  for  assuming  any 
definite  direction  with  respect 
to  the  points  of  the  compass  or 
to  the  axis  of  the  plant  or  or- 
gan. 
OR'MOGON,  see  Hormogonium. 

0RTH0PL0  CEOUS,  having  con- 
duplicate  cotyledons.     (Obs.) 

ORTHOS  TICHY,  a  vertical  row 
of  organs.  Compare  Para- 
stichy. 

ORTHOs'TOMOUS,  having  a 
straight  opening. 

ORTHOt'ROPAL,  see  Orthot- 
ropous. 

ORTHOTROP'Ic,  growing  erect, 
as  stems  in  contrast  with 
leaves,  etc.  Compare  Pla- 
giotropic. 

ORTHOT'ROPOUS,  (1)  applied  to 
an  ovule  or  seed  in  which  the 
hilum  coincides  with  the  cha- 
laza  and  the  micropyle  occu- 
pies the  apex  opposite.  Com- 
pare Anatropous.  (2)  Applied 
to  the  embryo  it  means  the 
opposite  of  antitropous,  i.e., 
having  the  radicle  next  the 
hilum,  as  in  anatropous  seeds. 

OSCILLATING,  see  Versatile. 
119 


Osmose 


A  DICTIONARY 


Palmate 


tiS'MOSE,  the  mutual  diffusion  of 
liquids  of  differeut  deusities 
through  a  membrane.  It  is 
the  peculiar  property  of  os- 
mose that  the  denser  fluid 
absorbs  from  the  other 
through  the  membrane  more 
than  it  gives  in  exchange. 
The  imbibition  of  fluids  by 
roots  is  due  partially  to  os- 
mose (endosmose),  the  fluid 
within  the  plant  being  denser 
than  that  in  the  soil.  The  out- 
ward diffusion  of  fluid  from 
the  plant  into  the  soil,  which 
takes  place  in  a  feeble  degree, 
is  termed  Exosmose. 

dSMO'SIS,  see  Osmose. 

OSSEOUS,  bony  in  texture. 

OSSIFIED,  become  like  bone,  as 
a  peach-stone. 

dS'TIOLE,  a  small  orifice,  as  that 
in  a  perithecium  for  the  dis- 
charge of  spores. 

tiSTI'OLUM,  see  Ostiole. 

OUTER  GLUMES,  see  Empty 
Glumes. 

O'VAL,  about  twice  as  long  as 
broad,  with  regular  curved 
outlines;  broadly  elliptical. 

OVARIUM  (pi.  Ova'ria),  see 
Ovary. 

O'vAry,  the  part  of  a  pistil  con- 
taining the  ovules  or  seeds. 

O'VATE,  like  a  longitudinal  sec- 
tion of  an  ordinary  hen's  egg, 
with  the  attachment,  if  any, 
at  the  broad  end.  Compare 
Ovoid. 

OVIFORM,  see  Ovoid. 

6'VOID,  of  the  shape  of  a  hen's 
egg,  aud  attached,  if  at  all,  at 
the  large  end.  Compare  Ovate. 

O'VULE,  the  seed  previous  to  fer- 
tilization. 

OVULIFEROUS,  bearing  ovules. 

O'VUM  (pi.  O'va),  see  Oosphere. 


PAOHYPHYL'LOUS,  thick-leaved. 

PAD,  a  popular  name  for  the  leaf 
of  a  water-lily. 

PAG'INA  (pi.  Pa^'ime),  the  sur- 
face of  an  organ,  especially  the 
upper  or  lower  surface  of  a 
leaf. 

PAlNT'ED,  haviug  colors  dis- 
posed in  streaks  of  unequal 
intensity.     (Rare.) 

PAIRED,  see  Conjugate. 

PALMACEOUS,  see  Paleaceous. 

PAL'ATE,  the  convex  base  of  the 
lower  lip  of  a  personate  corolla, 
as  in  snap-dragon. 

PALE,  see  Palet. 

PA'LEA  (pi.  Pa'leae),  (1)  the  inner 
bract  of  a  flower  in  grasses 
(palet);  (2)  one  of  the  bracts 
or  scales  upon  the  receptacle 
in  Composite.  Also  used  by 
some  for  Ramentum. 

PALEACEOUS,  chaff-like;  bear- 
ing chaff  or  chaffy  scales;  con- 
sisting of  chaff. 

PALEOBOTANY,  see  Fossil 
Botany. 

PAlE'OLA  (pi.  Pale'olae),  see  Lod- 

ICULE. 

PALEOPHYTOL'OGY,  see  Fossil 
Botany. 

PAL'ET,  the  inner  bract  or  chaff 
of  a  flower  in  grasses;  former- 
ly known'  as  the  upper  palet; 
palea.     Compare  Glume. 

PALISADE'  CELLS,  elongated 
cells  perpendicular  to  the  epi- 
dermis in  the  upper  side  of 
most  leaves. 

PALLES'CENT,  somewhat  pale. 

PAL'LID,  pale;  wan;  deficient  in 
color. 

PALM,  three  inches. 

PAL'MATE,  lobed  or  divided  so 
that  the  sinuses  all  point  to- 
ward the  apex  of  the  petiole, 
either  moderately  as  in  the 
maple-leaf,  or  more  deeply, 
20 


Palmated 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Panicle 


when  it  is  sometimes  improp- 
erly called  pedate,  or  so  as  to 
make  the  leaf  compound  when 
it  is  digitate. 

PAL'MATED,  see  Palmate. 

PAL  MATELY  CLEFT,  having  the 
sinuses  in  a  palmate  leaf  reach- 
ing about  half  way  to  the  base; 
palmatifid. 

PAL  MATELY  COMPOUND,  hav- 
ing the  leaflets  all  attached  to 
the  apex  of  the  petiole;  digi- 
tate. 

PAL  MATELY  DIVI'DED,  cleft  to 
the  base  in  a  palmate  manner, 
hut  not  compound;  palmati- 
sect. 

PAL  MATELY  LOF.ED,  having  the 
lobes  directed  toward  the  apex 
of  the  petiole. 

PAL'MATELY  NERVED,  some- 
times applied  to  palmately 
veined  leaves  in  endogens; 
palm-nerved ;  palmin erved. 

PAL'MATELY  PARTED,  cleft 
nearly  to  the  base  in  a  pal- 
mate manner. 

PAL'MATELY  VEINED,  having 
the  principal  veins  proceeding 
from  the  apex  of  the  petiole, 
as  in  palmate  leaves;  palm- 
veined;  palmiveined;  radiate- 
veined. 

PALMAT'IFID,  see  Palmately 
Cleft. 

PALMAT  ILOBED,  see  Palmate- 
ly Lobed. 

PALMAtIpAR'TITE,  see  Pal- 
mately Parted. 

PAlmAT'ISECT,  see  Palmately 
Divided.  Sometimes  improp- 
erly used  for  Palmately  Parted. 

PAL'MINERVED,  see  Palmately 
Nerved. 

PALM-NERVED,  see  Palmately 
Nerved. 

PALM-VEINED,  see  Palmately 
Veined. 


PAL'fJDINE,  see  Paltjstrine. 

PALU'DINOUS,  see  Paltjstrine. 

PAL'tJDOSE,  see  Paltjstrine. 

PALTJS'TRINE,  growing  in 
marshes  or  swamps;  palu- 
dine;  paludinous;  paludose; 
uliginose;  uliginous. 

PANCHE,  have  pale  faint  stripes. 

PAN'DtJRATE,     see      Panduri- 

FORM. 

PANDU'RIfORM,  obovate,  with 
one  or  two  large  sinuses  or 
concavities  in  each  side,  like  the 
body  of  a  violin;  fiddle-shaped. 

PANGEN'ESIS,  a  theory  proposed 
by  Charles  Darwin  to  account 
for  the  reproduction  of  every 
part  of  an  organism.  It  is,  that 
each  separate  part  of  the  indi- 
vidual throws  off  minute  re- 
productive gemmules,  which 
are  capable  of  multiplication, 
and  may  be  transmitted  from 
generation  to  generation. 
Spores  and  seeds  are  abun- 
dantly supplied  with  these 
gemmules  from  all  parts  of 
the  organism,  and  therefore 
specially  fitted  for  reproduc- 
tion. If  other  parts  can  serve 
for  propagation,  it  is  because 
gemmules  from  the  remaining 
parts  are  present; — if  a  cutting 
"  strikes  root,"  for  example,  it 
is  because  it  contains  root  gem- 
mules. Atavism  is  caused  by 
dormant  gemmules  from  a  pre- 
vious generation.  A  modifica- 
tion of  this  theory  proposed  by 
De  Vries  is  that  each  cell  con- 
tains all  the  essential  elements 
for  the  reproduction  of  the 
plant,  the  protoplasm  con- 
taining a  vast  number  of  self- 
reproductive  particles  (pan- 
gens)  which  transmit  the 
characters  of  the  individual. 

PAN'ICLE,  a  branched  raceme, 
as  in  oats.  Panicles  are  either 
determinate    or  indeterminate 


121 


Panicled 


A   DICTIONARY 


Paraheliotropism 


ia  their  mode  of  inflorescence. 
If  the  former  they  are  called 
"cymose;"  if  the  latter,  "  bot- 
ryose."  They  have  a  variety 
of  shapes,  the  typical  form  be- 
ing loose  and  spreading,  with 
repeatedly  branched  peduncles, 
as  in  many  grasses.  Panicles 
of  certain  forms  have  received 
special  names.  A  compact 
panicle  like  that  of  lilac  is 
called  a  thyrsus;  a  spike- 
shaped  pauicle  like  that  of 
wheat  is  usually  called  a  spike, 
or  compound  spike;  a  corymb 
might  be  called  a  level-topped 
centripetal  panicle,  and  a  cyme 
a  similar  centrifugal  panicle. 

PAn'ICLED,  see  Paniculate. 

PANICULATE,  resembling  a 
panicle;  furnished  with  pani- 
cles; arranged  in  panicles; 
panicled. 

PAniCULATED,  see  Panicu- 
late. 

PANIC'ULIFORM, panicle-shaped. 

PAN'NArY,  pertaining  to  bread; 
suitable  for  making  bread. 

PAN'NIFORM,  thick  and  spongy, 
like  coarse  cloth. 

PAn'NOSE,  (1)  having  a  felted 
coat  of  hairs.  Compare  Floc- 
cose  and  Manicate.  (2)  Hav- 
ing the  texture  of  coarse  cloth; 
panniform. 

PANSPERMIA,  the  theory  that 
seeds  and  spores  are  every- 
where present,  ready  to  be 
developed  upon  favorable  op- 
portunity. 

PA'PERY,  see  Chartaceous. 

PAPILIONACEOUS,  having  flow- 
ers, as  in  the  Papilionacese,  a 
tribe  of  the  Leguminosoe  or  pea 
family;  i.e.,  with  a  large  upper 
or  posterior  petal  called  the 
vexillum,  two  lateral  petals 
called  wings,  and  two  small 


inferior    petals    more   or    less 
united  into  a  carina  or  keel. 

PAPIL'lA  (pi.  Papil'lae),  a  small 
soft,  elongated  teat-shaped  pro- 
tuberance. Compare  Mam tlla 
and  Wart. 

PAp'ILLARY,  having  or  resem- 
bling papillae.  Compare  Ver- 
rucobe. 

PAPILLATE,  having  papillae; 
papuliferous.  Compare  Mam- 
illate. 

|  PAPULIFEROUS,    see     Papil- 

i         LATE. 

PAPIL'LIFORM,  in  the  form  of  a 
papilla. 

PAP'ILLOSE,  papillate  or  papil- 
lary; especially,  covered  with 
papillae. 

PAPPIF'EROUS,  bearing  a  pappus, 
as  the  seeds  of  thistle. 

pAP'PIFdRM,  like  a  pappus. 

PAPPOSE',  pappiferous  or  pap- 
piform. 

PAP'PUS,  the  calyx  in  Composi- 
te, especially  when  developed 
in  a  hairy  or  feathery  manner 
to  effect  the  dispersion  of  the 
seed.     Compare  Coma. 

pAP'tilA  (pi.  Pap'ulae),  see  Pa- 
pilla. 

PAP'ULOUS,  see  Papillose. 

PAPYRA  CEOUS,  papery;  charta- 
ceous. 

pArAcOROL'lA,  see  Crown. 

PAR'ACYST,  a  term  proposed  by 
Tulasne,  but  not  generally 
adopted,  for  De  Bary's  term 
Pollinodium. 

PArAhELIOT'ROPISM,  the  pow- 
er which  certain  leaves  have 
when  placed  in  bright  sunlight 
of  placing  their  surfaces  paral- 
lel to  the  rays  of  light;  diurnal 
sleep.  Compare  Diaheliot- 
ropism. 


122 


Parallel  Nerved        OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Paratonic 


PARALLEL  NERVED,  see  Par- 
allel Veined. 

PARALLEL  VEINED,  having  the 

veius  or  the  principal  ones  par- 
allel, or  merely  diverging:  op- 
posed to  Reticulate  veined  and 
characteristic  of  the  veins  (or 
nerves)  of  endogens.  Iu  some 
exogens,  however,  as  the  beech, 
the  principal  lateral  veius  are 
parallel,  but  in  exogens  the 
term  parallel  veined  is  not  ap- 
plied, the  condition  being  ex- 
pressed iu  examples  like  this 
by  the  special  term  pinnately 
veined. 

PArAmI'TOM,  a  name  given  by 
Flemming  to  the  more  fluid 
portion  of  the  cell-substance 
which  is  contained  in  the 
meshes  of  the  mitom  or  net- 
work of  threads.  It  is  the 
paraplasma  of  Kupffer. 

PArANE'MAtA  (sing.  Parane'- 
ma),  paraphyses  among  the 
spores  of  Fucus  and  other 
algoe.      (Obs.)      See   Pakaph- 

YBES. 

PARANUCLE'OLtJS  (pi  Paranu- 
clei oil),  oue  of  the  additional  or 
secondary  nucleoli  in  a  nu- 
cleus,   when   there    are    more 

than  one. 

PARANU'CLEUS  ipl.  Paranuclei), 
an  object  resembling  an  addi- 
tional nucleus— generally  ad- 
joining the  true  nucleus  and 
in  some  cases  budded  off  from 
it;  lateral  nucleus. 

PARAPET'ALOUS,  standing  by 
the  side  of  a  petal,  as  stamens 
in  some  Rosacese. 

PARAPHYL'LUM  (pi.  Paraphyl'- 
la),  a  foliaceous  expansion 
which  is  not  a  true  leaf,  as 
the  large  stipules  of  the  pea. 
Especially  one  of  the  leaf-like 
scaly  hairs  among  the  true 
leaves  in  mosses. 


PARAPH'YSES  (sing.  Paraphasia  |, 
sterile  filaments  among  repro- 
ductive bodies  of  various  kinds, 
as  those  among  the  archegonia 
and  autheridia  in  certain  moss- 
es, among  the  asci  in  Ascomy- 
cetes,  and  among  the  basidia 
in  Basidiomycetes. 

PAR'ASITE,  a  plant  which  grows 
upon  or  within  another  living 
body,  from  which  it  derives  a 
part  or  the  whole  of  its  nour- 
ishment. Compare  Sapro- 
phyte. 

PARASITE  -  SAPROPHYTE,  a 
parasite  which  kills  its  host, 
then  continues  to  feed  upon  it. 

PARAsiT'IC  CASTRA'TION,  ster- 
ility of  a  reproductive  organ 
caused  by  a  parasite. 

PAR'AsITISED,  affected  by  a  par- 
asite; having  a  parasite  grow- 
ing upon  or  within  it. 

PARASITISM,  the   condition   of 

being  a  parasite. 
PArAstA'MEN,     see    Stamino- 

DIUM. 

PARASTE'MON,     see     Stamino- 

divm. 
PARAS'TI€HY,  a  whorl,  or  spiral 

row  of  organs.     Compare  Or- 

THOSTICHY. 

PAR'ASTYLE,  an  abortive  style. 

PARATON'IC,  depressing  or  re- 
tarding:  opposed  to  stimu- 
lating. Applied  mainly  to 
certain  spontaneous  move- 
ments of  plants,  such  as  the 
"sleep"  of  leaves,  induced  by 
the  withdrawal  of  the  usual 
stimulus,  in  distinction  from 
movements  caused  by  mechan- 
ical or  artificial  irritation. 
Sometimes  applied  to  all 
movements  of  organs  which 
are  produced  by  the  presence 
or  absence  of  external  stimuli. 
The  term  is  also  applied  to  the 
condition  of  plants  when  unu- 


123 


Parenchyma 


A  DICTIONARY 


Patulous 


sually  insensitive  to  stimuli  of  j 
any  kind.  Compare  Photo- 
tonic. 
pAREN'CHYMA,  all  tissue  com- 
posed of  cells  -which  do  not 
have  tapering  extremities.  Es- 
pecially soft  cellular  tissue  like 
that  of  pith  and  the  pulp  of 
leaves.      Compare       Prosen- 

CHYMA  and  SCLERENCHYMA. 

PARENCHYMATOUS,  pertaining 
to,  containing,  or  resembling 
parenchyma;  spongy;  porous. 

PA'RIEg  (pi.  Pari'etes),  the  wall 
of  any  eu closing  body. 

PARI'ETAL,  belonging  to  or  situ- 
ated upon  the  wall,  as  ovules 
or  seeds  upon  the  wall  of  the 
pericarp. 

PARIPIN'NATE,  see  Abruptly 
Pinnate. 

PARbZ'CIOUS,  having  male  and 
femafe  "  flowers"  in  mosses 
placed  close  together.  (Les- 
quereux  and  James.) 

PARTED,  divided  nearly  to  the 
base. 

PARTHENOG/EN'ESIS,  the  occa- 
sional production  of  true  spores 
or  seeds  without  fertilization. 
Compare  Apogamy. 

PAR  THENOSPORE,  a  spore  in 
certain  algae  resembling  a  zygo- 
spore, but  produced  without 
conjugation. 

PAR'TIAL,  secondary  or  subor- 
dinate. 

PARTIAL  IN'VOLUCRE,  one 
which  subtends  a  subordinate 
part  of  an  inflorescence,  as  a 
partial  or  secondary  umbel. 

PARTIAL  PEDUN'CLE,  a  branch 
of  an  inflorescence  (pedicel) 
bearing  more  than  one  flower. 

PARTIAL  PET'IOLE,  a  division 
of  a  petiole  bearing  one  or  more 
leaflets;  petiolule. 

PARTIAL  UMBEL,  one  of  the 
parts  or  secondary  umbels  of 

1 


a    compound    umbel;    umbel  - 
lule;  umbellet. 

PARTIBLE,  capable  of  being 
readily  divided,  but  not  divid- 
ing spontaneously. 

PAR'TITE,  see  Parted. 

PARTI'TION,  see  Septum. 

PAR'VUS,  relatively  small. 

PASTEUR'ISM,  a  term  applied  by 
some  writers  to  the  protective 
or  prophylactic  inoculation  of 
the  attenuated  virus  of  certain 
diseases,  especially  of  hydro- 
phobia, as  devised  by  Louis 
Pasteur.  The  older  term  Vac- 
ciuation,  however,  is  being  very 
properly  extended  to  all  opera- 
tions involving  this  principle. 
Compare  Pasteurization. 

PASTETJRlZ ACTION,  the  preserva- 
tion of  wines  or  other  ferment- 
ed liquids  by  destroying  the 
fungi  and  their  spores  that 
would  produce  further  and 
deleterious  changes.  This  is 
effected  by  prolonged  heating 
to  a  moderate  degree  (about 
140°  F.)  for  the  purpose  of 
inducing  the  germination  and 
subsequent  destruction  of  the 
spores  which  are  present. 

PATEL'LA  (pi.  Patel'ks),  a  form 
of  sessile  apothecium  in  li- 
chens.    (Obs.) 

PATEL'LiFORM,  kneepan  shap- 
ed; in  the  form  of  a  watch- 
crystal  or  shallow  saucer,  espe- 
cially if  thickened  like  a  knee- 
pan. 

PAT'ENT,  spreading  nearly  at 
right  angles. 

pAtH'FLNDER,  see  Nectar- 
guide. 

pATHO<j£N'IC,  disease  -  produc- 
ing; pathogenetic. 

pAthol'O^Y,  see  Vegetable 
Pathology. 

PAT'ULOUS,  slightly  spreading. 
24 


Pauci- 


OF   BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Peltate 


PATJCI-,  a  Latin  prefix:  few. 

PAUgiFLO'ROUS,  few-flowered. 

PEAR  FORM,  see  Pear-shaped. 

PEAR-SHAPED,  ovoid  or  obo- 
void,  and  contracted  at  the 
sides  like  the  Eartlett  pear. 
Compare  Tear-shaped. 

PECTINATE,  having  close  nar- 
row divisions  like  the  teeth  of 
a  comb.  Applied  also  by  De 
Bary  to  two  series  of  fibro vas- 
cular bundles  when  the  mem- 
bers of  each  alternate  with  those 
of  the  other,  like  the  teeth  of 
two  combs. 

PflD'ATE,  palmately  parted  or 
divided  into  somewhat  linear 
lobes,  with  two  strong  lateral 
lobes  from  each  of  which  some- 
what linear  divisions  arise,  as 
in  the  maidenhair  fern  and 
Viola  pedata.  Compare  Pal- 
mate. 

PED'ATELY  CLflFT,  see  Pedat- 
ifid. 

PED'ATELY  VEINED,  having  no 
mid-vein,  but  with  two  strong 
lateral  veins,  from  each  of 
which  others  originate  which 
extend  toward  the  apex;  pe- 
datinerved.  Compare  Pal- 
mately Veined. 

PEDAT'IFID,  divided  in  a  pedate 
manner  about  half-way  to  the 
base;  pedately  cleft. 

PEDAT  INERVED.see  Pedately 
Veined. 

PEDAtIpAR'TITE,  pedately 
veined  and  lobed  with  the 
sinuses  reaching  nearly  to  the 
principal  veins. 

PED'ICEL,  a  branch  of  an  inflo- 
rescence, supporting  one  or 
more  flowers.  Also  applied 
to  a  little  stalk  or  support  of 
any  kind.  In  orchids  it  is  a 
portion  of  the  pollinium  in 
some  genera  which  is  derived 
from  the  rostellum  and  con- 


nects the  caudicles  with  the 
retinaculum.  Compare  Foot- 
stalk and  Peduncle. 

PEDICELLATE,  having  a  pedi- 
cel; pedicelled. 

PED'igELLED,  see  Pedicellate. 

PEDIC'ULATE,  see  Pedicellate. 

PEDUN'CLE,  the  stalk  of  an  in- 
florescence, whether  of  one 
flower  or  more.  Compare 
Pedicel  and  Partial  Pe- 
duncle. 

PEDUN'CLED,      see      Peduncu- 

LATE. 

PEDtJN'CULAR,  pertaining  to  or 
serving  as  a  peduncle;  grow- 
ing upon  or  attached  to  the 
side  of  a  peduncle,  as  a  pedun- 
cular tendril. 

PEDTJN'CULATE,  having  a  pedun- 
cle, as  a  pedunculate  flower  or 
inflorescence;  ped uncled. 

PEG,  a  lip  or  projection  at  the 
lower  end  of  the  hypocoty]  in 
Cucurbitaceae  which  serves  in 
germination  to  hold  the  seed- 
coats  down  while  the  cotyle- 
dons are  withdrawn. 

PELAGIAN,  see  Pelagic. 

PELAGIC,  pertaining  to  the  deep 
sea;  widely  dispersed  through 
the  ocean;  pelagian. 

PEL'LICLE,  a  distinct,  firm,  and 
in  some  cases  separable,  outer 
layer  of  the  cortex  in  lichens 
and  some  other  fleshy  fungi. 

PELLUCID,  translucent. 

PELO'RlA,  a  regular  condition  in 
flowers  which  are  usually  ir- 
regular. See  Regular  and 
Irregular  Peloria. 

PEL'TA  (pi.  Pel'tse),  an  obsolete 
term  for  certain  target-shaped 
apothecia  in  lichens. 

PEL'TATE,     shield-     or     target- 
shaped;  circular,  and  fixed  by 
the  lower  surface,   especially 
the  centre  of  it. 
25 


Peltately  Veined 


A  DICTIONARY 


Perianth 


PEL'TATELY  VEINED,  having 
veins  radiating  in  all  direc- 
tions from  the  summit  of  the 
petiole,  as  in  a  peltate  leaf. 

PEL'VIFORM,  shaped  like  the 
cavity  of  the  pelvis;  basin- 
shaped.  (Rare.)  See  Aceta- 
buliform  and  Cotyliform. 

PENCILED,  marked  with  fine 
distinct  lines  as  if  with  a  pen- 
cil. 

PENCILLED,  see  Penciled. 

PENDENT,  hanging  directly 
downward.  Compare  Cer- 
nous  and  Drooping. 

PflN'DULOUS,  hanging  down- 
ward more  than  cernous, 
nearly  vertically. 

PENICIL'lATE,  bordered  or 
tipp'ed  with  fine  hairs  like 
those  of  a  camel's-hair  pen- 
cil.    Compare  Penciled. 

PENICIL'LIFORM,  like  a  camel's- 
hair  pencil. 

PEN'NATE,  see  Pinnate. 

PEN'NIFORM,  in  the  form  of  a 
feather  or  plume. 

PEN'NINERVED,  see  Pinnately 
Veined. 

PENTA-,  a  Greek  prefix:  five. 

PENTAcAR'PELLARY,  having  an 
ovary  with  five  carpels. 

PENTAcoCCOUS,  of  five  cocci. 

PENTACYC'LIC,  in  five  whorls. 

PENTAG'YNOUS,  of  five  pistils  or 
styles. 

PENTAm'EROUS,  of  five  parts: 
said  of  a  flower  having  five 
organs  in  each  whorl.  Some- 
times written  5-merous. 

PENTAN'DROtJS,  having  five  sta- 
mens. 

PENTAPET'ALOUS,  of  five  petals. 

PENTAPHYL'LOtJS,  five-leaved; 
applied  mainly  to  the  parts  of 
the  calyx;  peutasepalous. 

PENTAP'TEROtJS,  five-winged. 

1 


PENTASEP'ALOtJS,  of  five  sepals; 
pentaphyllous. 

PENTAsPER'MOtJS,  five-seeded. 

PENTAS'TICHOUS,  in  five  ver- 
tical ranks. 

PE'PO,  a  cucurbitaceous  fruit,  as 
a  melon  or  gourd.  It  is  inde- 
hisceut,  fleshy,  inferior,  poly- 
carpellary,  and  has  a  thick, 
more  or  less  hardened,  rind. 

PERAPHYL'LUM,  an  accrescent 
foliaceous  calyx,  as  in  quiuce. 
(Obs.) 

PERCUR'RENT,runningthrough- 
out,  as  a  midrib  through  the 
entire  length  of  a  leaf  to  the 
extreme  apex. 

PERENNIAL,  adj.,  living  more 
than  two  years. 

PEREN'NIAL,  u.,  a  plant  which 
lives  more  tban  two  years. 

PEREN'NIAL  HERB,  a  plant 
that  lives  from  year  to  year, 
but  dies  to  the  ground  or 
nearly  so  at  the  close  of  each 
season. 

PERFECT,  containing  both  sta- 
mens and  pistils;  hermaphro- 
dite; bisexual.  Compare  Com- 
plete. 

PERFO'LIATE,  said  of  a  leaf 
which  is  united  around  the 
stem  at  its  base.  Compare 
Connate. 

PERFORATE,  pierced  with  small 
round  holes.  Compare  Per- 
tuse  and  Punctate. 

PERGAME'NEOtJS,    see    Perga- 

MENTACEOUS. 

PERGAmENTA'CEOUS,         like 

parchment.  (Rare.)  See 
Chartaceous. 
PER'lANTH,  the  calyx  and  co- 
rolla taken  together,  or  calyx 
alone  when  there  is  no  corolla. 
Used  mainly  where  calyx  and 
corolla  are  much  alike,  as  in 
lilies.  Formerly  applied  to  the 
26 


Perianthomania       OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Perisperm 


calyx  only,  or  to  calyx  and  in- 
volucre. 

PERlAN'THitiM,  see  Perianth. 

PERIANTHOMANIA,  an  unnatu- 
ral multiplication  of  sepals, 
bracts,  etc. 

PER'IBLEM,  the  primordial  cor- 
tex, i.e.,  the  layer  of  nascent 
cortex  beneath  the  dermatogeu. 

PERICAM'BIUM,  see  Phloem- 
sheath. 

PERICARP,  the  -wall  of  a  ripened 
ovary  or  seed-vessel.  Some- 
times improperly  applied  to 
husks  or  other  protective  cov- 
erings surrounding  the  fruit. 

PER'ICH-ETH,  the  involucre  of 
leaves  around  the  base  of  the 
seta  (or  sessile  capsule)  in 
mosses;  also  around  the  ar- 
chegonia  in  Marchantia,  etc.; 
perichsetium. 

PERICHJTTIAL,  belonging  or 
pertaining  to  the  perichaeth. 

PERICH-E'TiUM,       see       Peki- 

CH^ETH. 

PERICLA'DIUM,  a  sheathing  peti- 
ole in  exogens,  as  iu  many 
Umbel  lifera?.     (Rare.) 

PERICLI'NAL,  said  of  cell-walls 
or  any  lines  when  parallel  with 
the  outer  surface  of  the  plant 
or  organ.  Compare  Anticli- 
nal. The  annual  rings  of  a 
trunk,  for  example,  extend 
in  a  periclinal  direction,  and 
the  medullary  rays  in  an  anti- 
clinal. 

PERICLlN'IUM,  a  name  for  the 
involucre  in  Composite. 

PER  ICYCLE,  the  outer  portion 
of  the  central  or  hbrovascular 
cylinder. 

PERIDERM,  see  Epiphlozum. 
Also  applied  to  the  cell-wall 
or  any  other  enclosing  mem- 
brane. 

PERIDI'OLUM  (pi.  Peridi'ola),  di- 


minutive of  Peridium:  a  sec- 
ondary or  interior  peridium 
containing  a  hymeniuin,  as  in 
Crucibulum. 

PERID'ltJM  (pi.  Perid'ia),  the  cov- 
ering of  almost  any  closed 
spore-case,  or  fungus-fruit,  as 
of  a  puff-ball. 

PER'IGONE,  see  Pekianth. 

PERIGO'NIUM  (pi.  Perigonia), 
see  Pekianth.  Sometimes 
used  for  Perichseth. 

PERIGYN  IUM  (pi.  Perigyn'Ia),  a 
term  applied  to  various  appen- 
dages of  unusual  or  doubtful 
character  surrounding  the  pis- 
til, as  the  sac -like  envelope 
(utriculus)  surrounding  the 
ovary  in  Carex.  Also  used 
for  Perichteth  iu  Hepaticse  and 
mosses. 

PERIG'YNOUS,  adherent  to  the 
calyx  aud  free  from  the  ovary: 
said  of  stamens. 

PERIPET'ALOUS,  around  the 
petals. 

PERIPHERIC,  situated  around 
the  outside  or  periphery. 

PERIPHLO'EM,  see  Phloem- 
sheath. 

PERIPHORAN'THiUM,  see  Peri- 

CLIMITM. 

PERIPHYL'LUM  (pi.  Periphyl'la), 
see  Lodicule. 

PERIPLASM,  a  hyaline  periph- 
eral layer  of  protoplasm;  ecto- 
plasm. Especially,  in  Pero- 
nosporea?,  a  part  of  the 
protoplasm  iu  the  oogonium 
aud  antheridium  which  does 
not  take  part  iu  fertilization. 
Compare  Gonoplasm. 

PERIP'TEROUS,  surrounded  by 
a  wiug-like  expansion. 

PER  ISPERM,  the  albumen  of  a 
seed,  especially  that  formed 
outside  the  embryo-sac.  Some- 
times applied  also  to  the  seed- 


121 


Perispermic 


A  DICTIONARY 


Phaenocarpous 


coat  and  to  the  pericarp.  Com- 
pare Endosperm. 

PERISPER'MIC,  furnished  with 
perisperm. 

PERISPORAN'GTUM,    see    Indu- 

8IUM. 

PflR'ISPORE,  a  covering  of  one  or 
more  spores,  as  the  cell  or  sac 
in  which  tetraspores  are  formed. 

PERISTOME,  the  fringe  of  teeth 
around  the  mouth  of  the  cap- 
sule in  mosses. 

PERITHELIUM  (pi.  Perithelia), 
the  receptacle  containing  the 
asci  in  Ascomycetes.  Com- 
monly applied  in  a  general 
way  to  the  whole  ascocarp. 

PERIT'ROPAL,  see  Peritro- 
pous. 

PERIT'ROPOUS,  having  the  axis 
of  the  seed  perpendicular  to 
that  of  the  pericarp.     (Rare.) 

PJSRIZO'NIUM,  a  thin  non-sili- 
cious  membrane  of  a  young 
auxospore  in  Diatomaceae. 

PERPENDICULAR  SYS'TEM,  see 

FlBROVASCULAR  SYSTEM. 

PERSISTENT,  remaining  longer 
than  usual,  as  parts  of  _  the 
iiower  which  remain  (either 
living  or  dead)  until  the  fruit 
is  ripe,  or  leaves  which  die  but 
remain  upon  the  tree  during 
winter. 

PER'SONATE,  labiate,  with  the 
throat  nearly  closed  by  a  pro- 
jection in  the  lower  lip  called 
the  palate;  masked.     Compare 

RlNGENT. 

PERSPIRATION,  see  Transpi- 
ration. 

PERTUS'ATE,  see  Pertuse. 

PERTUSE',  having  slits  or  holes; 
perforate. 

PERTUSED',  see  Pertuse. 

PER'ULA  (pi.  Per'ulae),  see  Per- 
ule. 

PER'ULATE,  having  perules. 


PER'ULE,  see  Bud-scale. 

PETAL,  a  leaf  of  a  corolla; 
flower-leaf. 

PETALED,  having  petals;  pet- 
al ous:  opposed  to  Apetalotis. 
Used  mainly  in  compouuds,  as 
five-petaled. 

PETALIF'EROIJS,  bearing  petals. 
PETAL'IFORM,    shaped    like    a 

petal. 
PET  ALINE,  see  Petaloid. 

PETALODE,  an  organ  resembling 

a  petal;  a  false  petal. 
PETAL'ODY,    the    conversion  of 

other  floral  organs  into  petals. 

PETALOID,  petal-like  in  texture, 
color,  and  form;  petaliue. 
Compare  Corallaceous. 

PETALOMANlA,  any  unusual 
development  of  the  petals. 
Not  usually  applied  to  ordi- 
nary doubling,  but  to  some  re- 
markable development  in  size 
or  form. 

PETALOUS,  see  Petaled. 

PET'IOLAR,  pertaining  to  or 
having  a  petiole;  borne  on  a 
petiole,  as  a  petiolar  gland  or 
tendril. 

PET'IOLARY,  pertaining  to  a 
petiole. 

PET'IOLATE,  having  a  petiole; 
petioled. 

PET'IOLE,  the  stem  or  foot-stalk 
of  a  leaf.  Compare  Stipe  aud 
Peduncle. 

PET'IOLED,  see  Petiolate. 

PETIOL'ULAR,  pertaining  to  the 
petiole  of  a  leaflet. 

PET'IOLtJLE,  see  Partial  Pet- 
iole. 

PEZ'IZOID,  in  the  shape  of  Pe- 
ziza;  cyathiform,  or  nearly  so. 

PHJSNOCAR'POUS,     having    the 
fruit  free  from  the   perianth. 
(Rare.) 
128 


Phaeocyst 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Phototonic 


PH.&N5G  AMOUS,  see  Phenoga- 
mous. 

PH-ENOLOGICAl,  see  Peno- 
logical,. 

PHiE'OgYST,  an  old  term  for 
Nucleus. 

PHA'LANX  (pi.  Phalange?),  a 
bundle  of  more  or  less  cohe- 
rent stamens  with  broad  fila- 
ments,  as  in  some  Malvaceae. 
Compare  Adelphia. 

PHAN'EROgAM,  see  Phenogam. 

PHANERGgAMIAN,  seePHENOG- 

AMOU8. 

PHANEROGAMIC,  see  Phenog- 

AJIOUS. 

PHANEROGAMOUS,  see  Phenog- 

AMOUS 

PHEL'LEM,  cork. 

PHEL'LODERM,  green  cells  be- 
neath the  cork  formed  from 
the  inner  layers  of  the  phel- 
logen;  cork-cortex. 

PHEL'LdGflN,  the  inner  active 
growing  layers  of  cork-tissue; 
cork-cambium;  cork-meristem. 

PHE'NOgAM,  a  flowering  plant, 
i.e.,  one  which  produces  true 
seeds;  phanerogam.  Compare 
Cryptogam. 

PHENOGA'MIAN,   see    Phenog- 

AMOUS. 

PHENOGAm'IC,  see  Phenog- 
amous. 

PHENOG  AMOUS,  producing  true 
flowers  and  seeds.  Compare 
Cryptogamous. 

PHENOLOG'ICAL,  applied  to  the 
blossoming  of  plants,  and  other 
periodical  phenomena  of  plants 
and  animals;  phonological. 

PHLO  EM,  that  portion  of  a  fibro- 
vascular  bundle  which  contains 
the  bast  and  sieve  tissue;  lep- 
tome.  In  exogeus  it  is  always 
sharply  defined  from  the  re- 
maining portion  (xylem)  by  a 
layer  of  cambium.     The  inner 


bark  is  derived  from  thephloGm, 
and  the  wood  from  the  xylem. 

PHLO'llM-RAY,  a  ray  or  plate  of 
phloem  between  two  medullary 
rays.  It  is  an  outward  con- 
tinuation of  a  xylem-ray. 

PHLO'EM-SHEATH,  a  layer  of 
thin-walled  cells  surrounding 
the  fibrovascular  cylinder  next 
within  the  cortex — usually 
better  defined  in  roots  than 
in  stems;  bast-sheath;  peri- 
phloem;  pericambium;  vascu- 
lar bundle-sheath. 

PHORAn'THIUM,     see     Antho- 

DIUM. 

PHOTO  -  EP'INASTY,  downward 
curvature  due  to  the  presence 
of    light.      Compare    Photo- 

HYPONA8TY. 

PHOTO  -  HY'PONASTY,  upward 
curvature  due  to  increased  il- 
luminatiou.  Photo  -  epinasty 
and  photo  -  hyponasty  should 
be  distinguished  from  heliot- 
ropism,  as  the  curvatures  are 
in  the  directions  stated,  from 
whatever  direction  the  light 
comes. 

PHOTOTAX'IS,  taking  a  definite 
position  with  reference  to  the 
incident  rays  of  light,  as  cer- 
tain desmids  and  the  leaves  of 
the  compass-plant,  SUphium, 
laciniatum. 

PHOTOTdN'IC,  a  term  applied  to 
the  stimulating  influence  of 
light  upon  plants,  inducing  or 
increasing  irritability  and  ex- 
citability. Thus,  when  growth 
which  has  been  arrested  by 
prolonged  darkness  is  restored 
upon  admission  of  light,  the 
effect  is  termed  the  phototonic 
influence  of  the  light;  witli 
most  organs,  however,  growth 
is  more  rapid  iu  darkness. 
This  effect  of  light  iu  retard- 
ing growth  is  called  its  para- 
129 


Fhragma 


A  DICTIONARY 


Phylogeny 


tonic    influence.      See    Para- 
tonic. 

PHRAG'MA  (pi.  Phrag'mata),  a 
horizontal  false  dissepiment  in 
a  pericarp,  as  in  some  species 
of  Cassia.  Formerly  any  false 
dissepiment,  or  any  dissepi- 
ment. 

PHYCOCY'ANINE,  a  bluish  pig- 
ment, found  in  certain  marine 
algae. 

PHYCOERYTH  RINE,  the  reddish 
pigment  in  Florideae. 

PHYcOLOGY,  see  Algology. 

PHYCOmA,  the  whole  plant  in 
algae,  including  tballus  and  re- 
productive organs.     (Obs.) 

PHYCOMA'TER,  gelatine  contain- 
ing spores  in  algae.     (Obs.) 

PHYCOPH-E'INE,  the  brown  pig- 
ment of  Fucaceae  and  some 
other  algae. 

PHYCOXAN'THINE,  a  buff-col- 
ored pigment  in  diatoms  and 
certain  other  algae;  diatomine. 

PHY'LA,  pi.,  see  Phylum. 

PHYLLA'RIES,  an  old  term  for 
the  bracts  forming  the  invo- 
lucre of  the  flower-head  in 
Corapositae. 

PHYL'LOCLADE,  see  Phyllocla- 

DIUM. 

PHYLLOCLA'DIUM  (pi.  Phyllo- 
cla'dia),  a  flattened  branch 
Avhich  somewhat  resembles  a 
leaf,  as  in  Ruscus  and  Psilo- 
tum;  cladode;  cladodium; 
cladophyll;  ph}rlloclade.  Com- 
pare Phyllodium. 

PHYLLOCY'ANIN,  a  bluish  pig- 
ment which  with  phylloxan- 
thiue  forms  the  green  coloring 
matter  of  chlorophyll;  cyano- 
phyll. 

PHYL'LODE,  see  Phyllodium. 

PHYLLO'DltfM  (pi.  Phyllo'dia),  a 
dilated  petiole  taking  the  place 
of  a  blade. 


130 


PHYL'LODY,  the  reversion  of 
bracts  or  floral  organs  to 
leaves;  frondescence;  phyllo- 
morphy. 

PHYL'LOGEN,      see       Phyllo- 

PHORE. 

PHYLLOGENET'IC,  leaf -produc- 
ing. 

PHYLLOG'ENOTJS,  growing  upon 
leaves. 

PHYL'LOID,  leaf-like. 

PHYLLOMA'NIA,  an  abnormally 
abundant  growth  of  leaves,  or 
their  production  in  unusual 
places.  Compare  Pleio- 
phylly. 

PHYL'LOME,  a  general  term  for 
all  organs  which  are  morpho- 
logically leaves,  as  bracts, 
scales,  petals,  etc. 

PHYLLOM'IC,  pertaining  to  a  leaf 
or  phyllome. 

PHYL'LOMORPHY,     see     Phyl- 

LODY. 

PHYL'LOPHORE,  any  leaf-bear- 
ing organ,  especially  the  leaf- 
bearing  portion  of  the  stem  in 
palms. 

PHYLLOPO'DltJM,  the  branched 
or  unbrauched  axis  of  a  leaf, 
as  the  stipe  and  rachis  of  a 
frond,  au  ordinar}r  petiole,  or 
any  arrangement  which  serves 
as  an  axis  or  support  for  the 
expanded  portion  or  portions 
of  a  leaf. 

PHYLLOTAX'IS,  the  order  of 
arrangement  of  leaves  upon 
stems;  phyllotaxy. 

PHYL'LOTAXY,     see     Phyllo- 

TAXIS. 

PHYLLOXAN'THIN,  a  yellow  pig- 
ment associated  with  phyllo- 
cyanin  in  the  production  of 
chlorophyll;  xanthophyll. 

PHYL6GENY,  the  comparative 
study  of  the  development  of 
animals  or  plants.     It  seeks  to 


Phylum 


OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Pilus 


trace  the  origin  of  species,  va- 
rieties, etc.,  and  their  various 
organs  from  preexisting  forms. 
It  deals  with  the  history  of  a 
species  or  other  group,  in  dis- 
tinction from  Ontogeny,  which 
deals  with  the  history  of  an  in- 
dividual.    See  Evolution. 

PHYLUM  (pi.  Phy'la),  a  scale, 
group,  or  system  of  organisms 
arranged  in  the  manner  in 
which  its  individuals  or  subor- 
dinate groups  have  succeeded 
each  other  in  point  of  time. 

PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY,  the 
science  which  treats  of  how 
plants  live,  grow,  and  per- 
form their  various  functions; 
vegetable  physiology. 

PHYTOGEN  ESIS,  plant  reproduc- 
tion, germination,  and  devel- 
opment, or  the  science  which 
treats  of  these  processes;  phy- 
togeny. 

PHYTOGENY,  see  Phytogene- 
sis. 

PHYTOGEOG'RAPHY,  see  Geo- 
graphical Botany. 

PHYTOG'RAPHY,  descriptive  bot- 
any, including  both  the  de- 
scribing and  naming  of  plants. 
See  Vegetable  Taxonomy. 

PHY'TOID,  plant-like. 

PHY'TOLITE,  see  Phytolith. 

PHY'TOLITH,  a  fossil  petrified 
plant;  phytolite. 

PHYTOLITHOL'OGY,  see  Fossil 
Botany. 

PHYtOL'OGY,  see  Botany. 

PHYtOL'YSIS,  the  change  in 
position  undergone  by  the 
chlorophyll  of  a  cell  in  con- 
secpieuce  of  the  alternation  of 
day  and  night  or  of  the  in- 
tensity of  the  sunlight.  See 
Apostrophe,  Epistrophe, 
and  Systrophe. 

PHY'TOMER,  see  Phyton. 


PHY'TON,  an  internode  with  a 
node  at  its  upper  extremity 
which  bears  one  or  more 
leaves,  in  the  axil  of  each  of 
which  may  appear  one  or 
more  buds;  phytomer.  The 
name  was  given  by  Gaudi- 
chaud,  who  regarded  plants 
as  compound  individuals 
made  up  of  successive  phytons. 
See  Metamer. 

PHYtON'OMY,  see  Physiolog- 
ical Botany. 

PHYTON'YMY,  see  Physiolog- 
ical Botany. 

PHYTOPATHOLOGY,  see  Vege- 
table Pathology. 

PHYTOT'OMY,  (1)  the  science  of 
vegetable  anatomy;  (2)  the 
art  or  act  of  plant-dissection. 
Compare  Structural  Bot 
any 

PHYTOZO'ON  (pi.  Phytozoa) 
(obs.),  see  Antherozoid. 

PI  LEATE,  like  a  pileus;  having 
a  cap  or  pileus;  pileiform. 

PILE'IfORM,  shaped  like  the 
pileus  or  cap  of  a  mushroom. 

PlLE'OLUS  (pi.  Pile'oli),  a  little 
pileus,  especially  where  there 
are  several  from  the  same 
stem. 

PILEORHI'ZA,  see  Root-cap. 

PILOUS,  see  Pilose. 

PI'LEUS  (pi.  Pi'lel),  the  cap  of 
mushrooms.  Extended  to 
other  similar  objects,  as  the 
stalked  stroma  of  Claviceps. 

PILIF'EROUS,  bearing  hairs. 

PIL'IFORM,  hair-like. 

PILIG'EROtJS,  producing  hairs. 

PILOSE',  (1)  covered  with  long, 
soft,  nearly  erect  and  some- 
what distant  hairs;  (2)  having 
the  nature  of  hair. 

PI'LUS  (pi.  Pi'li),  a  hair. 


131 


Pin-eyed 


A  DICTIONARY 


Pistilliferous 


PIN-EYED,  a  florist's  term  for 
certain  flowers  which  have  the 
style  more  conspicuous  than 
the  stamens.  Compare  Thrum- 
eyed. 

PIN'nA  (pi.  Pin'nae),  a  leaflet,  or 
branch  of  a  piunately-coui- 
pound  leaf. 

PIN'NATE,  having  leaflets  borne 
along  a  common  petiole;  piu- 
nately  compound.  Compare 
Bipinnate  and  Tripinnate. 
See  Leaflet. 

PINNATED,  see  Pinnate. 

PINNATELY  COMPOUND,  see 
Pinnate. 

PIN  NATELY  CLEFT,   see   Pin- 

NATIFID. 

PIN'NATELY  DECOMPOUND',  bi- 
pinnate, or  further  divided  in 
a  pinnate  manner. 

PIN'NATELY  DIVI'DED,  see  Pin- 

NATISECT. 

PIN'NATELY  LOBED,  having 
several  lobes  of  about  the 
same  size  on  each  side  of  an 
elongated  leaf;  pinnatilobate. 

PIN'NATELY  PARTED,  see  Pin- 

NATIPARTITE. 

PIN'NATELY     TER'NATE,     see 

PiNNATELY  TRIFOLIATE. 

PIN'NATELY  TRIFOLIATE,  tri- 
foliolate,  with  at  least  the  ter- 
minal leaflet  distinctly  stalked; 
pinnately  teruate. 

PIN'NATELY  VEINED,  having 
one  primary  vein  or  midrib 
from  which  secondary  veins 
run  parallel  toward  the  mar- 
gin, as  in  the  beech;  'feather- 
veined. 

PINNAT'lFID,  piunately  veined 
with  marginal  divisions  reach- 
ing about  half-way  to  the  mid- 
rib. 

PINNAtILO'BATE,      see      Pin- 

NATELY  LoBED. 


PINNAtIPAR'TITE,  having  mar- 
ginal divisions  in  a  pinnate  leaf 
reaching  nearly  to  the  base; 
piunately  parted. 

PINNAT'lSflCT,  having  the  lobes 
of  a  pinnate  leaf  divided  to  the 
midrib  but  not  petioled. 

PIN'NIFORM,  like  a  feather. 

PIN'NINERVED,  see  Pinnately 
Veined. 

PIN'NULA  (pi.  Pin'nulae),  see 
Pinnule. 

PIN'NULATE,  having  pinnules. 

PIN'NULE,  a  secondary  or  other 
subordinate  pinna,  as  in  pin- 
nately compound  or  pinnately 
decompound  leaves. 

PIP,  originally  any  seed,  now 
sometimes  applied  to  the  seeds 
of  the  apple  and  to  some  other 
small  seeds  or  seed- like  bodies, 
including  the  little  bulbs  of 
lily-of-the-valley. 

Pl'SIFdRM,  pea-sbaped. 

PIS'TIL,  the  central  seed-bearing 
organ  of  a  flower,  consisting  of 
one  or  more  united  carpels.  It 
consists  of  the  seed-containing 
portion  called  ovary,  the  pollen- 
receiving  part  called  stigma, 
and  generally  an  intervening 
stem  called  the  style.  Usually 
there  is  but  one  pistil  in  a  flow- 
er, but  when,  as  in  the-  straw- 
berry, there  are  several  distinct 
bodies  as  here  described  seated 
upon  the  receptacle,  each  is 
properly  called  a  pistil. 

PIS' TILL  ARY  CORD,  an  old  and 
inappropriate  name  for  the  con- 
ductive tissue  of  the  style.  See 
Conductive  Tissue. 

PIS'TILLATE,  said  of  a  flower 
containing  pistils  but  no  fer- 
tile stamens. 

PISTILLID'IUM  (pi.  Pistillld'Ia), 
see  Archegonium. 

PISTILLIF'EROUS,  bearing  pis- 
tils, or  pistils  without  stamens. 


132 


Pistillody 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Plasmolytic 


PIS'TILLODY,  the  transformation 

of  other  organs  into  pistils. 

PIT,  (1)  a  small  depression,  or  a 
thin  spot  in  a  cell-wall;  (2)  the 
endocarp  of  a  drupe  containing 
the  kernel  or  seed;  stone.  See 
Bordered  Pit  and  Bordered 
Pore. 

PIT-CHAMBER,  the  cavity  of  a 
bordered  pit  upon  one  side  of 
the  closing  membrane. 

PITCHER,  see  Ascidium. 

PITCHER  SHAPED,  when  ap- 
plied to  a  corolla  means  tubu- 
lar with  a  contracted  throat,  as 
in  Vaccinium ;  urceolate.  Ap- 
plied to  other  organs  it  means 
shaped  more  or  less  like  an 
ordinary  pitcher  with  a  lip  or 
spout  at  the  top,  as  the  leaf  in 
the  various  "pitcher-plants." 

PITH,  the  column  or  cord  of 
soft  cellular  tissue  at  the  cen- 
tre of  an  exogenous  stem;  me- 
dulla. 

PITTED,  marked  with  small 
depressions. 

PIT'TED  VES'SELS,  vessels  hav- 
ing thickenings  in  the  form  of 
a  network  with  polygonal 
meshes,  leaving  thin  spots  or 
pits;  dotted  ducts.  Compare 
Bordeked  Pit. 

PITU'ITOUS,  pertaining  to  pitch 
or  mucus. 

PLAcEN'TA,  the  part  of  the  ovary 
to  which  the  ovules  are  at- 
tached; the  tissue  from  which 
the  sporangia  arise  in  ferns. 
Compare  Hymenium. 

PLACENTA  TION,  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  seeds  in  the  peri- 
carp; the  arrangement  of  the 
placenta  itself. 

PLACEN'TIFdRM,  in  the  form  of 
a  double  concave  lens;  i.e.,  like 
a  circular  thickened  disk  de- 
pressed in  the  centre  upon  both 
sides. 

1; 


PLAgIOTROP'IC,  growing  at  an 
angle  from  the  vertical  or  from 
the  axis  either  upward  or  down- 
ward. Compare  Oktho- 
tropic. 

PLAIN,  said  of  a  margin  which 
is  not  undulate  in  any  degree, 
though  it  may  be  sinuate.  (E.S. 
Goff.) 

PLAITED,  see  Plicate. 

PLANE,  flat. 

PLANE  OF  INSER'TION,  a  plane 
which  passes  through  the  point 
of  insertion  of  a  lateral  mem- 
ber, as  a  leaf,  and  coincides 
with  the  main  axis  and  the 
axis  of  the  lateral  member. 

PLANE  OF  SYM'METRY,  any 
plane  which  divides  an  object 
into  symmetrical  halves. 

PLAN'obAMETE,  a  ciliated  or 
otherwise  motile  coalescing 
(sexual)  cell;  zoogamete. 

PLANT-CANE,  a  sugar-cane  pro- 
duced directly  from  seed,  in 
distinction  fromRatoon,  which 
see. 

PLANT  LfiT,  a  small  or  young 
plant. 

PLANT  PATHOL'OGT,  see  Vege- 
table Pathology. 

PLASM  (or  Plas'ma),  see  Proto- 
plasm. Also  used  for  nutri- 
tive cell-fluids  of  all  kinds. 

PLAS'MASOME,  a  protoplasmic 
corpuscle. 

PLASMATIC,  serving  for  growth ; 
plastic.     (Rare.) 

PLASMODIUM  (pi.  Pla§mo  ilk),  a 
mass  of  naked  multinucleated 
protoplasm  exhibiting  amoe- 
boid movement;  the  vegeta- 
tive body  in  Myxomycetes. 

PLASMOL'YSIS,  the  contraction 
of  protoplasm  under  the  in- 
fluence of  reagents. 

PLAsMOLYT'IC,  pertaining  to 
plasmolysis. 


Plastic 


A  DICTIONARY 


Plumose 


PLAS'TIC,  serving  the  purpose  of 
growth;  plasmic;  formative. 

PLAS'TID,  one  of  a  class  of 
clearly  defined  protoplasmic 
granules  in  the  protoplasm  of 
active  cells  which  forms  the 
basis  of  the  chlorophyll  and 
other  color-granules,  and  is 
also  the  centre  at  which  starch- 
grains  are  produced.  For  the 
synonymy  of  the  colorless  plas- 
tids,  see  Leucoplast;  and  for 
that  of  the  color-plastids,  see 
Chromatophore. 

PLAS'TIN,  see  Achromatic. 

PLAs'TOID,  see  Rhabdoid. 

PLATE,  see  Nuclear  Plate  and 
Sieve-plate. 

PLATEAU',  the  very  short  stem 
which  bears  the  scales  in  a 
bulb.  Formerly  called  Corui 
or  Cormus.     See  Corm. 

PLATYCAR'POUS,  broad-fruited. 

PLATYLO'BATE,  broad-lobed. 

PlATYPHYL  LOUS, broad-leaved. 

PLEI0-,  a  Greek  prefix  meaning 
full  of,  or  many. 

PLEIOMOR  PHISM,  (1)  a  change 
of  form  due  to  excessive 
growth  of  an  organ;  (2)  some- 
times used  in  fungi  for  Poly- 
morphism. 

PLEIOPH'YLLOtJS,  having  leaves 
without  apparent  buds  or 
branches  in  their  axils.  (Rare.) 
See  Pleiophylly. 

PLEI'OPHYLLY,  a  state  in  which 
there  is  an  abnormal  number 
of  leaves  from  the  same  point, 
or  an  unusually  large  number 
of  leaflets  in  a  compound  leaf. 
Compare  Polyphylly. 

PLEIOSPER  MOUS,  containing  an 
abnormally  large  uumber  of 
seeds.  Formerly  the  same  as 
Polyspermous. 

PLEl'OTAXY,  a  state  in   whicli 


there  are  an  abnormally  large 
number  of  whorls. 

PLE'NUS,  full,  applied  to 
"  double"  flowers. 

PLEOMOR'PHi§M,  seePLEiOMOR- 

PHISM. 

PLE  ON,  a  term  proposed  by 
Nageli  for  those  aggregates  of 
molecules  which  cannot  be  in- 
creased or  diminished  without 
changing  their  chemical  na- 
ture. 

PLE  ONASM,  having  any  part 
abnormally  numerous.    (Rare.) 

PLE'ROME,  nascent  fibrovascular 
tissue. 

PLE'ROME  SHE ATH,the  phloem- 
sheath  in  its  nascent  state. 

PLESIOMOR'PHOUS,  nearly  of 
the  same  form. 

PLEUREN'OHYMA,  fibrous 
woody  tissue.     (Rare.) 

PLEUROCAR'POUS,    see    Clado- 

CAHPOTJS. 

PLEURODIS'COUS,  growing  upon 
the  sides  of  the  disk,  as  the  ray- 
flowers  in  Composite. 

PLEUROGY'RATE,  having  the 
annul  us  in  ferns  placed  later- 
ally, as  in  the  genus  Tricho- 
manes. 

PLEURORHl'ZAL,  see  Acctjm- 
bent. 

PLEU  ROTRIBE,  said  of  zygo- 
morphic  flowers  which  have 
the  stamens  so  placed  that  an 
insect  eutering  will  receive  the 
pollen  upon  its  side,  as  in  the 
pea.  Compare  Nototribe 
and  Sternotribe. 

PLEX'US,  any  network. 

PLI'CA,  see  Polyclady. 

PLI'CATE,  folded  like  a  fan. 

PLICAT'tJLATE,  diminutive  of 
Plicate. 

PLUMOSE',  like  a  feather,  as  the 
slender  branches  of  the  pappus 


134 


Plumule 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Pollen 


in  thistles,  which  have  a  row 
of  hue  hairs  on  each  side. 

PLti'MULA,  see  Plumule. 

PLU'MULE,  the  rudimentary  stem 
and  leaves  between  the  coty- 
ledons. 

PLUM-,  a  Latin  prefix:  more 
than  one. 

PLURIFO'LIOtJS,  several  -  flow- 
ered. 

PLtJRIFO'LIATE,  having  several 
leaves. 

PLURIFO'LIOLATE,  having  sev- 
eral or  many  leaflets. 

PLtJRIL&C'tJLAR,  having  more 
than  one  cell  in  an  ovary; 
multilocular.  Compare  Uni- 
locular. 

PLURIPET'ALOUS,  see  Polypet- 

ALOUS. 

FLfJRISEP  TATE,  having  more 
than  one  septum. 

PNEU'MATODES,  upward 

growths  from  the  roots  of 
palms  and  some  other  plants 
which  assist  in  aeration.  The 
"  knees"  of  the  bald  cypress 
were  formerly  supposed  to  be 
of  this  character. 

POCULIFORM,  deep  cup-shaped, 
with  hemispherical  base  and 
nearly  upright  sides.  Com- 
pare   Alveolate    and    Cam- 

PANULATE. 

PdD,  any  dry  dehiscent  fruit; 
capsule.  The  term  pod  is  the 
more  popular,  and  is  usually 
restricted  in  its  use,  among 
botanists  as  well  as  others,  to 
capsules  of  considerable  size, 
especially  when  somewhat 
rounded  or  inflated,  as  in  the 
milkweed  (Asclepias). 

PODE'TIIFORM,  resembling  a 
podetium. 

PODE'TITJM  (pi.  Pode'tla),  a  stalk 
of  an   apothecium  in  lichens. 


Also  applied  to  the  fruit-stalk 
in  Marchantia. 

PO'DIUM,  a  support  for  some 
other  part.  The  stem,  for 
example,  is  a  podium  for  the 
branches.  Used  mainly  in 
composition.  See  Monopo- 
dium  and  Sympodium. 

P6D0CAR'P0US,  haviug  a  gyuo- 
phore. 

P6D0CEPH'AL0u"S,  said  of  a  head 
of  flowers  when  supported  on 
a  distinct  peduncle  or  pedicel. 

PODO(jYN'IUM,  see  Gynophore. 

POdOP'TEROUS,  having  winged 
peduncles. 

PO-D'OSPERM,  see  Funiculus. 

POINT' AL,  an  old  term  for  Pistil. 

POINTLESS,  see  Muticous. 

POINT'LETED,  see  Apiculate. 

PO'LAR  BODY,  see  Polar  Cell. 

POLAR  CELL,  a  portion  of  a  ga- 
mete budded  off  prior  to  fer- 
tilization; apoblast;  directive 
corpuscle;  polar  body;  polar 
globule.     Rare  in  plants. 

PO'LAR  COR'PUSCLE,  a  central 
mass  in  each  aster  of  a  divid- 
ing nucleus. 

PO'LAR  GLdB'ULE,  see  Polar 
Cell. 

PO'LAR  NU'CLEUS,  a  fourth  nu- 
cleus in  each  end  of  the  em- 
bryo-sac previous  to  fertiliza- 
tion. The  two  polar  nuclei 
unite  to  form  the  nucleus  of 
the  embryo-sac  or  "secondary 
nucleus." 
POlAR'ITY,  the  state  of  having 
distinct  poles;  the  tendency  to 
assume  a  direction  parallel  to 
the  poles  of  the  earth,  as  the 
leaves  of  the  compass-plant, 
Silphium  laciniatum. 
POL'LEN,  the  fertilizing  powder, 
usually  yellow,  produced  in 
the  anthers  of  flowers.  It 
consists  of  unicellular  grains 


135 


Pollenation 


A  DICTIONARY 


Polyandrous 


of  definite  form,  varying  ac- 
cording to  species,  which  begin 
the  process  of  fertilization  when 
placed  upon  the  stigma  by  an 
act  of  germination. 

POL'LENATE,  see  Pollinate. 

POLLENA'TION,  see  Pollina- 
tion. 

POL'LEN-CflLL,  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  the  cells  or  chambers 
of  the  anther  which  contain 
the  pollen;  pollen-sac. 

POL'LEN-CHAM'BER,  in  gymuo- 
sperms,  a  cavity  at  the  apex  of 
the  ovule  in  which  the  pollen- 
grains  lie  during  fertilization; 
pollinic  chamber. 

PdL'LfiN-GRAlN,  the  usual  term 
for  an  individual  spore,  cell, 
or  particle  of  pollen. 

PDL'LfiNIZE,  see  Pollinate. 

POLLENIzA'TION,  see  Pollina- 
tion. 

PDL'LENOID,  used  by  Bennett 
&  Murray  for  Autherozoid. 

P&L'Lf!N-MAss,  see  Pollinium. 

POl'LEN-SAc,  the  cavity  of  an 
anther  containing  the  pollen; 
pollen-cell. 

PtiL'LEN-SPORE,  see  Pollen- 
grain. 

POLLEN-TETRAHEDRON  (pi. 
Tetrahe'dra),  see  Pollen-tet- 
rad. 

POL'LEN-TET'RAD,  a  pollen- 
mass  consisting  of  four  pollen- 
grains  united,  either  perma- 
nently or  before  fully  devel- 
oped; fourfold  pollen-grain; 
pollen-tetrahedron. 

PdL'LEN-TUBE,  a  thin  slender 
tube  which  issues  from  the 
pollen-grain  on  its  contact 
with  the  stigma,  which  it 
penetrates  until  it  reaches  the 
ovule  where  fertilization  takes 
place. 

PdL'LEX,  an  inch.    (Obs.) 


PdLLINA'RIUM  (pi.  Pollina'ria), 
see  Antheridium. 

POL'LINATE,  to  place  pollen 
upon  the  stigma;  polleuate; 
pollenize. 

POLLINA'TI&N,  the  placing  of 
pollen  upon  the  stigma — the 
first  stage  of  fertilization;  pol- 
leuization. 

PdLLIN'lA,  pi.,  see  Pollinium. 

PdLLIN'IC  CHAM'BER,  see  Pol- 
len-chamber. 

POLLINIF'EROUS,  pollen  -  bear- 
ing. 

PdLLIN'IIJM  (pi.  PolHn'ia),  a  co- 
herent mass  of  pollen-grains  in 
certain  plants,  as  orchids  and 
milk-weeds,  so  arranged  as  to 
be  conveyed  by  insects;  pol- 
len-mass. For  the  terminol- 
ogy of  the  parts  supporting  a 
pollinium,  see  Retinaculum, 
Corpusculcm,  Caudicle,  and 
Pedicel. 

P&LLINIZA'TION,  see  Pollina- 
tion. 

FOLLINO'DIUM,  the  antherium 
or  male  sexual  organ  in  Pyre- 
nomycetes  which,  either  di- 
rectly or  by  means  of  an  out- 
growth, conjugates  with  the 
female  organ  in  fertilization. 

POLY-,  a  prefix  derived  from  the 
Greek,  meaning  many. 

POLYADEL'PHIAN,  see  Poly- 
adelphous. 

POLYADELPHOUS,  having  the 
stamens  united  by  their  fila- 
ments into  three  or  more  sets. 
See  Adelphous,  Monadel- 
phous,  and  Diadelphous. 

POlYAD'ENOUS,  bearing  many 
glands. 

POLYAN'DRIAN,  see  Polyan- 
drous. 

P6LYAN'DR0US,  having  twenty 
or  more  hypogynous  stamens. 
Compare  Icosandrous. 


136 


Polyanthous 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Polymorphism 


P6LYAN'THOi&S,  having  many 
flowers,  especially  if  in  one 
bead.  A  polyanthous  invo- 
lucre, for  example,  is  one  in- 
vesting many  flowers. 

POLYCAR'PELLARY,  said  cf  a 
pistil  consisting  of  more  than 
one  leaf  or  carpel. 

POLYCAR'PIC,  fruiting  succes- 
sively; sychnocarpous.  Com- 
pare Monocarpic.  Sometimes 
improperly  used  for  Apocar- 
pous. 

POLYCAR'POIIS,  used  both  for 
Polycavpic  and  Apocarpous. 
Compare  Monocarpic  and 
Monocarpous. 

POLYCEPH  ALOu*S,  bearing  many 
heads. 

POLYCLA'DlA,  see  Polyclady. 

POLYCLA'DOtJS,  having  abnor- 
mally numerous  branches. 

P6L'YCLADY,  an  excessive  devel- 
opment of  twigs  or  branches; 
plica.  Due  either  to  disease 
or  teratology. 

PdL'YCLONY,  an  old  term  for 
Polyclady. 

PdLYCOC'COUS,  of  several  cocci. 

PtiLYCdTYLED'ONOiJS,  having 
more  than  two  seed-leaves. 

PdLYCOTYLED'dNY,  an  abnor- 
mal increase  in  the  number 
of  cotyledons. 

PdLYDEL'PHOfJS,  see  Polyadel- 
phous. 

POLYEM'BRYONATE,  having 
more  than  one  embryo  iu  a  seed. 

POL YEM  BRYONY,  the  produc- 
tion, either  abnormally  or 
regularly,  of  more  than  one 
embryo  in  a  seed.  The  term 
has  been  restricted  to  cases 
where  the  additional  embryos 
arise  without  fertilization  out- 
side the  embryo-sac,  but  there 
seems  to  be  no  good  reason  for 
the  restriction. 


PdLYFLO'ROUS,   see  Multiflo- 
rous. 
PdLYGA'MlAN,  see  Polygamous. 

POLYGAmO  Dlffi'CIOtJS,  see  Diffi- 
ciously  Polygamous. 

POLYGAMOUS,  producing  male 
and  hermaphrodite,  or  female 
and  hermaphrodite,  or  male, 
female,  and  hermaphrodite 
flowers  on  the  same  or  on  dif- 
ferent individuals;  i.e.,  having 
both  perfect  flowers  and  those 
of  one  sex. 

P&LYG'ONOtJS,  having  many 
angles,  knots,  or  nodes. 

POLYGYNffi'CIAL,  containing  the 
gyucecia  of  several  flowers,  as 
a  collective  fruit. 

P&LYG'YNOUS,  having  many 
styles  or  pistils. 

PdLYHE'DRON  (pi.  Polyhe'dra), 
in  Hydrodictyon,  a  special 
angular  cell  with  horn-like 
processes,  formed  by  the 
swarm-cells  produced  in  the 
zygospore,  and  within  which 
a  new  ccenobium  is  developed. 

POLYM'EROUS,  having  many 
parts,  or  more  than  oue:  said 
of  a  flower  with  more  than 
one  organ  in  each  whorl,  or 
of  a  whorl  containing  more 
than  one  organ.  Compare 
Monombrous. 

POLYMdR'PHIC,   see   Polymor 

PHOUS. 

PdLYMdR'PHISM,  (l)  a  condition 
in  which  different  individuals 
of  the  same  species  have  differ 
ent  forms,  as  in  many  dioecious 
plants;  (2)  the  state  of  passing 
different  stages  of  existence 
under  distinct  forms  which 
might  be  mistaken  for  differ- 
ent species,  as  is  the  case  with 
hetercecious  and  some  other 
fungi;  pleiomorphism.  See 
Metagenesis,      Alteration 


137 


Polymorphous 


A  DICTIONARY 


Positive  Geotropism 


of  Generations,  and  Het- 
ercecism. 

POLYMORPHOUS,  existing  under 
different  forms.  See  above. 
Also  having  numerous  more 
or  less  definite  sub-types  under 
a  given  type. 

P6LYPET'  ALOtJS,  having  distinct 
petals  (opposed  to  Gamopet- 
alous);  apopetalous;  dialypet- 
alous;  eleutheropetalous;  cho- 
ripetalous. 

POL'YPHORE,  a  common  recep- 
tacle for  many  distinct  carpels, 
as  that  of  the  strawberry. 

POLYPH'YLLOfJS,   see  Polysep- 

alotjs. 
P&L'YPHYLLY,   an    increase    in 

the    usual    number    of    floral 

organs  in  a  whorl.     Compare 

Pleiophylly. 
POLYRHI'ZAL,  many-rooted. 
POLYSEP'ALOUS,  of  two  or  more 

distinct     sepals;     aposepalous; 

apophyllous.     Compare  Poly- 

FETALOTJS. 

p6LYSi'PH0N0US,    said    of    the 

thallus  in  Florideae   when    it 

consists    of    several    parallel 

rows  or  filaments  of  cells. 
PdLYSPER'MOtJS,  containing 

many  seeds.     Compare  Pleio- 

spermous. 
POl/YSPERMY,  the   fertilization 

of  a  female  cell  by  more  than 

one  irmie  ceii. 
POL'YSPORE,     see     Compound 

Spore. 
p6LYSP0'R0US,  containing  many 

spores. 
POLYS'TACHOTJS,   having  many 

spikes. 
PdLYSTllM  ONOtJS,  having  many 

more     stamens    than     petals. 

Compare    Isostemonous    and 

POLYANDROUS. 

P6LYSYMMET'RICAL,  capable  of 
division  into  two  symmetrical 


or  equal  halves  in  more  than 
one  direction;  actiuomorphous. 
P6LYTHAL'MIC,  derived  from 
more  than  one  flower,  as  a 
collective       fruit.       Compare 

MoNOTHALMIC. 

POLYT'OMOUS,  having  the  blade 
of  a  leaf  distinctly  divided  into 
many  subordinate  parts,  but 
not  compound;  having  the 
stem  forked  or  divided  into 
many  coordinate  parts. 

POLYT'RICHOtrS,  bearing  nume- 
rous hairs. 

P6LYZYG0'SIS,the  conjugation  of 
more  than  two  cells  (gametes). 

POMA'CEOUS,  having  the  appear- 
ance or  nature  of  an  apple. 

POME,  an  indehiscent  fruit  of 
more  than  one  carpel,  with 
the  seeds  enclosed  in  horny  or 
parchment-like  endocarps,  and 
an  adnate  fleshy  calyx,  as  in 
the  apple. 

POMIFEROUS,  pome-bearing. 

POM'IFORM,  apple-shaped. 

P0M6L0GY,  the  department  of 
horticulture  wdiich  relates  to 
fruits.  See  Fruit.  Compare 
Carpology. 

PORE,  a  small  circular  opening. 

PORE-CANAL',  the  passage 
through  a  bordered  or  other 
pit  between  adjoining  cells. 

PORE-CAP'StJLE,  one  from  which 
the  seeds  or  spores  escape  by  a 
pore  or  pores. 

POREN'CHYMA  (obs.),  see 
Pitted  Tissue. 

PO'ROSE,  pierced  with  many 
small  circular  openings. 

PORRECT",  directed  outward  or 
forward;  outstretched.  Com- 
pare Arrect. 

PdR'RET,  see  Scallion. 

POSITIVE  GEOT'ROPISM,  grow- 
ing toward  the  centre  of  the 
earth — usually    called    simply 


138 


Positive  Heliotropism  OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Primitive 


Geotropism.  Compare  Nega- 
tive Geotropism. 

PdS'ITIVE  HELIOTROPISM,  the 
same  as  Heliotropism.  Com- 
pare Negative  Heliotro- 
pism. 

PdS'ITIVELY         RHEOTRdP'IC, 

having  the  direction  of  growth 
in  a  rheotropic  organ  coin- 
cide with  that  of  the  stream 
in  which  it  is  placed,  i.e., 
point  down-stream.  (Jonsson.) 
Compare  Negatively  Rheo- 
tropic. 

PflSTE'RIOR,  the  side  of  a  flower, 
etc.,  adjoining  the  axis  or  main 
stem.  Compare  Anterior 
and  Dorsal. 

POS'TICOUS,  see  Extrorse. 

POUCH,  see  Silicle. 

POUCH-SHAPED,  like  a  short  hag, 
as  the  pod  of  shepherd's- purse. 

PRiE'COX,  see  Precocious. 

PRJEFLORA'TION,  see  .Estiva- 
tion. 

PR-EFOLIA'TION,  see  Verna- 
tion. 

PR2EM0RSE',  see  Premorse. 

PRATEN'SIS,  growing  in  mead- 
ows. 

FRECO'CIOUS,  appearing  or  ripen- 
ing before  the  proper  or  usual 
time:  said  of  flowers  which 
expand  before  the  leaves,  and 
of  plants  which  flower  or  fruit 
much  younger  than  usual,  etc. 

PREFLORA'TION,  see  ^Estiva- 
tion. 

PREFOLIA'TION,  see  Verna- 
tion. 

PREMORSE',  abrupt,  and  irregu- 
larly notched  at  the  end  as  if 
bitten  off.  Compare  Trun- 
cate. 

PRICK'LE,  a  small,  sharp,  stiff 
outgrowth  from  the  epidermis. 
Compare  Spine  and  Thorn. 


PRI'MARY,  chief  or  first  formed. 
For  examples  see  Primary 
Axis,  Primary  Cortex,  etc. 

PRIMARY  AX'IS,  the  main  stem. 

PRIMARY  CdR'TEX,  the  true 
cortex  or  fundamental  tissue 
of  the  bark.  Compare  Sec- 
ondary Cortex.  See  Peri- 
blem. 

PRI'MARY  LEAVES,  see  Primor- 
dial Leaves. 

PRIMARY  MER'ISTEM,  the 
growing  tissue  of  a  young 
organ .  Compare  Secondary 
Meristem. 

PRIMARY  PETIOLE,  the  mid- 
rib of  a  compound  leaf. 

PRIMARY  ROOT,  the  central  or 
main  root,  being  a  direct  con- 
tinuation of  the  stem ;  tap-root. 

PRIMARY  STRUCTURE,  the 
early  structure  of  a  plant  or 
organ  after  all  its  distinctive 
tissues  are  formed  and  before 
any  further  growth  or  modifi- 
cation takes  place. 

PRIMARY  TIS'SUE,  (1)  tissue  in 
the  condition  when  first  form- 
ed; (2)  that  which  is  formed 
during  the  first  stage  or  season 
of  growth. 

PRIMARY  WOOD,  that  con- 
tained in  the  fibrovascular 
bundles  of  exogens  when  first 
developed,  before  the  forma- 
tion of  the  cambium  ring. 
Compare  Secondary  Wood. 

PRI'MINE,  the  outer  coat  of  the 
ovule,  called  testa  in  the  seed. 
Mirbel  applied  the  term  pri- 
mine  to  the  inner  coat  of  the 
ovule,  because  first  formed, 
and  some  other  German  wri- 
ters have  used  it  in  the  same 
sense. 

PRIMITIVE,  original:  applied, 
for  example,  to  the  original 
species  from  which  cultivated 
plants  have  been  derived. 


139 


Primordial 


A  DICTIONARY 


Prole 


PRIMORDIAL,  original,  or  first 
formed. 

PRIMOR'DIAL  CELL,  a  cell  with- 
out a  cell-wall;  nuked  cell. 

primordial  epidermis,  the 

epidermis  as  it  exists  when  first 
formed. 

PRIMOR'DIAL  LEAVES,  the  first 
leaves  to  succeed  the  cotyle- 
dons. Applied  especial]}'  to 
lower  leaves  which  differ  con- 
siderabty  from  those  on  the 
upper  portion  of  the  stem. 
Compare  Protophyll. 

PRIMOR'DIAL  F  TRICLE.theout- 
er  layer  of  protoplasm  adjoining 
the  cell-wall.  The  term  has 
with  some  about  the  same  sig- 
nificance as  Ectoplasm,  though 
it  usually  refers  more  particu- 
larly to  the  immediate  surface 
of  the  protoplasm  (considered 
as  a  membrane,  though  not 
really  one)  rather  than  to  a 
definite  outer  layer.  The  term 
was  first  used  by  Mold  and  ap- 
plied to  the  layer  of  protoplasm 
adjoining  the  cell-wall  in  cells 
which  are  nearly  filled  with 
sap.  Upon  the  application  of 
certain  reagents  the  protoplasm 
contracts  from  the  wall  as  a 
sac,  the  "primordial  utricle." 

PRIMOR'DIUM  (pi.  Primordia), 
any  member  or  organ  in  its 
earliest  condition. 

PRISMATIC,  in  the  form  of  a 
prism — with  flat,  longitudinal 
faces  separated  by  angles. 
Applied  to  stems.  Compare 
Terete. 

PROCAM'BIUM,  the  first  formed 
fibrovascular  tissue  of  an  organ 
before  it  becomes  differenti- 
ated into  xylem  and  phloem. 
Compare  Cambium. 

PRO  CARP,  see  Procarpium. 

PRO'CARPE  (Bornet  &  Thuret), 
see  Procarpium. 


PROCAR'PIUM  (pi.  Procar'pia),  in 
Florideae,  the  female  organ  (ar- 
chicarp)  before  fertilization. 
It  consists  of  a  carpogonium, 
together  with  the  trichogyue 
and  any  other  accessory  part. 
Compare  Ctstocarp. 

PROC'ESS,  any  projection  from  a 
surface. 

PROCUM'BENT,  see  Prostrate. 

PRODUCED,  prolonged;  extend- 
ed; projected. 

PROEM'BRYO,  (1)  the  Suspensor, 
which  see;  (2)  formerly  applied 
to  a  prothallus,  or  to  the  first 
result  of  the  germination  of 
any  spore;  now  restricted  to 
special  cases,  as  the  rudiment- 
ary first  stage  of  the  sporophore 
arising  from  the  oospore  in 
Characeae.  Compare  Promy- 
celitjm,  Protonema,  and 
Prothallus. 

PROEMBRYON'IC  BRANCHES, 
short  branches  sometimes 
found  on  the  nodes  of  Ghara 
fragilis  which  resemble  the 
progmbryos  in  structure  and 
serve  for  reproduction. 

PROG'AMOUS,  preceding  fertili- 
zation: applied  to  the  cell  of 
the  pollen-grain  which  forms 
the  pollen-tube,  in  distinction 
from  vegetative  cells  which  are 
also  sometimes  found. 

PROGRESSIVE  METAm6RPH0- 
SIS,  the  appearance  in  place  of 
organs  of  the  usual  character 
of  those  belonging  to  a  higher 
or  succeeding  set,  as  when  pet- 
als are  replaced  by  or  "con- 
verted into"  stamens;  ascend- 
ing metamorphosis.  Compare 
Retrogressive  Metamor- 
phosis. 

PRO'LATE,  elongated  in  a  polar 
direction.     Compare  Oblate. 

PROLE,  a  useless  term  applied 
both  to  Form  and  Race. 
140 


Prolepsis 


OF   BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Prosenchyma 


PROLEP'SIS,  accelerated,  antici- 
pated, or  burned  development, 
•  as  in  the  disease  known  as 
"peach-yellows,"  where  axil- 
lary buds  develop  into  branch- 
es the  first  year. 

PROLIFERATION,  development 
in  a  proliferous  manner. 

PROLIFEROUS,  developing 
buds,  branches,  flowers,  etc., 
from  unusual  places.  Ap- 
plied, for  example,  to  a  fkwer 
from  which  another  flower  or 
a  branch  proceeds,  to  a  leaf 
from  which  other  leaves  or 
branches  arise,  to  a  bulbous 
plant  which  abnormally  pro- 
duces bulbs  upon  the  stem 
above  ground,  or  to  any  plant 
■which  forms  young  plants  in 
unusual  number  about  its  base. 

PROLIFIC,  fruitful.  Sometimes 
used  in  the  sense  of  Prolif- 
erous. 

PROLIFICA  TION,  development 
in  a  prolific  or  proliferous 
manner;  proliferation. 

PROLIG'EROUS,  bearing  repro- 
ductive bodies  of  any  kind. 

PROM'INENT,  standing  out  more 
than  usual,  or  beyond  adjoin- 
ing parts. 

PROMYCE'LIUM,  in  Uredineae 
and  Ustilagiueae,  a  short  and 
short-lived  mycelial  growth 
proceeding  from  a  resting- 
spore  and  upon  which  spo- 
ridia  are  borne. 

PRONATE,  inclined  to  grow 
prostrate;  somewhat  prone  or 
prostrate. 

PRONE,  lying  flat,  especially 
with  the  face  downward; 
ventricumbent.  See  Pros- 
trate and  Supine. 

PRONUCLEUS,  the  nucleus  of  a 
gamete.  Compare  Germ-nu- 
cleus. 

PROP,  see  Fulcrum. 


PROPAC'ULUM,     see     Propag- 

ULUM. 

PROPAG'UlA,  pi.,  see  Propag- 
ulum. 

PROPAG'ULE,  see  Propagulum. 

PROPAgULUM  (pi.  Propag'ula), 
a  term  applied  to  ruuners,  off- 
sets, and  stolons — especially  to 
a  slender  runner  or  stolon  ter- 
minating in  a  new  plant. 

PROPEND'ENT,  hanging  forward 
and  downward. 

PROPER,  true  or  individual.  A 
proper  calyx,  for  example, 
would  be  the  true  calyx  of 
an  individual  flower  as  op- 
posed to  the  general  calyx 
(involucre)  of  a  head. 

PROP'ER  JUICE,  a  term  formerly 
used  for  any  characteristic 
fluid  of  a  plant  (especially  if 
thickened)  in  distinction  from 
the  ordinary  sap,  as  the  ' '  milk  " 
of  milk-weeds.  Applied  also 
to  the  cambium  or  so-called 
"descending  sap"  when  in  a 
growing  mucilaginous  condi- 
tion. 

PROPHASES,  a  term  proposed 
by  Strasburger  for  all  the 
phenomena  of  karyokiuesis 
up  to  the  longitudinal  split- 
ting of  the  threads.  Compare 
Metaphases  and  Anaphases. 

PROPHLO'EM,  the  first-formed 
elements  of  phloem  in  a  fibro- 
vascular  bundle;  protophloem. 
Applied  also  to  the  cylinder 
of  elongated  cells  with  thick- 
ened walls  containing  granular 
protoplasm  found  in  the  seta 
of  certain  mosses  surrounding 
the  proxylem. 

PROSCOL'LA,  an  old  term  for  the 
retinaculum  in  orchids. 

PROSEN'CHYMA.tissuecomposed 
of  elongated  cells  with  tapering 
extremities  in  tbe  wood  and  li- 
ber.    Compare  Parenchyma. 


141 


Prostrate 


A   DICTIONARY 


Protoplast 


PROSTRATE,  lying  flat  upon  the 
ground,  but  not  rooting;  pro- 
cumbent. Compare  C  keep- 
ing. 

PROTAn'DROIJS,  having  stamens 
which  ripen  their  pollen  before 
the  pistils  of  the  same  flower 
are  ready  for  fertilization. 
Compare  Protogynous. 

PRO'TEID,  see  Albuminoid. 

PRO'TEIN,  see  Albuminoid. 
Formerly  considered  a  dis- 
tinct substance. 

PROTEIN  CRYS'TAL,  see  Crys- 
talloid. 
PRO'TEIN    GRAIN,    see    Aleu- 

RONE. 

PRO'TEN,  see  Protenchyma. 

PROTEN'CHYmA,  a  term  used 
by  Nageli  for  all  tissue  not  of 
the  fibro vascular  system;  pro- 
ten.  Compare  Epenchyma. 
These  terms  are  little  used. 

PROTERAN'DROtJS,  see  Protan- 
drous. 

PROTERAN'THOUS,  having  flow- 
ers which  appear  before  the 
leaves,  as  in  the  red  maple. 
Sometimes  improperly  used  iu 
the  opposite  sense.  Compare 
Hysteranthous  and  Synan- 
thous. 

PROTEROG'YNOUS,  see  Protog- 
ynous. 

PROTHAL'LIA,  pi.,  see  Prothal- 
lium. 

PROTHAL'LIUM  (pi.  Prothal'lla), 
see  Prothallus. 

PROTHAl/LtJS,  the  thalloid  struc- 
ture resulting  from  the  germi- 
nation of  the  spore  in  ferus 
and  other  pteridophytes,  upon 
which  the  antheridia  and  ar- 
chegonia  are  borne;  prothal- 
lium.  Extended  also  to  the 
sexual  generation  of  other 
plants  which  have  an  alter- 
nation of  generations. 


PROTOGEN'ESfS,  a  term  pro- 
posed by  Rocison  for  repro- 
duction by  budding  after  the 
manner  of  protophytes. 

PROTOGEN'IC,  formed  in  the 
beginning:  said  of  intercel- 
lular spaces  which  are  formed 
at  the  time  the  tissues  are  be- 
ginning to  differentiate.  Com- 
pare Hysterogenic. 

PROtCG'YNOUS,  having  pistils 
which  are  ready  for  fertiliza- 
tion before  the  pollen  of  the 
same  flower  is  ripe.  Compare 
Protandrous. 

PRO'TO  -  MER'ISTEM,  see  Pri- 
mary Meristem. 

PROTONE'MA  (pi.  Protone'mata), 
the  proembryo,  or  confervoid 
(often  branched)  filament  first 
formed  from  the  spore  in 
mosses,  and  upon  which  the 
conspicuous  moss-plant  is  de- 
veloped by  budding. 

PROTOPHLO'EM,      see      Pro- 

PHLOEM. 

PRO'TOPHYL,  a  cotyledon  or 
other  first-formed  leaf  of  a 
plant;  protophyllum.  Used 
mainly  in  vascular  crypto- 
gams. Compare  Primordial 
Leaves. 

PROTOPHYL'Lu-M  (pi.  Protophyl'- 
la),  see  Protophyl. 

PROTOPHYTOL'OGY,  (1)  t  h  e 
study  of  protophytes;  (2)  fos- 
sil botany. 

PRO'TOPLASM,  the  nitrogenous 
fluid  of  variable  composition 
found  in  living  cells.  It  is  the 
vital  substance  into  which  all 
food  is  assimilated  and  from 
which  all  parts  of  the  plant  are 
formed. 

PROTOPLAST  (Hanstein),  the 
smallest  body  of  protoplasm 
capable  of  individual  action, 
either  with  or  without  a  cell- 


142 


Protospore 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Pseudopodium 


wall,  and  either  associated  in 
a  tissue  or  independent.     It  is 

generally  at  least  a  nucleus, 
together  with  the  protoplasm 
associated  with  it.  Essentially 
a  cell. 

PRO'TOSPORE,  any  spore  which 
develops  a  promycelium.  Ap- 
plied by  Cook  to  secediospores. 
Au  unnecessary  term.  Com- 
pare Sporidium. 

PROTOTHAl/LtJS,  see  Prothal- 

LUS. 

PROTOXY'LEM,  see  Proxylem. 

PROTOZOPH'ILOUS,  applied  to 
certain  water  -  plants  which 
have  the  pollen  eonvej'ed  by 
minute  animalscalled  protozoa. 

PROTRUDING,  see  Exserted. 

PROX'IMAL,  pertaining  to  the 
base,  or  extremity  of  attach- 
ment.    Compare  Distal. 

PROXY'LEM,  the  first-formed 
xylem  in  a  bundle;  protoxy- 
lem.  The  term  has  also  been 
applied  to  the  layer  of  water- 
conducting  cells  destitute  of 
protoplasm  around  the  central 
strand  in  the  seta  of  certain 
mosses.  Compare  Prophloem. 

PRTJ'INATE,  see  Pruinose. 

PRU'INOSE,  covered  with  a  pow- 
dery bloom,  like  the  fruit  of 
most  plums;  pruinate.  Com- 
pare Glaucous,  Hoary,  and 
Canescent. 

PRU'INOUS,  see  Pruinose. 
PRTJ'NIFORM,  plum-shaped. 
PRTT'RIENT,     stinging,     as    the 

hairs  of  nettle. 
PSEUDAX'IS,  see  Sympodium. 
PSEUDO-,  a  prefix  derived  from 

the  Greek  signifying  false  or 

spurious. 
PSEtj'DO  BULB,  see    CoRM.     Es- 

peciall}r  the  corm  or  fleshy  base 


143 


of  the  stem  in  many  epiphytic 
orchids. 

PSEUDO-BULBIL,  an  outgrowth 
which  sometimes  replaces  the 
ordinary  sporangia  in  ferns 
and  bears  antheridia  and  ar- 
chegouia. 

PSEU'DOCARP,  any  fruit  which 
is  not  derived  exclusively  from 
a  single  ovary  without  acces- 
sory parts.  The  fruits  of  the 
apple,  rose,  mulberry,  and 
juniper  are  pseudocarps. 

PSEUDOCOS'TATE,  said  of  a  leaf 
in  which  the  veins  unite  to 
form  an  outer  vein  parallel  to 
the  margin,  as  in  Eucalyptus. 

PSEUDO-GENUS,  see  Form-ge- 
nus. 

PSEUDo6Y'RATE,  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  the  aunulus  in  ferns 
when  it  crowns  the  sporan- 
gium, as  in  the  Schiza'acea?. 
Compare  Pleurogyrate. 

PSEUDOMONOCOtYLED'ONOUS, 

having  two   or   more   consoli- 
dated cotyledons.     (Obs.) 

PSEUDO-PAR  AsiTE,  see  Epi- 
phyte and  Saprophyte. 

PSEUDO-PARENCHYMA,  a  term 
applied  by  De  Bary  to  tissue  in 
fungi  which  is  formed  by  in- 
terlacing and  united  hyphae. 

PSEUDOPERITHE  CIUM,  a  false 
perithecium. 

PSEUDO-PIN'NATE,  having  leaf- 
lets (or  rather  segments)  which 
are  not  articulated  or  petioled 
at  their  base;  pinnatisect. 

PSEUDOPO'DIUM  (pi.  Pseudopo'- 
dia),  (1)  a  stipe  or  stem  of  un- 
usual origin,  as  the  leafless 
upper  portion  of  the  stem 
which  supports  the  capsule 
in  Sphagnum  (instead  of  the 
true  seta  which  remains  unde- 
veloped;  (2)  one  of  the  tern- 


Pseudoramulus 


A  DICTIONARY 


Pulvinus 


porary  changeable  brauckes  of 
a  Plasmodium,  or  one  of  the 
retractile  appendages  of  the 
zoospores  (myxamcebse)  of 
Myxornycetes. 

PSEUDORAM'tJLUS,  a  false  or 
spurious  branch  found  in  cer- 
tain Nostochnceae,  consisting 
of  a  younger  filament  agglu- 
tinated for  a  portion  of  its 
length  to  an  older  one. 

PSEU'DOSPERM,  an  Achene  or 
Caryopsis. 

PSEUDOSPER'MIC,  having  a  sin- 
gle seed  so  closely  invested  by 
the  pericarp  that  the  whole 
appears  like  a  seed,  as  in 
grasses  and  Conipositae;  pseu- 
dospermous. 

PSETJDOSPER'MOUS,  see  Pseudo- 

SPERMIC. 

PSEUDOSYN'CARP,  see  Collect- 
ive Fruit.  Compare  Syn- 
carp. 

PTERID'IUM,  see  Samara. 

PTEROCAR'POUS,  wing-fruited. 

PTEROCATJ  LOUS,  having  a 
winged  stem. 

PTE'ROLD,  wing-like. 

PTEROP'ODOUS,  having  a 
winged  petiole. 

PTEROSPER'MOUS,  having  the 
seeds  winged. 

PTERYGO'NOtJS,  haviug  winged 
expansions  on  the  angles  of  the 
stem. 

PTO'MAlNE,  any  alkaloid  formed 
by  the  activity  of  bacteria. 

PU'BERTY,  the  period  when  a 
plant  first  begins  to  blossom. 

PUBER'ULENT,  minutely  pubes- 
cent; covered  with  short,  soft, 
rather  distant  hairs.  Com- 
pare HOLOSERICETJS. 

PUBES'gENCE,  soft  and  rather 
short  hairs;  also  extended  to 
hairs  of  all  kinds. 


PUBESCENT,  covered  with  fine, 
soft,  rather  short  hairs. 

PUGION'IFORM,  dagger-shaped. 
(Obs.) 

PUL'LEY-SHAPED,  see  Troch- 
lear. 

PUL'LULATING,  budding; 
sprouting; — now  used  only 
for  the  budding  or  sprout- 
ing of  a  cell,  a  special  form 
of  cell-multiplication  as  seen 
in  yeast,  in  which  a  new  cell 
gradually  swells  out  from  an 
older  one. 

PULP,  the  soft,  more  or  less  juicy 
portion  of  a  fruit,  or  other 
plant  -  substance  of  similar 
structure. 

PULVERA'CEOUS,  dusty  or  pow- 
dery on  the  surface.  Com- 
pare PPLVERULENT. 

PULVER'ULENT,  (1)  powdery  or 
crumbly;  (2)  pulveraceous. 

PUL'VINATE,  shaped  like  a 
cushion  or  pillow;  having  a 
pulvinus. 

PUL'VINATED,  haviug  a  pulvi- 
nus. 

PULVIN'ULUS  (pi.  Pulvin'uli), 
diminutive  of  Pulvinus.  Ap- 
plied to  various  excrescences, 
and  also  formerly  to  the  sore- 
dia  of  lichens. 

PULVI'NUS  (pi.  Pulvl'ni),  a  term 
applied  to  various  cushion- 
shaped  or  wart-like  protu- 
berances    and     swellings,     as 

(1)  the  projection  left  by  the 
fall  of  a  leaf  in  many  plants; 

(2)  the  enlargement  at  the 
base  of  the  petiole  in  certain 
Leguminosae  which  has  the 
power  of  contraction,  pro- 
ducing the  "sleep"  of  leaves; 

(3)  an  enlargement  formed  by 
the  thickening  of  the  bark  at 
the  base  of  certain  twigs,  as  in 
arbor-vitae;  (4)  a  thickened, 
usually    median,    portion    of 


144 


Punctate 


OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Quadrifoliate 


the  prothallus  in  ferns  bear- 
ing the  arcbegonia  aud  anthe- 
ridia. 

PU'MILUS,  see  Humilis. 

PUNCTATE,  dotted  as  if  by 
punctures.  The  dots  may  be 
colored  or  colorless,  superficial 
or  internal,  in  the  latter  case 
sometimes  caused  by  minute 
oil-glands.  Compare  Perfo- 
rate. 

PUNC  TIFORM,  in  the  form  of 
either  a  dot  or  point. 

PUNC'TUM  VEGETATIO'NIS,  the 

extremity  of  a  stem,  or  other 
central  point  where  the  cells 
are  in  the  process  of  division 
and  growth;  growing  point; 
apical  cone. 

PUN'GENT,  terminating  in  a 
hard    sharp    point.      Compare 

MtJCRONATE. 

PUR'POSE,  see  Adaptation. 

PUS'TUlATE,  bearing  pustules 
or  low,  blister-like  elevations; 
pustular;  pustulose. 

PUS'TULE,  a  slight  elevation  like 
a  pimple  or  little  blister.  Com- 
pare Papilla. 

PUTA'MEN,  the  stone  of  a  drupe, 
or  shell  of  a  nut. 

PYC'NIDE,  see  Pycnidium. 

PYCNID'IUM  (pi.  Pycnld'ia),  a  re- 
ceptacle in  Ascomycetes  con- 
taining stylospores;  clinospo- 
rangium. 

PYCNOCEPH'ALOUS,  having  the 
flowers  densely  crowded  in  the 
inflorescence. 

PYCNOCONID'IUM,  see  Stylo- 
spore. 

PYCNOGONID'liJM,  see  Stylo- 
spore. 

PYC'NOSPORE,  see  Stylospore. 

PYCNOS'TACHOUS,  in  compact 
spikes. 


PYOGENfiT'IC,  pus-forming,  as 
certain  bacteria. 

PYRAM'IDAL,  either  angular  and 
tapering  upward,  or  conical. 

PYRE  NA  (pi.  Pyre' me),  a  nutlet, 
or  the  stone  of  a  small  drupe. 

PY'RENE,  see  Pyrena. 

PYRE'NOcARP,  (1)  the  perithe- 
cium  in  Pyrenomycetes;  (2)  a 
drupe. 

PYRE  NOIDS,  minute  rounded 
colorless  granules,  one  or 
more  of  which  are  embedded 
in  the  chromatophores  of  many 
algae;  amylum  bodies;  chloro- 
phyll vesicles. 

PYR  IFORM,  see  Pear-shaped. 

PYX'IDATE,  resembling  a  pyxid- 
ium  or  bearing  pyxidia. 

PYXID'ltJM  (pi.  Pyxid'ia),  a  cap- 
sule which  dehisces  by  a  cir- 
cular transverse  line;  pyxis. 
Now  restricted  to  seed-cap- 
sules, but  formerly  applied 
also  to  certain  spore-capsules, 
as  those  of  mosses. 

PYX'IS(pl.  Pyx'es),  seePYXiDioi. 

QUAD-,  or  QUADRI-,  a  prefix  from 
the  Latin  meaning  four. 

QUADRAN'GULAR,  four-angled. 

QUADRICRU'RAL,  having  four 
stems  or  supports. 

QUADRIDEN'TATE,  four- 

toothed. 

QUADRIDIG'ITATE,  digitate  in 
four  divisions. 

QUADRIFA'RIOtJS,  in  four  verti- 
cal ranks. 

QUAD'RIFID,  cleft  into  four 
segments  half  -  way  to  the 
base  or  midrib. 

QUAD'RIFOIL,  see  Quadrifo- 
liate. 

QUADRIFO'LIATE,  strictly,  four- 
leaved,  but  used  for  having 
four  leaflets  arising  from   the 


145 


Quadrifoliolate 


A  DICTIONARY 


Quinquelobate 


apex  of  the  petiole;  quadrifo- 
liolate; quadriphyllous;  quad- 
rifoil. 

QUADRIFOLIOLATE,  the  same 
as  Quadrifoliate,  and  more 
precise;  i.e.,  having  four  leaf- 
lets arising  from  the  apex  of 
the  petiole. 

QUADRIFUR'CATE,  dividing  into 
four  branches. 

QUADRIGEM'INATE,  growing  in 
fours 

QUADRIJ'UGATE,  having  four 
pairs  of  leaflets;  quadrijugous. 

QUADRIJ'UGOUS,   see  Quadrij- 

UGATB. 
QUADRILO'BATE,    having    four 

lobes,  as  a  leaf. 
QUADRILOC'ULAR,  having   four 

cells  in  an  ovary. 
QUAD'RINATE,     see      Quater- 

NATE. 

QUADRIPARTITE,  divided  to 
the  base  or  midrib  in  four 
parts;  four- parted. 

QUADRIPHYLLOUS,  see  Quad- 
rifoliate. 

QUADRIVAL'VULAR,  of  four 
valves — said  of  pericarps. 

QUAQUA VER'SAL,  directed  every 
way. 

QUARTERING,  applied  by  flo- 
rists to  petals  which  have  an 
external  angle  or  vacancy  be- 
tween them. 

QUAR'TINE,  a  fourth  integument 
in  an  ovule  (if  present)  counting 
from  the  outside.  It  is  really 
a  layer  or  fold  of  the  secundiue 
or  of  the  nucleus. 

QUATERNARY,  of  four  parts. 
Compare  Tetramerotjs. 

QUATER'NATE,  growing  i  n 
fours. 

QUILLED  (Hort.),  applied  to 
double  flowers  in  Composite 
when  the  corollas  of  the  flo- 
rets, instead  of  being  ligulate, 


ai-e  more  or  less  tubular  in 
form  like  a  cornet  of  paper, 
as  is  often  seen  in  the  dahlia. 

QUIN-,  a  prefix  from  the  Latin 
meaning  five. 

QUI'nAry,  in  fives  or  multiples 
of  five. 

QUI'NATE,  growing  together  in 
fives,  as  five  leaflets  from  the 
apex  of  a  petiole. 

QUINCUN'CLAL,  applied  in  {esti- 
vation to  a  whorl  of  five  parts, 
two  of  which  are  external,  two 
internal,  and  one  half  external 
and  half  internal  (the  typical 
method  of  imbricative  aestiva- 
tion when  the  parts  are  five). 
Formerly  used  also  in  the  sense 
of  five-ranked.  In  general  use 
the  term  is  applied  lo  objects 
arranged  in  squares  with  one 
at  the  centre.  In  horticulture 
this  arrangement  is  sometimes 
termed  ''false  quincuncial," 
the  true  quincuncial  arrange- 
ment being  the  disposition  of 
objects  so  that  the  intervening 
spaces  are  all  hexagons. 

QUIN  CUNX,  a  set  of  five  objects 
arrauged  in  a  quincuncial  man- 
ner. 

QUINQUAN  GULAR,  five-angled. 

QUINQUECOS'TATE,  five-ribbed. 

QUINQUEDEN'TATE,  five- 

toothed. 

QUINQUEFA'RIOUS,  five-ranked. 

QUIN'QUEFID,  in  five  segments 
reaching  about  half-way  to  the 
base  or  margin;  five-cleft. 

QUINQUEFO'LLATE,  having  five 
leaflets;  strictly,  five-leaved. 

QUINQUEFO'LIOLATE,  the  same 
as  Quinquefoliate;  i.e.,  having 
five  leaflets. 

QUINQUEJU'GATE,  in  five  pairs. 

QUINQUELO'BATE.  having  five 
lobes. 


146 


Quinquelocular         OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Eadiciflorous 


QUINQUEL6CULAR,  having  five 
cells  in  a  pericarp. 

QUIN'QUENERVED,  having  two 

strong  veins  arising  from  the 
midrib  on  each  side  near  the 
base;  quintuple  nerved  or 
veined.  Compare  Quinqtje- 
costate  and  Quinqueveined. 

QUINQUEP'ARTITE,  divided  into 
five  parts  nearly  to  the  base. 

QUINQUEVAL'VULAR,  having 
five  valves  in  a  pericarp. 

QUINQUEVEINED,  having  five 
strong  veins  proceeding  from 
the  base  of  a  leaf.  The  same 
as  Quinquenerved,  and  usually 
preferable. 

QUIN'TUPLE,  in  fives,  or  multi- 
ples of  five. 

QUIN'TUPLE  NERVED,  see  Quin- 

QrENERVEC. 

QUIN'TUPLE-RIBBED,  see  QuiN- 
QUECOSTATE. 

RACE,  a  variety,  artificial  or 
natural,  which  reproduces  it- 
self from  seed. 

RACEME',  an  indeterminate  in- 
florescence consisting  of  sin- 
gle-flowered pedicels  arranged 
along  a  common  axis.  Com- 
pare Panicle  and  Spike 

RACEMIF'EROUS,  bearing  ra- 
cemes. 

RAC'EMOSE,  disposed  in  racemes 
or  resembling  a  raceme. 

RAC'EMULE,  a  small  raceme. 

RAfJEM'ULOSE,  producing  or  dis- 
posed in  small  racemes,  or  re- 
sembling a  small  raceme. 

RACHIL  LA,  the  axis  of  a  spike- 
let  in  grasses. 

RA'CHIS,  a  common  peduncle  or 
petiole  or  elongated  receptacle, 
especially  (1)  The  midrib  of  a 
pinnate  frond  in  ferns;  (2)  the 
axis  of  a  spike  or  raceme;  rha- 
chis. 


RA'DIAL,  pertaining  to  a  radius, 
ray,  or  border;  developed  uui- 
formly  on  all  sides  around  a 
longitudinal  axis.  Compare 
Dorsiventral. 

RA'DIAL  BUNDLE,  the  axial 
fibrovascular  system  in  roots 
and  some  lycopods — so  called 
because  it  consists  of  alter- 
nating radial  bands  of  xylein 
and  phloemi. 

RADIANT,  spreading  from  a 
common  centre;  radiating;  ra- 
diate. Also  having  a  ray  or 
border,  as  the  inflorescence  of 
hydrangea. 

RA'DlATE,  having  rays  or  ray- 
florets. 

RA'DIATE  -  VEINED,  see  Pal- 
mately  Veined. 

RA'DlATlNG,  see  Radiant. 

RAD'ICAL,  proceeding  from  the 
root,  or  base  of  the  stem. 

RAdICANT,  rooting  —  applied 
only  where  roots  proceed 
from  the  stem  above  ground; 
radicating. 

RAD'ICATED,  having  a  root  or 
roots. 

RADICATING,  see  Radicant. 

RADICA'TION,  (1)  the  arrange- 
ment or  disposition  of  the 
roots  in  the  soil,  i.e.,  whether 
spreading  near  the  surface  or 
running  vertically  downward, 
etc.;  (2)  the  arrangement  of 
the  roots  and  rootlets  on  their 
respective  axes  (rhizotaxis) — 
corresponding  to  Phyllotaxis, 
Caulotaxis,  and  Inflorescence; 
(3)  the  act  of  taking  root. 
Compare  Ramification. 

RAD'ICEL,  a  rootlet. 

RADICIC'OLOUS,  growing  upon 
the  roots  of  other  plants,  as 
certain  parasitic  fungi. 

RADICIFLO'ROUS,  having  the 
flower-stalk  arising  from  the 
crown  of  the  root. 


147 


Kadiciform 


A  DICTIONARY 


Ratoon 


RADIO  IFORM,  root-like. 

RAD'ICLE,  the  portion  of  an 
embryo  below  the  cotyledons, 
including  the  caulicle  and  nas- 
cent root;  by  some  now  re- 
stricted to  the  extreme  point 
of  the  caulicle  from  which  the 
root  develops. 

RAD'ICOSE,  having  roots  un- 
usually large  or  otherwise  re- 
markable. 

RADIC'ULA  fobs'. ),  see  Radicle. 

RAd'ICULE  (obs.),  see  Rootlet. 

RADICtJLOSE,  bearing  rootlets 
or  rhizoids,  especially  if  nu- 
merous. 

RADIUS  (pi.  Ra'dll),  see  Ray. 

RADIX  (pi.  Rad'ice§),  see  Root. 

RAG  (Hort.),  the  placenta  and 
dissepiments  (core  and  mem- 
branes) in  the  orange  and 
other  citrus  fruits. 

RA'MAL,  see  Rameal. 

RA'MEAL,  growing  on  or  per- 
taining to  branches;  ramal; 
rameous. 

RAM'ENT,  sing.,  see  Ramenta. 

RAMEN'TA  (sing.  Ramen'tum), 
scale  -  like  hairs  of  various 
forms,  especially  when  at- 
tached at  an  end  or  side  like 
those  on  the  petioles  of  ferns; 
laments.  Also  applied  to  other 
scales.     Compare  Lepides. 

RAMENTA'gEOUS,  bearing  ra- 
menta. 

RAMEN'TUM,  sing.,  see  Ra- 
menta. 

RA'MEOUS,  see  Rameal. 

RAMI,  pi.,  see  Ramus. 

rAmiF'EROUS,  see  Ramose. 

RAMIFICATION,  (1)  the  act  or 
process  of  branching;  (2)  a 
branch,  division,  or  offshoot; 
(3)  the  general  arrangement  of 
a  system  of  branches.  Applied 
to  either  stems  or  roots.  Com- 
pare Radication. 


148 


RAMIFLO'ROtiS,  producing  flow- 
ers along  the  larger  branches. 

RAm'IFORM,  branch-like. 

RAMlP'AROUS,  producing 
branches. 

RAMOSE',  bearing  branches;  di- 
vided into  branches;  especially, 
divided  into  mauy  branches; 
ramous. 

RA'MOUS,  see  Ramose. 

RAM'tJLI,  pi.,  see  Hamulus. 

RAM'fJLOSE,  full  of  small 
branches. 

RAM'ULOUS,  see  Ramulose. 

RAM'ULUS  (pi.  Ram'ull),  a  small 
branch  or  twig. 

RAMUS  (pi.  Rami),  a  branch. 

RANK,  a  row,  especially  a  verti- 
cal row  of  leaves  or  other 
organs  upon  a  stem. 

RA'PHE,  the  adherent  funiculus 
connecting  the  hiluni  and  cha- 
laza  in  anatropous  or  amphit- 
ropous  seeds.  Also  applied 
to  a  median  line  on  the  frus- 
tules  of  many  diatoms,  and 
formerly  to  the  suture  between 
the  two  halves  of  the  fruit  in 
Umbelliferaj;  rhaphe. 

RAPH'IDES,  needle-shaped  crys- 
tals; rhaphides.  Sometimes 
improperly  applied  to  plant- 
crystals  of  other  forms.  They 
are  usually  composed  of  oxa- 
late of  lime,  and  occur  in  large 
numbers  in  certain  plants. 

RAPHID'IAN,  pertaining  to  raph- 
ides.  A  raphidian  cell  is  a 
cell  containing  raphides. 

RARE,  sparse  or  few.  Seldom 
used  in  this  sense. 

RARE'-RIPE,  see  Rath-ripe. 

RATH'-RIPE  (rare),  ripening  or 
maturing  early  in  the  season; 
rare-ripe. 

RATOON',  a  sprout  from  the  root 
or  base  of  a  plant  which  has 
been   cut  off  (applied  mainly 


Ray 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Region 


to      sugar  -  cane).      Compare 
Sucker  and  Plant-cane. 

RAUMPAR'SIT,  see  Aulophyte. 

RAY,  a  branch  of  an  umbel  or 
other  somewhat  radiating  in- 
florescence; the  ligulate  co- 
rolla of  an  outer  floret  in  a 
head  of  Composite;  the  mar- 
gin of  any  circular  surface,  as 
distinguished  from  the  central 
portion  or  disk. 

RAY  -  FLORET,  see  Ligulate 
Floret. 

RAY-FLOWER,  one  of  the  mar- 
ginal florets  of  a  head  in  Com- 
posites; ray-floret;  ligulate  flo- 
ret. Also,  a  marginal  flower 
in  other  flat-topped  flower- 
cfusters,  especially  when  dif- 
ferent from  those  of  the  centre 
or  disk,  as  in  hydrangea. 

RECEPTACLE,  the  place  upon 
or  within  which  anything  is 
borne,  as  the  summit  of  a 
flower-stalk  upon  which  the 
floral  organs  are  arranged,  or 
upon  which  the  flowers  of  a 
head  are  situated. 

RECEPTAC'ULAR,  pertaiuiug  to 
or  growing  upon  a  receptacle. 

RECEPTAC'ULAR  TUBE,  see 
Calyx-tube.  Compare  Hy- 
panthium. 

RECEPTIVE  SPOT,  the  place  in 
an  oosphere  at  which  the  male 
gamete  enters;  i.e.,  at  which 
fertilization  takes  place. 

RECESS',  see  Sinus. 

RECLINATE,  bent  over  so  that 
the  apex  is  lower  than  the 
base,  or  until  it  rests  on  some 
support;  reclined;  reclining. 
Said  of  stems  or  branches 
when  erect  or  ascending  at 
the  base,  then  turning  toward 
the  ground;  of  leaves  in  the 
bud  when  the  blade  is  bent 
down  upon  the  petiole,  etc. 
When  applied  to  a  vine  grow- 


ing upon  the  ground  it  has 
about  the  same  meaning  as 
Recumbent  and  Decumbent. 

RECLINED',  see  Reclinate. 

RECLIN  ING,  see  Reclinate. 

RECRUDESCENCE  (obs.),  see 
Rejuvenescence. 

REC'TINERVED,  parallel-veined. 

RECTIPETAL'ITY,  the  tendency 
of  growing  organs  to  grow  in 
a  straight  line.     (Vochtiug.) 

RECTISE'RIAL,  in  straight  rows. 

RECUR'VATE,  see  Recurved. 

RECURVED',  carved  outward  or 
backward  to  a  moderate  extent, 
between  forty-live  and  ninety 
degrees.    Compare  Reflexed. 

REDUPLICATE,  applied  to  parts 
of  a  flower  in  eestivation  when 
they  aie  valvate  and  have  the 
margins  reflexed. 

REDUPLICATION,  an  increase 
in  the  number  of  parts  in  a 
flower  according  to  the  plan 
upon  which  it  is  founded,  i.e., 
by  the  addition  of  similar 
whorls;  regular  multiplication. 

REFLECTED,  see  Reflexed. 

REFLEXED',  turned  backward 
or  outward  more  than  Re- 
curved, or  to  about  the  same 
extent  but  abruptly;  reflected. 
Compare  Recurved  and  De- 
flected. 

REFLORES'CENCE,  blossoming 
anew. 

REFRACTED,  bent  abruptly  out- 
ward or  backward,  at  an  angle 
of  more  than  forty-five  degrees. 
Compare  Deflexed  and  Re- 
curved. 

REGENERATION,  see  Rejuve- 
nescence. 

RE'GION,  an  extent  of  country 
enclosing  particular  species, 
which  are  distributed  through 
it  in  the  stations  adapted  to 
their  growth,  and  which,  owing 


149 


Eegma 


A  DICTIONARY 


Respiration 


to  natural  conditions,  are  not 
generally  found  elsewhere,  as 
the  Arctic  and  Mediterranean 
regions. 

REG' MA,  a  fruit  with  elastically 
dehiscing  cocci,  as  in  Euphor- 
bia. 

REG'mAcARP,  see  Regma. 

REGRESSION,  see  Retrogres- 
sive Metamorphosis. 

REG'ULAR,  said  of  a  flower 
which  has  all  the  parts  of 
each  whorl  alike  in  size  and 
form;  actiuoinorphous. 

REG'ULAR  PELO'RlA,  when  a 
flower,  usually  regular,  be- 
comes irregular  by  the  non- 
development  of  some  part. 
Compare  Peloria,  Irregu- 
lar Peloria,  and  Epanody. 

REJUVENESCENCE,  (1)  the  for- 
mation of  a  siugle  new  cell 
from  the  entire  contents  of  a 
cell  already  formed  ("renewal 
of  cells");  especially,  where 
the  new  cell  escapes  from  the 
old  cell-wall  and  develops  a 
new  plant,  as  in  (Edogonium 
and  some  other  algae;  (2)  the 
renewal  of  growth  and  vigor 
as  the  result  of  conjugation 
or  other  form  of  fertilization 
(rare);  (3)  any  renewed  growth, 
or  manifestation  of  increased 
vigor,  as  the  annual  growth 
of  new  canes  in  the  raspberry 
or  the  formation  of  vigorous 
shoots  from  near  the  ground 
in  other  shrubs;  renewal;  re- 
generation. 

RELIQ'UJJE,  see  Induvi^;. 

REMOTE',  separated  by  greater 
intervals  than  usual. 

RENEWAL  OF  CELLS,  see  Re- 
juvenescence? 

REN'IFORM,  kidney  -  shaped: 
heart-shaped,  but  broader 
than  long  and  very  deeply 
lobed  at  the  base. 


REPAND',  having  a  slightly  un- 
dulating or  sinuous  margin. 
Compare  Sinuate. 

REPENT,  see  Creeping. 

REPLICATE,  folded  backward 
at  the  sides  or  end.  Compare 
Revolute. 

RE'PLUM,  a  frame-like  placenta 
in  Cruci  ferae  and  certain  other 
plants  across  which  the  septum 
stretches,  and  from  which  the 
two  valves  fall  away  in  dehis- 
cence. 

REPRODUCTIVE  ORGANS,  in 
flowering  plants,  the  stamens 
and  pistils. 

REP'TANT,  see  Creeping. 

RESERVE  MATE'RIAL,  assimi- 
lated plant-food  which  is  capa- 
ble of  again  becoming  food 
to  serve  in  the  growth  of  the 
plant,  as  starch. 

RES'IN-CELL,  a  cell  which  has 
the  office  of  secretins  resin. 

RESIN-DUCT,  see  Resin-pas- 
sage. 

RES'IN-GLAnD,  a  cell  or  group 
of  cells  which  secrete  resin. 

RESINIF'EROtJS,  producing 
resin. 

RES'IN-PAS  SAGE,  an  intercel- 
lular space  or  continuous  gland 
in  or  into  which  resin  is  se- 
creted; resin-duct;  resin-tube. 

RESIN-TUBE,  see  Resin-pas- 
sage. 

RESPIRATION,  in  a  broad  sense, 
includes  all  transfers  of  gases 
and  vapors  between  the  plant 
and  the  air.  As  usually  em- 
ployed it  refers  to  the  absorp- 
tion of  carbon  dioxide  from 
the  air,  and  its  decomposition 
in  the  plant,  with  the  assimi- 
lation of  the  carbon  and  the 
liberation  of  the  oxygen.  In 
a  strict  sense  it  applies  to  the 
same  process  as  respiration  in 
animals,    though    existing    in 


150 


Resting-nucleus       OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Retrogressive 


plants  to  a  feebler  degree, 
namely,  the  reception  of  oxy- 
gen, the  oxidation  of  oxidiza- 
ble  matter,  and  the  release  of 
the  products  of  oxidation.  See 
Transpiration. 

RESPIRATORY  CAVITY,  see 
Stomatic  Chamber. 

RESPI'RATORY  CHAMBER,  see 

Stomatic  Chamber. 
RES'TANT,  see  Persistent. 

RESTING  CELL,  see  Resting- 
spore, 

REST'ING-NU'CLEUS,  a  nucleus 
when  not  in  the  act  of  karyo- 
kinesis.  The  nuclear  filament 
then  exists  in  the  form  of  gran- 
ules, or  as  a  network,  often 
with  one  or  more  nucleoli. 

REST'ING  PERIOD,  the  period 
during  which  a  plant,  seed,  or 
spore  remains  dormant.  Ap- 
plied mainly  to  the  dormant 
period  of  a  restiug-spore,  then 
also  called  by  some  "involu- 
tion-period." 

REST  ING  SPORANGIUM,  a  term 
applied  by  Pringsheim  to  cer- 
tain dormant  gonidiaof  Sapro- 
leguia  and  related  fungi  which 
eventually  produce  swarm- 
spores. 

REST'ING  SPORE,  a  spore  fur- 
nished with  thick  walls  and 
able  to  retain  its  vitality  for  a 
considerable  time,  and  gen- 
erally requiring  the  lapse  of 
time,  often  over  winter,  before 
it  will  germinate;  wiuter-spore; 
hypuospore;  statospore. 

REST'ING-STAGE,  the  stage  or 
condition  of  a  plant,  bulb, 
seed,  or  spore  during  its  dor- 
mant or  resting  period. 

RESU'PINATE,  upside-down;  in- 
verted; retro verted;  reversed. 
Compare  Supine. 

RETICULATE,    in   the  form  of 


network,  as  the  veins  in  the 
leaves  of  most  plants. 

RETICULATED,  see  Reticu- 
late. 

RETICULATED  VES'SEL,  one 
having  thickenings  in  the 
form  of  network. 

RETICULATION,  any  network  ; 
reticulum. 

RETICULUM,  a  fibrous  mem- 
brane at  the  base  of  the  pet- 
ioles in  palms  (mattulla);  the 
network  which  pervades  the 
substance  of  the  cell  and  nu- 
cleus enclosing  the  softer  por- 
tions of  the  protoplasm;  any 
system  of  filaments  or  fibres  in 
the  form  of  network. 

RET'IFORM,  see  Reticulate. 

RETINACULUM  (pi.  Retinac'ula), 

(1)  the  viscid  glandular  disk 
derived  from  the  rostellum  at 
the  base  of  the  caudicle  of  a 
pollinium  in  orchids  by  which 
it  is  attached  to  a  visiting  in- 
sect  (cement-disk  of   Miiller); 

(2)  one  of  the  arms  connecting 
the  polliuia  of  milk-weeds  with 
the  corpusculum;  (3)  the  per- 
sistent indurated  hook-like  fu- 
niculus of  the  seeds  in  most 
Acanthacese. 

RET'INERVED,  see  Reticulate- 
veined. 
RE'TROFLEXED,  see  Reflexed. 
RE'TROFRACTED,       see      R  e  - 

FRACTED. 

RETROGRESSION,  see  Retro- 
gressive Metamorphosis. 

RETROGRESSIVE  METAMOR'- 
PHOSIS,  the  occurrence  in  the 
place  of  organs  of  the  usual 
character  of  those  belonging 
to  a  lower  condition  or  posi- 
tion, as  when  pistils  become 
converted  into  stamens,  petals, 
or  leaves;  descending  meta- 
morphosis;    retrogression;    re- 


151 


Ketrorse 


A  DICTIONARY 


Rhizophore 


gression.  Compare  Progres- 
sive Metamorphosis. 

KETRORSE',  turned  backward  in 
any  manner. 

RETRORSE'LY  ACULEATE,  hav- 
ing prickles  directed  backward 
or  downward,  as  on  the  stem 
of  Galium  asprellum. 

RE'TROVERTED,     see     Resupi- 

NATE. 

RETUSE',  slightly  notched  at  a 
rounded  apex.  Compare 
Emarginate. 

REVERSED',  upside-down;  resu- 
pinate;  directed  backward  to- 
ward the  base;  extending  in  an 
opposite  to  the  usual  direction. 

REVERSION,  appearance  in  an 
earlier,  lower,  or  simpler  form 
than  usual.  See  Retrogres- 
sive Metamorphosis  and 
Atavism. 

REV'OLUTE,  rolled  outward, 
backward,  or  downward. 
Compare  Involute  and  Cir- 
cinate. 

REVOLVING  NtJTA'TION,  see 
CrRCUMTSTDTATION. 

RHAB  DOID,  an  acicular  or  spin- 
dle-shaped protoplasmic  body 
found  in  the  stalk-cells  of  the 
tentacles  of  Drosera  and  in  the 
mesophyll  cells  of  Diona?a; 
plastoid.  It  tends  to  become 
spherical  when  the  part  is 
stimulated,  but  its  full  signifi- 
cance is  unknown. 

RHA'CHIS,  see  Rachis. 

RHA'PHE,  see  Raphe. 

RHAPHIDES,  see  Raphides. 

RHEOT'ROPISM,  having  the  di- 
rection of  growth  determined 
(not  mechanically)  by  a  current 
of  water.  (Jonsson.)  See  Posi- 
tively and  Negatively  Rhe- 
otropic.  Compare  Heliot- 
ropism. 

RHIZAmoR'PHOLD,   see    Rhizo- 

MORPHOUS. 


RHIZAN'THOUS,  parasitic  upon 
the  roots  of  another  plant,  and 
producing  flowers  with  little 
or  no  green  foliage  of  its  own, 
as  Rattiesia  and  Monotropa.  A 
term  of  little  importance,  sel- 
dom used.  Compare  Radici- 
florous. 

RHIZI'NA  (pi.  Rhizi'nee),  see  Rhi- 
zoid. 

RHI'ZINE,  see  Rhizoid. 

RHIZOCAR'POUS,  having  a  peren- 
nial root  and  herbaceous  stem; 
rhizoearpic.     (Rare.) 

RHIZ  OGEN,  (1)  a  plant  Avhich  is 
parasitic  upon  the  roots  of 
another;  (2)  any  part  or  organ 
which  emits  roots  or  rhizoids. 

RHIZOGENET'IC,  root-produc- 
ing, as  rhizogenetic  tissue;  rhi- 
zogeuic. 

RHIZOGEN'IC,  see  Rhizoge- 
netic. 

RHI'ZOID,  adj.,  see  Rhizomor- 
phous. 

RHI'ZOID,  n.,  a  root-like  organ 
in  many  cryptogams;  rhizina; 
rhizine.     Compare  Root. 

RHIZOmA  (pi.  Rhlzo'mata),  see 
Rhizome. 

RHIZOmAT'IC,  having  the  appear- 
ance or  character  of  a  rhizome. 

RHIZOME  ,  a  subterranean  stem, 
especially  if  uniformly  thick- 
ened for  the  storage  of  starch, 
etc.;  rhizoma;  root  -  stock. 
Compare  Stolon  and  Tuber. 

RHI'ZOMORPHS,  root-like  organs 
in  Agarics  and  some  other 
fungi  composed  of  many 
united  hyphal  strands. 

RHIZOMOR'PHOUS,  root-like ;  rhi- 
zomorphoid;  rhizoid. 

RHIZOPHORE,  a  structure  in 
certain  species  of  Selaginella 
which  resembles  a  root  and 
from  which  true  roots  are  de- 
veloped. 


152 


Rhizophyllous 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Rosette 


RHIZOPHYL'LOUS,  emitting  roots 
from  the  leaves.     (Rare.) 

RHIZOTAX'IS,  the  position  or 
order  of  arrangement  of  the 
roots  upon  a  plant;  radication. 
Compare  Phyllotaxis  and 
Catjlotaxis. 

RHI'ZOTAXY,  see  Rhizotaxis. 
RHODOL'OGY,  the  part  of  botany 
which  treats  of  roses. 

RHO'DOPHYL,  the  compound 
pigment  which  is  the  coloring 
matter  of  red  alga1,  the  Flo- 
ridese. 

RHODOSPER'MIN,  crystalloids  of 
proteid  found  in  the  Floridete 
containing  the  rhodophyl  or 
red  coloring  matter. 

RIB,  a  large  prominent  vein. 

RIBBED,  (1)  having  more  than 
one  prominent  longitudinal 
vein;  (2)  applied  to  an  apple 
or  other  fruit  with  large  longi- 
tudinal ridges. 

RICTUS,  an  old  term  for  the 
throat  of  a  personate  flower. 

RIGflS'CENT,  approaching  a  rigid 
or  stiff  consistence.  (M.  C. 
Cooke.) 

RIGHT,  see  remarks  under  Dex- 
trorse and  Left. 

RI'MA  (pi.  Ri'mae),  a  chink  or 
cleft. 

RIMOSE',  abounding  with  chinks, 
clefts,  or  cracks,  as  the  bark 
of  many  trees  and  the  thallus 
of  certain  lichens;  rimous, 

RIM  OUS,  see  Rimose. 

RIM'ULOSE,  diminutive  of  Ri- 
mose. 

RIND,  see  Cortex. 

RING,  see  Annttltjs. 

RINGED,  see  Annttlated. 

RIN'GENT,  bilabiate,  with  the 
lips  widely  separated  and  the 
throat  open,  as  in  Latnium. 
Compare  Personate. 


RIPA'RIAN,  see  Ripariots. 

RIPA'RIOUS,  growing  along  riv- 
ers or  other  water-courses; 
riparian. 

RIVOSE', having  sinuate  channels. 
Compare  Sulcate. 

RIV'ULOSE,  having  small  sinuate 
channels.     Compare  Striate. 

ROD  -  FRUCTIFICA'TION,  un- 
b  ranched  gonidiophores  in 
Basidiomycetes. 

ROGUE  (Hort),  an  inferior  sport 
or  variation,  i.e.,  a  plant  which 
deviates  in  an  undesirable  man- 
ner from  the  type  of  the  species 
or  variety. 

ROOT,  the  descending  axis;— 
differing  in  character  from 
the  stem  chiefly  in  being  des- 
titute of  leaves.  Compare  Rhi- 
zoid  and  Rhizome.  Sachs  ex- 
tends the  term  Root  to  the  root- 
like organs  (rhizoids)  of  cel- 
lular plants. 

ROOT-CAP,  a  protective  covering 
to  the  growing  extremity  of 
_roots;  calyptra;  pileorhiza. 

ROOT-HAIRS,  slender  hairs  upon 
the  younger  roots,  which  serve 
to  absorb  food  from  the  soil. 

ROOT -LEAF,  a  leaf  springing 
from  the  base  of  the  stem. 

ROOT  -  PRES'SURE,  see  Sap- 
pressure. 

R0~0T'LET,  a  small  root;  root- 
fibre. 

ROOT-SHEATH,  see  Coleorhiza. 

ROOT'STOCK,  see  Rhizome. 

RO  RIDUS,  covered  with  trans- 
parent elevations  resembling 
drops  of  dew.     (Obs.) 

ROSA'CEOUS,  rose-like,  or  be- 
longing to  the  family  Rosacea?. 

ROSEL'LA  (obs.),  see  Rosette. 

ROSETTE',  a  cluster  of  leaves  or 
other  organs  arranged  some- 
what   like    the    petals    of    a 


153 


Rostellate 


A  DICTIONARY 


Ruminated 


double  rose,  as  the  leaves  of 
the  dandelion  or  those  upon 
the  short  spurs  of  the  larch. 

RCS'TEL,  see  Rostelltjm. 

R6STELLATE,  diminutive  of 
Rostrate,  having  a  small  beak. 

ROSTEL'LIFORM,  beak -shaped, 
especially  when  the  process  is 
small;  rostriform. 

RCSTEL'LUM  (pi.  Rostel'la),  a 
little  beak;  especially,  the 
process  upon  the  column  in 
orchids  containing  the  disk 
(retinaculum)  of  the  pollinia. 
It  is  one  of  the  three  united 
styles  which  has  become  mod- 
ified for  this  purpose. 

ROS'TRATE,  see  Beaked. 

R0STRIF6RM,  beak-shaped. 

ROS'TRUM,  see  Beak. 

RO'sUlA  (obs.),  see  Rosette. 

RO'SULAR  (obs.),  see  Rosulate. 

RO'SUlATE,  arranged  or  shaped 
like  a  rosette;  having  the 
leaves  in  little  tufts  like  the 
petals  of  a  double  rose,  as 
those  of  the  dandelion. 

ROTATE,  wheel  -  shaped.  In 
flowers,  applied  to  a  gamo- 
petalous  corolla  with  a  very 
short  tube  and  nearly  flat 
spreading  border. 

RO'TATE-PLANE,  gamopetalous, 
with  a  flat  border  and  no  tube. 

ROTATION,  a  flowing  movement 
of  the  protoplasmic  cell-fluid; 
cyclosis;  streaming.  In  some 
active  or  growing  cells  the 
movement  is  readily  visible 
as  distinct  currents  having  a 
rotary  or  back-and-forth  direc- 
tion. The  term  Cyclosis  is  now 
well  established,  and  is  perhaps 
preferable  to  Rotation  as  a  gen- 
eral term,  the  latter  word  being 
applied  especially  to  circula- 
tion next  the  cell-wall,  to  a 
rotation    of    the   whole    mass 


within  the  cell,  or  to  a  pecu- 
liar spiral  movement  of  the 
cell-fluid  in  certain  plants,  as 
in  Chara. 

RO'TIFORM  (obs.),  see  Rotate. 

ROTUND',  rounded;  somewhat 
orbicular. 

ROUGH,  see  Scabrous. 

ROUGH  LEAVES,  a  gardener's 
term  for  the  true  leaves  which 
succeed  the  cotyledons. 

RUBES'CENT,  reddish  or  rosy; 
rubicund. 

RU'BICUND,  see  Rubescent. 

RUBIG'INOSE,  of  the  color  of  iron- 
rust;  brownish  red;  rubiginous; 
rufous;  rusty;  ferruginous. 

RUBIGINOUS,  see  Rubiginose. 

RU'DERAL,  growing  in  rubbish 
or  waste  places. 

RUDIMENT,  an  imperfectly  de- 
veloped, vestigal,  or  aborted 
part. 

RUDIMEN'TAL,  see  Rudimen- 
tary. 

RUDIMEN'TARY,  imperfectly  de- 
veloped, or  in  an  early  stage  of 
development;  rudimental. 

RUFES'CENT,  somewhat  rufous. 

RUF'FLED,  sometimes  applied  to 
a  margin  when  very  strongly 
waved. 

RU'FOUS,  see  Rubiginose. 

RU'GA,  a  wrinkle. 

RUGGED  (obs.),  see  Scabrous. 

RUGOSE',  wrinkled,  as  the  leaves 
of  sage.  Compare  Bullate 
and  Crisp. 

RU  GULOSE,  slightly  rugose. 

RU'MINATED,  said  of  the  albu- 
men or  cotyledons  of  a  seed 
which  has  holes  or  channels 
into  which  the  inner  seed-coat 
penetrates,  as  in  the  papaw 
and  nutmesr. 


154 


Runcinate 


OF   BOTANICAL   TERMS 


Sarcocarp 


RUN'CINATE,  having  large  sharp 
teeth  or  lohes  projecting  back- 
ward, as  the  leaves  of  dande- 
lion. 

RUNNER,  a  stolon  which  roots 
and  forms  new  plants  at  inter- 
vals, as  the  strawberry;  the 
prostrate  stem  of  a  vine,  as  in 
melons. 

RUN'NING,  prostrate  upon  or 
beneath  the  surface,  but  not 
rooting.  Often  used  improp- 
erly in  the  sense  of  Creeping, 
which  see. 

RUPES'TRINE,  growing  upon 
rocks  or  in  rocky  places;  lapi- 
dose;  saxatile;  saxicole;  saxi- 
coline;  saxicolous;  rupicoline; 
rupicolous.  The  distinctions 
between  these  terms  are  main- 
ly slight  and  inconstant.  Lapi- 
dose  may,  however,  be  defined 
as  growing  upon  laud  abound- 
ing in  loose  stones  or  coarse 
gravel  (compare  Glareose). 
while  the  other  terms  usually 
refer  to  fixed  or  massive  rock. 
There  is  a  tendency,  also,  to 
restrict  the  terms  Rupicolous 
and  Saxicolous  to  growth  di- 
rectly upon  the  rocks,  as  with 
many  lichens,  mosses,  and 
some  ferns. 

RUPIC  OLOtJS,  see  Rupestrine. 

RUP'TILE,  dehiscing  in  an  irreg- 
ular or  accidental  manner. 

RUSTY,  see  Rubiginose. 

SAB'ULINE,  see  Arenaceous. 

SAbULOSE,  see  Arenaceous. 

SAC,  a  deep  or  closed  receptacle. 
Also  written  Sack. 

SACCATE,  in  the  form  of  a  bag 
or  pouch ;  sacciform. 

SAC  OF  THE  AM'NldS  (obs.),  see 
Embryo-sac. 

SAC  OF  THE  EM  BRYO,  see  Em- 
bryo-sac. 

SACK,  see  Sac. 


SAGITTATE,  arrow-shaped.  Dif- 
fers from  Cordate  in  having 
the  lobes  as  well  as  apex  acute. 

SA'LIENT,  projecting  outward. 

SA'LINE,  growing  upon  the  sea- 
shore or  other  places  impreg- 
nated with  salt;  salsuginous. 

SALSU  GINOUS,  see  Saline. 

SAL  VER  FORM,   see    Hypocra- 

TERIFORM. 

SAL'VER  -  SHAPED,    see    Hypo- 

CRATERIFORM. 

SAMA'RA,  a  winged  fruit,  like 
that  of  the  ash,  elm,  or  maple; 
pteridium;  key. 

SAM'AROID,  winged  like  a 
samara. 

SAP,  in  general,  any  vegetable 
fluid,  especially  limpid  fluid, 
such  as  abounds  in  many  trees 
in  spring.     See  Cell-sap. 

SAP-CAVITY,  see  Vacuole. 

SAP'ID,  having  a  pleasant  taste. 

SAP'LING,  a  tall  seedling  tree 
having  a  stem  from  two  to 
six  inches  in  diameter. 

SAP  -  PRES'SURE,  the  force  ex- 
erted by  the  soil-fluid  in  enter- 
ing the  plant,  and  b}'  the  sap 
in  passing  upward  within  it; 
root-pressure.     See  Osmose. 

SAPROGENOUS,  causing  putre- 
faction. 

SAP'ROPHYTE,  a  plant  which 
lives  upon  dead  animal  or 
vegetable  matter;  humus- 
plaut.     Compare  Parasite. 

SAPROPHYTIC,  living  upon 
dead  organic  matter.  Com- 
pare Parasitic. 

SAP- VES'SEL,  see  Vessel. 

SAP' -WOOD,  see  Alburnum. 

SARCOB'ASIS,  see  Carcehule. 

SARCOCARP,  the  succulent 
fleshy  portion  of  a  fruit,  es- 
pecially of  a  drupe.     Used  by 


155 


Sarcoderm 


A  DICTIONARY 


Scattered 


M.  T.  Masters  synonymously 
■with  Berry. 

SAR'CODERM,  a  fleshy  layer  in 
certain  seed  -  coats;  sarco- 
derma. 

SAR'MENT,  a  long  slender  run- 
ner, stolon,  or  twig;  sarmen- 
tum;  flagellum. 

SARMENTA'QEOUS,     see      Sar- 

MENTOSE. 

SARMENTIF'EROUS,  bearing 
sarmeuts. 

SARMENTOSE',  bearing  or  re- 
sembling sarmeuts;  sarmeuta- 
ceous;  sarmentous. 

SARMEN'TOUS,      see      Sarmen- 

TOSE. 

SARMENTUM  (pi.  Sarmen'ta), 
see  Sarment. 

SAU'SAGE-SHAPED,  see  Allan- 

TOID. 

SAW- TOOTHED,  see  Serrate. 

SAX  ATILE,  see  Rupestrine. 

SAX  ICOLE,  see  Rtjpestrine. 

SAXIC'OLINE,  see  Rupestrine. 

SAXIC  OLOUS,  growing  upon 
rocks,  as  many  mosses  and 
lichens;  rupicolous.  Com- 
pare Rupestrine. 

SCA'BRATE,  see  Scabrous. 

SCA'BRID,  slightly  scabrous. 

SCA'BRIDOUS,  somewhat  scabrid 
or  scabrous. 

SCAbRIDULOUS,  slightly  scabrid 
or  scabrous;  scabridous. 

SCA'BROtJS,  rough  with  short 
stiff  hairs  or  points;  scabrate; 
asperate. 

SCAlAR'IFORM,  having  trans- 
verse bars  like  a  ladder:  ap- 
plied mainly  to  thickenings 
of  this  form  characteristic  of 
scalariform  vessels. 

SCALAR  IFORM  DUCT,  see  Sca- 
lariform Vessel. 

SCALAR  LFORM   MARKING,   an 

1 


elongated  pit  of  a  scalariform 
vessel. 

SCALAR'IFORM  VES'SEL,  a  ves- 
sel marked  with  elongated 
transverse  bordered  pits,  as 
iu  many  ferns. 

SCALE,  any  thin,  scale-like  ap- 
pendage, usually  a  degen- 
erated and  metamorphosed 
leaf,  as  those  of  buds  and 
buds.  See  Ramentum  and 
Lefide. 

SCAL'LION,  a  small  or  imperfect 
onion,  particularly  the  shallot, 
Allium  Ascalonicum.  Com- 
pare Scullion. 

SCALLOPED,  see  Crenate. 

SCAL'Y,  consisting  of  scales: 
furnished  or  covered  with 
scales;  scale-like  in  texture. 

SCALY  BULB,  one  with  narrow 
and  somewhat  separate  scales, 
as  in  the  lily.  Compare  Tuni- 
cated  Bulb. 

SCAN'DENT,  see  Climbing. 

SCAPE,  a  peduncle  rising  from 
the  ground,  as  in  blood-root, 
Banguina/ria  Canadensis;  i.e., 
a  stalk  from  the  root  or  collar 
which  bears  one  or  more  flow- 
ers but  no  foliage-leaves. 

SCAPH  OID,  see  Navicular. 

SCAPIFLO'ROUS,  having  the  flow- 
ers on  scapes. 

SCA'PIFORM,  scape-like;  scapoid. 

SCAPiG' EROUS,  bearing  scapes. 

SCA  POID,  see  ScAPiFORM. 

SCA'PUS,  see  Scape. 

SCAR,  the  mark  left  by  the  natu- 
ral separation  of  a  leaf  or  other 
organ;  cicatrix.  See  Leaf- 
scar  and  Hilum. 

SCA'RIOSE,  see  Scarious. 

SCA'RiOUS,dry  and  membranous; 
scariose. 

SCATTERED,  either  sparse,  or 
without  apparent  regularity 
56 


Schizocarp 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Scrobiculate 


of  arrangement.     See  Alter- 
nate. 

SCHIZOCARP,  a  fruit  of  which 
the  carpels  separate  when 
mature  and  retain  the  seeds 
in  cocci  or  mericarps. 

SCHIZOGENET'IC,    see    Schizo- 

GENIC. 

SCHIZOGEN'IC,  formed  by  the 
separation  of  parts,  as  some 
intercellular  spaces;  schizo- 
genetic;  schizogenous.  Com- 
pare Lysigenic. 

SCHIZOG'ENOUS,      see     Schizo- 

GENIC. 

SgiM  ETAR- SHAPED,  see  Acina- 

CIFORM. 

SCI'ON,  formerly  used  for  any 
shoot  or  twig;  now  applied 
only  to  one  intended  for 
grafting.  Improperly  writ- 
ten Cion.  A  scion  is  con- 
sidered by  most  nurserymen 
to  be  a  part  of  a  twig  or  shoot 
long  enough  to  make  one  graft, 
usually  four  to  six  inches. 

SCI'UROID,  in  the  shape  of  a 
squirrel's  tail. 

SCLEREN'CHYMA,  lignified  tis- 
sue of  any  kind,  especially 
such  as  composes  the  shell  of 
a  nut.  It  is  not  usually  ap- 
plied to  ordinary  woody  tis- 
sue, but  is  used  by  many  bot- 
anists for  thick-walled  fibres 
of  the  bast  and  hypoderma. 

SCLER  OGEN,  see  Lignine. 

SCLE'ROID,  woody  or  bony  iu 
texture. 

SCLERO'SIS,  see  Lignification. 

SCLE'ROTE,  see  Sclerotium. 

SCLER6T'IC,  resembling  or  con- 
sisting of  sclerenchyma. 

SCLERO'TIUM  (pi.  Sclero'tia),  a 
consolidated  and  hardened 
mass  of  hyphse  in  a  resting 
condition,  as  in  Claviceps  (er- 
got) and  some  other  Ascomy- 


cetes.  Also  a  temporary  con- 
dition assumed  by  the  Plasmo- 
dium of  Myxomycetes,  chiefly 
due  to  dryness,  in  which  it 
appears  in  dry,  compact,  wax- 
like, gritty  nodules. 

SCLEROt'OID,  consisting  of  or 
resembling  a  sclerotium. 

SCOBIC'ULAR,  see  Scobiform. 

SCGB'IFORM,  resembling  saw- 
dust; scobicular. 

SCOBI'NA,  an  old  term  for  the 
zigzag  rachis  of  certain 
grasses. 

SCOL'EgiTE,  Tulasne's  later  term 
for  the  "vermiform  body"  of 
Worouin.  It  is  the  ascogo- 
nium  or  archicarp  in  certain 
Ascomycetes,  as  Ascobolus 
pnlcherrimus. 

SCOR  PIOID,  commonly  used  in 
the  sense  of  Helicoid,  but 
properly  restricted  now  to 
alternately  progressive  or  zig- 
zag development.  See  Scou 
pioid  Cyme  and  Scorpioid 
Dichotomy. 

SCOR'PIOID  CYME,  one  in  which 
the  successive  flowers  are  situ- 
ated on  alternate  sides  of  the 
pseudaxis;  cicinal  cyme;  cic- 
inus  or  cincinnus.  The  term 
Scorpioid  Cyme  was  given  by 
A.  P.  de  Candolle  to  a  unilat- 
eral cyme,  the  undeveloped 
portion  of  which  is  usually 
rolled  up  like  the  tail  of  a 
scorpion,  as  in  Boraginacese, 
and  this  is  the  meaning  still 
attached  to  the  term  by  most 
botanists  of  England.  Com- 
pare Helicoid  Cyme. 

SCOR'PIOID  DlCHdT'OMY,  one  in 
which  alternate  branches  de- 
velop in  the  successive  bifur- 
cations; cicinal  dichotomy. 
Compare  Helicoid  Dichot- 
omy. 

SCROBICULATE,  pitted. 


157 


Scullion 


A   DICTIONARY  Secondary  Medullary  Rays 


SCRO'TIFdRM,  see  Pouch- 
shaped. 

SCUL'LION,  a  term  applied  by 
gardeners  in  America  to 
onions  which  fail  to  "bot- 
tom" properly,  but  remain 
soft  and  become  thick-necked. 
Probably  derived  from  Seal- 
lion,  which  see. 

SCULP' TURED,  a  horticultural 
term  applied  to  the  seeds  of 
certain  gourds,  etc.,  which 
have  peculiar  markings. 

SCURF,  small  bran-like  epider- 
mal scales. 

SCU'TATE,  shield-shaped,  espe- 
cially like  a  round  shield;  scu- 
tif  orm ;  clypeate.  Compare 
Peltate. 

SCU'TEL,  see  Scutellum. 

SCUTEL'LiEFdRM,   see   Scutel- 

LIFORM. 

SCU'TELLATE,  diminutive  of 
Scutate;  somewhat  scutate, 
like  a  platter;  especially,  cov- 
ered with  small  plate-  or  shield- 
like surfaces;  scutellated.     See 

SCUTELLIFORM. 

SCU'TELLATED,     see      Scutel- 

LATE. 

SCUTEL'LIf6RM,  shaped  like  a 
saucer  or  small  platter;  scutel- 
late;  scutellseform.  Compare 
Patelliform. 

SCUTEL'LUM  (pi.  Scutel'la),  (1)  a 
sessile  apothecium  or  "  shield" 
in  lichens;  (2)  in  Graminefe  a 
usually  shield-like  expansion 
of  the  hypocotyl  which  acts 
as  an  organ  of  suction  through 
which  the  embryo  absorbs  nu- 
triment from  the  endosperm. 
It  is  regarded  as  the  cotyledon. 
It  appears  exteriorly  as  a  large 
flat  space  upon  the  surface  of 
the  seed  surrounding  the  em- 
bryo (plumule  and  radicle)  to 
which  it  is  attached.  It  forms 
the  chief  part  of  what  is  known 


as  the  "  chit"  in  a  kernel  of 
corn.     Compare  Scutum. 

SCU'TIFdRM,  see  Scutate. 

SCU'TIFdRM  LEAF,  the  first- 
formed  leaf  (protophyl)  in 
Salvinia,  differing  in  form 
from  the  succeeding  leaves. 

SCU'TUM,  a  large  circular  disk- 
like part  or  organ,  as  the 
dilated  stigma  (stylostegium) 
of  Stapelia;  shield.  Compare 
Scutellum. 

SCYM'ITAR-SHAPED,   see   Acin- 
'aciform. 
SgY'PHIFdRM,   like  a  scyphus; 
goblet-shaped. 

SCY'PHUS  (pi.  Scy'phi),  an  apo- 
thecium in  lichens  elevated  on 
a  podetium.  Compare  Scu- 
tellum. 

SEBA'CEOUS,   wax-like,    or  pro- 
ducing wax. 
SEBIF'EROUS,  producing  wax. 

SECONDARY,  opposed  to  Pri- 
mary; often  includes  Tertiary, 
etc. 

SECONDARY  BUDS,  see  Acces- 
sory Buds. 

SECONDARY  CdR'TEX,  a  collect- 
ive term  for  the  successive  for- 
mations of  liber  or  bast  within 
the  cortical  sheath  and  primary 
cortex.  It  is  not  applied  to 
secondary  cork  formations. 

SECONDARY  FUN'GUS,  a  sapro- 
phytic or  parasitic  fungus 
which  attacks  a  plant  after  it 
has  been  killed  or  injured  by 
another      fungus.       Compare 

SCPERPARASITE. 

SECONDARY  HYBRID,  see  De- 
rivative Hybrid. 

SECONDARY  MED'ULLARY 

RAYS,  those  intermediate  be- 
tween the  rays  first  formed, 
and  which  do  not  extend  to 
the  pith. 


158 


Secondary  Meristem  OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Seed-variety 


SECONDARY  MERISTEM,  meri- 
steui  in  an  organ  or  part  after 
its  first  development  is  com- 
pleted and  by  means  of  which 
further  growth  is  effected,  as 
cambium.  Compare  Primary 
Meristem. 

SECONDARY  NU'CLEUS,  the 
"nucleus  of  the  embryo-sac," 
resulting  from  the  union  of 
the  two  polar  nuclei. 

SECONDARY     PEDUN'CLE,    the 

stalk  of  a  branch  of  an  inflo- 
rescence bearing  more  than 
one  flower;  partial  peduucle. 
Compare  Pedicel. 

SECONDARY  PETIOLE,  the 
stalk  of  a  leaflet;  partial 
petiole  petiolule. 

SECONDARY  ROOT,  a  lateral  root, 
especially  one  growing  from 
the  stem.  Compare  Primary 
Root  and  Aerial  Root. 

SECONDARY  SPORE,  a  spore 
borne  on  a  promycelium  (spo- 
ridium),  or  one  derived  imme- 
diately from  another  spore. 

SECONDARY  STRUCTURE,  the 
structure  or  condition  of  a 
plant  or  organ  after  its  first 
year,  or  after  it  has  grown  be- 
yond its  first  formed  state. 
Compare  Primary  Struc- 
ture. 

SEC  ONDARY  WOOD,  the  portion 
of  the  wood  or  xylem  which 
is  formed  after  the  primary 
xylem,  or  after  the  formation 
of  the  cambium  ring.  Com- 
pare Primary  Wood. 

sECONDINE  (obs.),  see  Sec- 
undine. 

SECTILE,  divided  into  separable 
parts. 

SE'CUND,  either  unilateral  (one- 
ranked)  or  homomalous  (one- 
sided), i.e.,  having  lateral  or- 
gans upon  one  side  only,  or  all 
turned  to  one  side. 


SECUNDINE,  the  secondary  or 
inner  coat  of  an  ovule,  called 
tegmen  in  the  seed.  By  some 
authors  this  inner  coat,  since 
it  is  first  formed,  is  called  the 
Primine  and  the  outer  coat  the 
Secundine 

SEED,  a  fertilized  ovule:  a  struc- 
ture enclosing  when  mature  a 
rudimentary  plant  (theembryo) 
which  is  protected  while  in  a 
dormant  condition,  and  fur- 
nished with  nutriment,  either 
in  its  cotyledons  or  around 
them,  with  which  to  begin 
the  process  of  growth. 

SEED'A&E,  a  term  proposed  by 
L.  H.  Bailey  for  the  process, 
state,  or  condition  of  being 
propagated  by  seed. 

SEED-BUD,  an  old  term  used  both 
for  ovule  and  ovary. 

SEED  COAT,  the  covering  of  a 
seed.    See  Tegmen  and  Testa. 

SEED-LEAF,  see  Cotyledon. 

SEED'LING,  (1)  a  plant  produced 
from  seed,  in  distinction  from 
one  produced  in  any  other 
manner,  either  naturally  or 
artificially;  (2)  a  young  plant 
produced  from  seed,  in  dis- 
tinction from  one  of  consid- 
erable age  or  size. 

SEED-LOBE,  see  Cotyledon. 

SEED-SPORT,  a  sport  which  origi- 
nated from  seed ;  seminal  sport. 
Compare  Bud-sport. 

SEED-VARlA'TION,  a  variation 
derived  from  seed  instead  of 
buds.  Compare  Bud  -  vari- 
ation. 

SEE*D  -  VARI'ETY,  any  variety 
which  originated  from  seed, 
either  suddenly  (seed  -  varia- 
tion or  seed-sport)  or  gradu- 
ally in  the  ordinary  way,  and 
is  propagated  in  any  manner. 
Compare  Bud-variety. 

SEED-VES'SEL.  see  Pericarp. 


159 


Segment 


A  DICTIONARY 


Semiterete 


SEG'MENT,  a  natural  division  or 
part;  as  one  of  the  parts  of  a 
compound  or  deeply  divided 
leaf,  an  iuternode,  the  cell  of 
a  pericarp,  any  joint  or  regu- 
lar part  whether  separable  or 
not. 

SEGMENT  A  TION,  the  act  or  pro- 
cess of  dividing  into  segments. 

SEGREGATED,  separated. 

SEI'ROSPORE,  a  kind  of  gonidium 
produced  in  mouilliform  rows 
in  certain  red  algae. 

SELF,  a  florist's  term  for  a  flower 
or  plant  which  is  wholly  of  one 
color. 

SELF-COL'ORED,  applied  to  fruits 
and  flowers  which  are  of  one 
color;  unicolor.  Compare 
Colored. 

SELF  -  FERTILIZATION,  see 
Close-fertilization. 

SEMI-,  a  Latin  prefix  meaning 
half  or  partial. 

SEMIADHER'ENT,  adherent  half- 
way, as  the  calyx  half-way  to 
the  summit  of  the  ovary. 

SEMIAMPLEXlCATJL,  slightly 
clasping  the  stem. 

SEMIANAT'ROPOtTS,      see     Am- 

PHITKOPOUS. 

SEMICOLUM'NAR,  see  Semi- 
terete. 

SfiMICOR  DATE,  in  the  shape  of 
a  lateral  half  of  a  cordate  body. 

SEM'IDOUBLE,  when  a  part  only 
of  the  stamens  are  replaced  by 
petals.     Compare  Full. 

SEMIEQ'TJITANT,  see  Half- 
equitant. 

SEM  LFLORET,  a  floret  in  Com- 
positae  having  a  strap-shaped 
corolla;  ligulate  floret;  semi- 
floscule. 

SEMIFLOS'CULAR,  having  the 
florets  of  a  head  in  Com- 
posite all  ligulate;  semiflos- 
culous. 


SEMIFLOS'CULE,    see    Semiflo- 

ret. 
SEMlFLOS'CULOUS,     see      Semi- 

FLOSCULAR. 

SEMILENTlCULAR,  see  Sub- 
lenticular. 

SEMILOC'ULAR,  having  the  dis- 
sepiments incomplete  and  the 
pericarp  therefore  really  uni- 
locular; semiseptate. 

SEMILUNAR,  see  Lunar. 

SEMILUNATE,  see  Lunar. 

SEM'lNAL,  pertaining  to  seed. 

SEM'lNAL  LEAF,  see  Cotyle- 
don. 

SEM'lNAL  SPORT,  see  Seed- 
sport. 

SEMINATION,  the  production  of 
seeds.  Sometimes  used  for 
their  dissemination  or  disper- 
sion. 

SEMINIF'EROUS,  seed-bearing. 

SEMIORBIC'ULAR,  in  the  shape 
of  one  half  of  a  circular  body. 
Compare  Svborbicular. 

SEMIO'VAL,  having  the  shape  of 
half  of  an  oval,  divided  length- 
wise. 

SEMIO'VATE,  in  the  form  of  half 
of  an  ovate  figure,  divided 
lengthwise,  as  where  one  side 
of  an  otherwise  ovate  leaf  is 
wanting. 

SEMIRA'DlATE,  having  a  part 
only  of  the  marginal  florets  of 
a  head  ligulate. 

SEMIREN'IFORM.reniforni,  with 
one  lobe  wanting. 

SEMISAG'ITTATE,  sagittate,  with 
one  lobe  wanting. 

SEMISEP'TATE,     see     Sesiiloc- 

ILAK. 

SEMISTAM'InATE,  formerly 
sometimes  used  for  semidouble. 

SEMITERETE',  half-terete;  half- 
cylindrical  ;  semicolumnar. 
160 


Semivalvate 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Serrulate 


SEMIVAL'VATE,  applied  to  a 
pericarp  in  which  the  valves 
are  ouly  partially  dehiscent. 

SEMIVERTIC'ILLATE,  see   Sub- 

YEKTICILLATE. 

SEMPERVI'RENT,  see  EVER- 
GREEN. 

SEN'SITIVENESS,  see  IRRITA- 
BILITY. 

SEPAL,  a  leaf  or  lobe  of  a  calyx. 

SEP'ALINE,  pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling a  sepal. 

SEPAL'ODY,  the  reversion  of 
petals  to  sepals. 

SEP'ALOID,  sepal-like. 

SEP  ALOUS,  having  or  relating  to 
sepals;  sepaline. 

SEPARATE,  see  Free  and  Dis- 
tinct. 

SEPARATED  FLOWERS,  those 
having  stameus  or  pistils  but 
not  both. 

SEPARATING  LAYER,  see 
Absciss  Layer. 

SEP'TA,  pi.,  see  Septum. 

SEPTAM'EROUS,  having  the  parts 
in  sevens. 

SEP'TATE,  having  one  or  more 
partitions  (septa).  Compare 
Septifehous. 

SEPTATE  SPORE,  see  Compound 
Spoke. 

SEP'TENATE,  having  seven  parts, 
or  the  parts  in  sevens;  septam- 
erous. 

SEPTICI  DAL,  a  mode  of  dehis- 
cence in  which  the  separation 
takes  place  through  the  parti- 
tions, i.e.,  along  the  line  of 
junction  of  the  carpels.  Com- 
pare Septipragal  aDd  Locu- 

LICIDAL. 

SEPTIF'EROUS,  bearing  one  or 
more  partitions  or  septa — said 
of  the  valves  of  certain  cap- 
sides  after  dehiscence.  Com- 
pare Septate. 


!  SEP'TIFORM,  resembling  a  sep- 
tum. 

SEPTIF  RAGAL,  a  mode  of  dehis- 
cence in  which  the  valves  break 
away  from  the  septa  or  parti- 
tions. Compare  Sefticidal 
and  Loculicidal. 

SEP'TULATE,  imperfectly  or 
rarely  septate,  or  having  false 
or  supernumerary  septa. 

SEP'TULUM  (pi.  Sep'tula),  dimin- 
utive of  Septum:  a  little  sep- 
tum or  partition.  Also  a  spuri- 
ous or  supernumerary  septum. 

SEP'TUM  (pi.  Sep'ta),  a  partition 
of  any  kind,  as  between  two 
cells  in  a  tissue,  or  between 
cavities  in  an  ovary.  See  Dis- 
sepiment. 

SERIAL,  in  rows  or  regular  suc- 
cession. 

SE  RIATE,  see  Serial. 

SERIC'EOUS,  silky;  covered  with 
tine,  straight,  soft,  smooth, 
glossy,  appressed  hairs. 

SE'RIES,  (1)  a  row  or  rank;  (2)  a 
term  applied  to  various  subor- 
dinate groups  of  different  val- 
ues, and  also  used  by  Asa  Gray 
as  equivalent  to  Subkiugdom, 
which  see. 

SEROTINOUS,  occurring  late,  or 
comparatively  late,  in  the  sea- 
son. 

SER'RATE,  having  sharp  margi- 
nal teeth  projecting  toward  the 
apex. 

SER'RATE  -  CIL'lATE,  having 
the  teeth  of  a  serrate  margin 
tipped  with  fine  slender  hairs. 

SERRATED,  see  Serrate. 

SER'RATtJRE,  one  of  the  teeth  of 
a  serrate  margin.  Compare 
Serrulation. 

SER'RIED,  close  together  in  rows, 
like   the  kernels  in   the   rows 
upon  an  ear  of  Indian  corn. 
I   SERRULATE,  diminutive  of  Ser- 


161 


Serrulation 


A  DICTIONARY 


Shrub 


rate;  serrate  with  small  teeth. 
Compare  Subserrate. 

SER'RULATED,  see  Serrulate. 

SERRULATION,  (1)  the  state  or 
condition  of  being  serrulate; 
(2)  a  tooth  of  a  serrulate  mar- 
gin.    Compare  Serrature. 

SES'QUI-AL'TER,  hitlf  as  many 
more:  applied  to  stamens  when 
half  as  many  more  thau  the 
petals;  also  to  a  fertile  floret 
in  grasses  when  accompanied 
by  a  small  abortive  one. 

SESSILE,  (1)  having  no  stalk,  as 
a  leaf  which  has  no  petiole  but 
is  seated  directly  upon  the  stem; 
(2)  quiescent,  not  moving  about 
--applied  to  bacteria  and  zoo- 
spores at  certain  times. 

SE'TA  (pi.  Se'tae),  a  bristle  or 
slender  bristle-like  body;  the 
stalk  of  the  capsule  in  most 
mosses  above  the  true  stem. 

SETACEOUS,  (1)  bristle-shaped; 
setiform;  (2)  setigerous. 

SETIFEROUS,  see  Setigerous. 

SE'TIFORM,  see  Setaceous. 

SETIGEROUS,  bristle  -  bearing; 
setiferous.     See  Setose. 

SETOSE',  bearing  or  abounding 
with  bristles;  bristly;  seta- 
ceous; setous;  setiferous;  se- 
tigerous. 

SE'TOUS,  see  Setose. 

SET'ULA  (pi.  Set'iilse),  diminutive 
of  Seta. 

SET'ULOSE,  bearing  minute 
bristles. 

SEX-,  Latin  for  six.     See  Hex-. 

SEX,  one  of  the  attributes  of 
nearly  all  living  bodies,  which 
manifests  itself  in  a  certain 
method  of  reproduction,  the 
first  stage  of  which  is  the 
blending  of  the  contents  of 
two  cells  which  are  usually  of 
distinct  character  and  differ- 
ent origin,  one  of  which  is 
called  male,  the  other  female. 


SEXAN'GULAR,  having  six  an- 
gles; hexagonal. 

SEXFA'RIOUS,  six-rowed. 

SEX'IFID,  six-cleft. 

SEXLOC'ULAR,  having  six  cells 

in  an  ovaiy. 
SEX'PARTITE,  six-parted. 

sex'ual    Feneration,    the 

generation  or  stage  which 
bears  the  sexual  organs  in 
plants  which  have  an  alterna- 
tion of  generations.  In  ferns 
it  is  the  prothallus.  Compare 
Asexual  Generation. 

SEX  UAL  SYS'TEM,  see  Linn^an 
System. 

SHAGGY,  either  villose  or  hir- 
sute. 

SHEATH,  the  petiole  or  base  of 
the  leaf  in  grasses  which  sur- 
rounds the  stem;  any  tubular 
part  surrounding  another ; 
vagina. 

SHEATHED,  surrounded  by  a 
sheath;  invagiuated;  vaginate. 

SHEATHING,  surrounding  a  stem 
or  other  body  in  a  convolute 
or  tubular  manner,  as  the 
petioles  of  grasses  ;  vagiuant. 
Compare  Amplexicaul. 

SHELL,  the  bony  covering  of  a 
nut. 

SHIELD,  see  Apothecium  and 
Indusium.  In  Chara  one  of 
the  eight  flat  cells  forming  the 
wall  of  the  globule. 

SHIELD  -  SHAPED,  scutate  or 
peltate. 

SHOOT,  a  j'oung  growing  branch 
or  twig,  or  an  unusually  vigor- 
ous stem  or  branch,  generally 
from  the  ground  or  near  it. 
Also  used  by  botanists  as  a 
general  term  for  the  stem  or 
leaf-bearing  part  of  a  plant  in 
distinction  from  the  root. 

SHRUB,  a  woody  plant  which 
seldom  exceeds  twenty  feet  in 


162 


Siccus 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS.    Simultaneous  Whorl 


height;  especially  one  having 
several  stems.  Compare  Bush, 
Undershrub,  and  Tree. 

SICCUS,  dry. 

SlE VE-CELL,  see  Sieve-tube. 

SIEVE-DISK,  the  perforated  sep- 
tum between  the  ends  of  ad- 
joining sieve-tubes ;  sieve-plate. 

SLEVE-PLATE,  see  Sieve-disk. 

SlE VE-PORES,  the  perforations  in 
;i  sieve-disk. 

SIEVE-TUBE,  a  form  of  vessel 
characteristic  of  the  phloem 
portion  of  fibrovascular  bun- 
dles. Sieve-tubes  consist  of 
elongated,  thin  -  walled  cells, 
united  end  to  end  in  rows, 
with  the  transverse  septa 
(sieve-disks)  perforated  in  a 
sieve-like  manner  so  that  the 
protoplasm  is  continuous  from 
one  vessel  to  another;  sieve- 
cell;  clathrate-cell;  bast- ves- 
sel. 

SIG'lLLATE,  appearing  as  if 
marked  with  impressions  of 
a  seal,  as  the  rootstock  of 
Solomon's  seal. 

SfG'MOID,  curved  in  two  direc- 
tions, like  the  Greek  sigma  or 
letter  S. 

SLL'ICLE,  a  short  silique,  as  that 
of  shepherd's-purse. 

SILIC'ULA  (pi.  Silic'ulas),  see  Sil- 

ICLE. 

SlL'ICULE,  see  Silicle. 

SILIC'ULOSE,  having  silicles,  or 
resembling  a  silicle. 

SIL'IQUA  (pi.  Sil'iquae),  see 
Silique. 

SILIQUE  [pro.  SUek'],  the  fruit 
in  Cruciferae — a  pod  of  two 
carpels,  which  separate  in  de- 
hiscence from  a  frame -like 
placenta  called  a  replum; 
siliqua. 

EiL'IQUOSE,  resembling  or  bear- 
ing siliques. 


SILK,  the  style  of  Indian  corn. 
SILK'Y,  see  Sericeous. 
SIL'VA,  see  Sylva. 

SLL'VER  GRAIN,  plates  of  medul- 
lary rays  which  appear  as  glim- 
mering spots  upon  the  surface 
of  wood  when  split  radially. 
See  Medullary  Ray. 

SIL'VERY,  white,  tinged  with 
bluish  gray,  and  having  a 
metallic  lustre. 

SIMPLE,  without  subdivisions; 
entire;  unbrauched.  Com- 
pare Compound. 

SIMPLE  FRUIT,  one  derived 
from  a  single  flower  contain- 
ing a  single  pistil.  Compare 
Collective  Fruit  and  Com- 
pound Fruit. 

SIM'PLE  LEAF,  any  leaf  which 
does  not  have  distinct  subordi- 
nate leaflets,  though  it  may  be 
lobed.  Compare  Compound 
Leaf. 

SIM'PLE  NUTA'TION,  see  Nuta- 
tion. Compare  Circumnuta- 
tion. 

SIMPLE  PIS'TIL,  one  consisting 
of  a  single  carpel. 

SIM'PLE  PIT,  one  having  no 
more  than  a  slight  enlarge- 
ment at  the  centre  where  the 
pits  of  adjoining  cells  meet 
(simple  pore  of  Gregory). 
Compare  Bordered  Pit. 

SIM'PLE  PORE  (Gregory),  see 
Simple  Pit. 

SiM'PLE  PRIMARY  ROOT,  a  tap- 
root. 

SIM  PLE  SPOROPHORE,  a  sporo- 
phore  consisting  of  a  single 
hypha  or  hyphal  branch;  fila- 
mentous sporophore.  Com- 
pare Compound  Sporophore. 

SIM'PLE  STEM,  an  unbranehed 
stem. 

SIMULTANEOUS  WHORL,  one 
whose   members  originate  si- 


163 


Single 


A  DICTIONARY 


Solute 


multaneously.     (Sachs.)  Com- 
part- Successive  Whorl. 

SINGLE,  said  of  a  flower  which 
has  but  one  set  or  whorl  of 
petals.  Compare  Double, 
Semidouble,  and  Full. 

SIN'ISTRORSE,  turning  or  twin- 
ing to  the  left;  said  of  a  twin- 
ing stem  which  turns  in  the 
opposite  direction  to  the  sun 
or  hands  of  a  watch.  See 
remarks  under  Dextrorse. 

SIN'UATE,  strongly  wavy  on  the 
margin,  with  large  alternate 
convexities  and  concavities. 
Compare  Rep  and  and  Undu- 
late. 

SIN  (JOtJS,  flexuose;  curving  back 
and  forth. 

SI'NUS,  a  cavity  or  recess,  either 
rounded  or  angular,  in  the 
margin  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ. 

SIPHON,  a  large  tubular  cell  in 
(  hara  aud  various  algae. 

SIS'TER-gfiLL,  a  cell  of  the  same 
origin  as  another:  thus,  if  sev- 
eral cells  arise  simultaneously 
by  free  cell-formation  within 
another,  as  in  the  development 
of  pollen,  they  are  called  sister- 
cells  with  reference  to  each 
other,  and  the  same  term  is 
applied  to  the  relation  existing 
ing  between  two  or  more  cells 
which  arise  by  the  division  of 
a  single  cell  in  ordinary  growth. 
Compare  Mother-cell  and 
Daughter  cell. 

SKEIN,  a  condition  of  the  chro- 
matin of  the  nucleus  in  the 
first  and  last  stages  of  karyo- 
kinesis  when  the  nuclear  fila- 
ment is  emerging  from  or 
passing  into  its  reticulated  con- 
dition in  the  resting  nucleus; 
mother-coil;  tangle. 

SKIN,  any  soft,  thin  covering, 
especially  if  easily  removable; 
cuticle;  epidermis.  Compare 
Rind. 


SLASHED,  see  Laciniate. 

SLEEP,  a  condition  assumed  by 
certain  plants,  usually  upon 
the  withdrawal  of  light,  as 
at  night,  in  which  the  flowers 
temporarily  close,  and  the 
leaves  or  leaflets  droop  or 
fold  together. 

SMALL  FRUITS,  a  horticultural 
term  for  certain  low-growing, 
perennial,  fruit-bearing  plants 
and  their  product,  including 
the  strawberry,  raspberry, 
blackberry,  gooseberry,  cur- 
rant, huckleberry,  aud  cran- 
berry. The  term  includes 
grapes,  but  excludes  cherries. 

SMOOTH,  see  Glabrous. 

SO'BOLE,  an  old  and  useless  term, 
usually  meaning  stolon,  but 
sometimes  and  more  properly 
a  sucker  or  slender  shoot  from 
the  ground  or  base  of  the  stem; 
soboles. 

SOB'OLES  (n.,  siug.),  see  Sobole. 

SO  CIAL,  growing  naturally  to- 
gether, so  as  to  occupy  a  con- 
siderable extent  of  ground  with 
individuals  of  the  same  species; 
gregarious.  Compare  Cespj- 
tose. 

SOFT  BAST,  the  sieve-tubes,  to- 
gether with  any  other  unligni- 
fied  portion  of  the  phloem. 

SO'LEJEFORM,  see  Calceolate. 

SOL'iD,  without  either  cavities  or 
separable  articulations;  con- 
tinuous. 

S6L'ID  BULB,  see  CoilM. 

SOL'ITARY,  single,  not  closely 
associated  with  other  objects 
of  the  same  kind,  as  flowers 
which  grow  one  upon  a  stem, 
or  plants  which  do  not  grow 
in  groups  or  masses.  Compare 
Social. 
SOLUTE',  free;  notadheriug:  op- 
posed to  Adnate,  as  a  solute 
stipule. 
164 


Solution 


OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Species 


SOLTJ'TION,  the  isolation  or  sepa- 
ration of  whorls  (apostasis),  or 

of  organs  or  parts  -which  are 
usually  close  together  or  ad- 
herent.    Compare  Dialysis. 

SOMA  (pi.  So'mata),  a  small  body 
or  granule  of  any  kind.  Com- 
pare MlCROSOJIA. 

SOMATIC  CELLS,  cells  forming 
a  part  of  the  body  of  the  indi- 
vidual, not  modified  for  any 
particular  purpose;  especially 
the  growth-cells  of  an  organ- 
ism, in  distinction  from  repro- 
ductive cells  of  any  kind. 

SOMAtOT'ROPISM,  an  influence 
which  the  substratum  exerts 
on  the  direction  of  growth  of 
certain  plants  andorgans.  Thus 
the  uypocotyl  of  the  mistletoe 
is  directed  toward  the  branch 
(positive  somatotropism)  and 
the  stem  at  first  away  from  it 
(negative  somatotropism)  upon 
whatever  side  of  the  branch  the 
seed  is  situated. 

SORDID,  of  a  dirty  white  or 
muddy  color. 

SORE'DlA,  pi.,  see  Soredium. 

SORE'DIAL  BRANCH,  a  branch 
produced  by  the  development 
of  a  soredium  into  a  new  thal- 
lus  while  still  on  the  mother- 
thallus. 

SORE'DlATE,  see  Sorediferous. 

SOREDIF  EROUS,beariug  soredia; 
sored  iate. 

SORE'DIUM  (pi.  Sore'dia),  a  single 
gouidial  cell  or  group  of  go- 
nidia  in  lichens,  surrounded 
by  a  weft  of  hyphse,  which  is 
thrust  out  of  the  thallus  and 
grows  directly  into  a  new  li- 
chen; brood-bud. 

SO'RI,  pi.,  see  Sorus. 

SORIF'EROUS,  bearing  sori. 

SO  ROSE,  (1)  heaped  or  clustered 
together;  (2)  bearing  a  sorosis, 
or  in  the  form  of  a  sorosis. 


SOROSIS  ipl.  Soroses),  a  collect- 
ive fruit,  consisting  of  a  con- 
solidated fleshy  spike,  as  the 
mulberry  and  pineapple. 

SORROWFUL  FLOWERS,  those 
which  exhale  their  odors  only 
at  certain  hours  of  the  day,  as 
Pelargonium  triste.     (Rare.) 

SO  RUS  (pi.  So'ri),  a  heap  or  col- 
lection of  spores  or  other  ob- 
jects, as  a  "fruit-dot"  or 
group  of  sporangia  in  ferns. 

SPADI  CEO US,  resembling  or  bear- 
ing a.  spadix. 

SPA'DICOSE,  resembling  a  spadix. 

SPA'DIX,  a  spike,  usually  fleshy, 
enclosed  within  a  spathe. 

SPAN,  the  space  between  the 
tip  of  the  thumb  and  that  of 
the  little  finger,  separated  as 
widely  as  possible:  nine  iuches. 

SPARSE,  few  and  scattered. 

SPA'THA,  see  Spathe. 

SPATHA'CEOUS,  bearing  or  re- 
sembling a  spathe;  spathose. 

SPATHAL,  furnished  with  a 
spathe.     (Rare). 

SPATHE,  a  large  bract,  usually 
colored,  enclosing  or  subtend- 
ing an  inflorescence,  which  is 
generally  a  spike  (spadix). 

SPATHEL'LA  (pi.  SpatheTke) 
(rare),  (1)  a  glume  in  grasses; 
(2)  a  spathilla. 

SPATHIL'LA  (pi.  Spathil'lee),  a 
diminutive  or  secondary 
spathe,  as  in  palms. 

SPATH'OSE,  see  Spathaceous. 

SPATH  ULATE,  see  Spatulate. 

SPATULATE,  flat,  with  a  linear 
base  and  gradually  rounded 
summit,  like  a  druggist's 
spatula;  spatulate. 

SPAWN,  the  mycelium  of  mush- 
rooms; occasionally  applied  to 
that  of  some  other  fungi 

SPE'CIES,  the  lowest  well-defined 
natural  group  of  plants,  the 
165 


Specific 


A  DICTIONARY 


Sphere-crystals 


individuals  of  which  differ  but 
slightly  among  themselves  and 
are  sharply  distinguished  from 
those  of  other  groups.  They 
reproduce  themselves  from 
seed  for  successive  genera- 
tions with  little  or  no  varia- 
tion. Compare  Genus  and 
Variety. 

SPE'CIES-HY'BRID,  see  Hybrid. 
SPECIFIC,  relating  to  species. 

SPECIFIC     CHARACTERS,    the 

features  which  distinguish  the 

plants    of     one    species    from 

those  of  all  others. 
SPECIFIC  NAME,  the  name   of 

the  species,  forming  a  part  of 

the    botanical    name;     trivial 

name. 
SPEC'IMEN,  a  plant  or  portion  of 

a  plant  prepared  and  preserved 

for  study. 
SPER'MAgONE,   see   Spermogo- 

NITJM. 

SPERMAgO'NIUM,  see   Spermo- 

GONIUM. 

SPER'MAPHORE,    see     Spermo- 

PHORE. 

SPERMATIF'EROUS,  bearing 
spermatia. 

SPERMA  TlfjM  (pi.  Sperma'tia),  a 
non-motile  male  gamete  (sper- 
matozoid)  in  the  red  algae. 
Also  applied  to  certain  mi- 
nute non  -  germinating  spore- 
like bodies  in  fungi,  some  of 
which  have  been  regarded  as 
functionless  male  gametes. 
Many  of  these  are  now 
known  to  be  stylosjiores  capa- 
ble of  germination. 

SPER'MATOCYST,  the  mother- 
cell  of  a  spermatozoid. 

SPERMAtoZO'ID,  see  Anthe- 
rozoid  and  Spermatium. 

SPERMAt6Z0'6N  (pi.  Spermato- 
zo'a),  see  Antherozoid. 

SPERM  -  CELL,    a    male    repro- 


ductive cell   (gamete).      Com- 
pare Germ-cell. 

SPERM'IC,  pertaining  to  seed. 

SPERMID'IUM  (pi.  SpSrmid'ia),  an 
old  lerm  for  achenium. 

SPERM-NU'CLEtJS,  the  nucleus 
of  a  male  gamete  (male  pro- 
nucleus) which  coalesces  with 
the  nucleus  of  a  female  gamete 
(female  pronucleus)  to  form  a 
germ-nucleus;  spermo-nucleus. 
In  the  pollen-tube  it  is  called 
the  generative  nucleus,  which 
see. 

SPER'MODERM,  the  covering  of 
a  seed,  consisting  of  the  sever- 
al coats  taken  together;  seed- 
coat. 

SPERMOGO'NlUM  (pi.  Spermogo'- 
nia),  a  cell  or  receptacle  in 
which  spermatia  are  produced, 

SPERMO-NU'CLEUS,  see  Sperm- 
nucleus. 

SPERMOPHORE,  an  old  term, 
applied  both  to  funiculus  and 
placenta.     See  Trophosperm. 

SPER'MOPHYTE,  a  plant  which 
produces  true  seeds  instead  of 
spores;  a  flowering  plant. 

SPERMOTHE'cA,  an  old  term  for 
pericarp. 

SPERMOUS,  see  Spermic. 

SPHAg'ELATE,  dark  and  with- 
ered as  though  dying  or  dead; 
like  a  sphacelium. 

SPHACE'LIA,  a  former  genus  of 
fungi,  now  known  to  be  the 
first  or  couidia-beariug  stage 
of  Claviceps  when  it  appears 
as  the  spur  or  ergot. 

SPHACE'LIUM,  see  Sphacelia. 

SPH.£rAPH  IDES,  sphere  -  crys- 
tals, especially  if  composed  of 
needle-shaped  parts. 

SPHERE  -  CRYSTAL?,   spherical 

aggregations  of  crystals,  either 

irregularly  united  or  having  a 

radiating  structure.     Compare 

66 


Spicate 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Spiny 


Cystolith   and   Sph^eraphi- 
des. 

SPHJERO-CRYS'TAL,  see  Sphere- 

CRYSTAL. 

SPI'CATE,  arranged  in  a  spike; 
spike-like;  spicose. 

SPICIF'EROtJS,  bearing  or  pro- 
ducing spikes. 

SPI'CIFORM,  spike-shaped. 

SPICOSE',  bearing  spikes  or  ar- 
ranged in  spikes;  spicous. 

SPIC'ULA  (pi.  Spic'ulae),  see  Spic- 
ule. 

SPIC  tJLAR,  resembling  a  spicule 
or  bearing  spicules. 

SPIC'UIATE,  (1)  covered  with 
spicules;  (2)  bearing  or  com- 
posed of  spikelets.     (Rare.) 

SPICULA'TION,  a  term  employed 
by  Ny lander  for  an  attenuated 
constriction  of  the  hypha  in 
the  formation  of  spores,  leav- 
ing the  extremity  as  a  spicule 
after  the  separation. 

SPICULE,  (1)  a  small  pointed 
appendage  somewhat  soft  or 
fleshy,  like  the  sterigmata  of 
fungi;  (2)  a  needle-like  crys- 
tal; (3)  a  spikelet  (obs.);  spic- 
ula. 

SPIKE,  an  inflorescence  of  sessile 
or  nearly  sessile  liowers  on  a 
single  elongated  axis.  See 
Spadix,  Ament,  Spikelet, 
and  Compound  Spike. 

SPIKE'LET,  (1)  a  secondary 
spike;  (2)  in  grasses  a  flower 
(or  ultimate  flower  -  cluster) 
ususally  enclosed  by  one  or 
more  (generally  two)  empty 
glumes;  locusta. 

SPIN'DLE,  (1)  a  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  tassel  of  Indian 
corn;  (2)  see  Nuclear  Spin- 
dle. 

SPIN  DLE  -  Fl'BRES,  the  achro- 
matic filaments  which  form 
the  nuclear  spindle;   spindle- 


threads;  nuclear  fibrils  and 
cell  -  fibres  of  Strasburger; 
conjunctive  threads  of  Fol 
(probably). 

SPIN'DLE  -  SHAPED,  see  Fusi- 
form. 

SPINE,  aii}r  sharp,  rigid  process 
of  considerable  size  which  is 
not  a  transformed  branch;  es- 
pecially an  organ,  such  as  a 
leaf,  stipule,  tooth,  etc..  of 
whatever  size,  which  is  modi- 
fied by  becoming  sharp  and 
rigid  for  protection.  In  gen- 
eral, where  no  other  distinction 
exists,  as  in  the  cactus,  spines 
are  considered  merely  as  sharp 
processes  intermediate  in  size 
and  rigidity  between  thorns 
and  prickles.  See  Thorn  and 
Prickle. 

SPINES'CENT,  somewhat  spiny 
in  structure,  or  bearing  few 
spines.  Compare  Spinules- 
cent. 

SPINIF'EROUS,  bearing  a  spine 
or  spines;  spiuigerous. 

SPIN'IFORM,  shaped  like  a  spine 
or  thorn. 

SPINIG'EROfJS,  see  Spiniferous. 

SPlNOSE',  bearing  spines;  cov- 
ered  with  spines;  spinous; 
spiny. 

SPI'NOtJS,  spinose  or  spiny. 

SPIN'ULE,  a  very  small  spine. 

SPINtJLES'CENT,  slightly  spiny 
in  structure,  or  bearing  small 
spines;  spiuulose.  Compare 
Spinescent. 

SPINULIF'EROUS,  bearing  very 
small  spines. 

SPIN'tJLOSE,  spinulescent;  espe- 
cially, bearing  many  small 
spines. 

SPIN'Y,  bearing  spines;  having 
the  nature  of  a  spine;  termi- 
nating in  a  spine. 


167 


Spiral  Marking 


A  DICTIONARY 


Spore 


SPI'RAL  DUCT,  see  Spiral  Ves- 
sel. 

SPI'RAL  MARK'ING,  the  spiral 
fibrous  thickening  character- 
istic of  spiral  ducts  or  vessels. 

SPI'RAL  VES'SEL,  a  duct  or  ves- 
sel having  fibrous  thickenings 
upon  the  wall  in  the  form  of  a 
coil  or  spiral.  Formerly  called 
Trachea. 

SPIRE,  (1)  a  youug  leaf  or  shoot 
of  grass;  (2)  the  continuation 
of  the  trunk,  in  exeunent 
trees  like  pines,  above  the  in- 
sertion of  the  lowest  branches; 
(3)  one  turn  of  a  coil  or  spiral. 

SPI'RICLE,  a  minute  spiral  thread 
or  filament. 

SPITHAMA  (obs.),  see  Span. 

SPLASHED  (Hort . ),  having 
broken  stripes  of  various  sizes. 
Used  mainly  in  describing  the 
coloring  of  apples. 

SPLIT,  the  same  as  Parted. 
(Obs.) 

SPON'GIOLE,  a  term  formerly 
applied  to  the  extreme  apex 
of  growing  roots,  which  was 
erroneously  supposed  to  be 
devoid  of  epidermis  and  spe- 
cially fitted  for  the  absorption 
of  food  from  the  soil.  See 
Root-cap. 

SPONTANEOUS  GENERATION, 
the  development  of  living  or- 
ganisms from  dead  or  inor- 
ganic matter;  equivocal  gen- 
eration; heterogenesis;  abio- 
genesis;  autogenesis.  The 
theory  of  spontaneous  gen- 
eration is  not  now  held  by 
scientists. 

SPOON'FORM,  having  the  inner 
surface  of  a  leaf  concave  or 
dish-shaped,  as  the  outer  leaves 
of  a  cabbage-head.  (E.  S.  Goff.) 

SPORADIC,  scattered;  occurring 
apart  from  others  of  the  same 
kind. 


SPORANGE',  see  Sporangium. 

SPORAngID'IUM,  (1)  the  colu- 
mella in  mosses;  (2)  a  spo- 
rangium.    (Rare.) 

SPORAN  GIOLE,  an  old  term  for 
Ascus.  Also  applied  to  a  small 
sporangium  produced  in  some 
genera  of  Mucoriui  iu  addition 
to  the  large  form,  the  spores 
being  similar  in  both;  sporan- 
giolum. 

SPORANGTOLUM,    see    Sporan- 

GIOLE. 

SPOrAN'GIOPHORE,  the  stalk, 
support,  or  receptacle  of  a 
sporangium,  including  such 
supports  as  the  sporophyll  in 
Equisetacea?  aud  the  axis  or 
columella  from  which  the  spo- 
rangia arise  in  the  sori  of  cer- 
tain ferns. 

SPORANGIOPHORUM,  see 

Sporaxgiophore. 

SPORAN'GiUM  (pi.  Sporan'gia), 
any  case  or  capsule  imme- 
diately enclosing  spores.  Ap- 
plied chiefly  to  certain  kinds 
which  have  not  received  spe- 
cial names,  such  as  the  spore- 
cases  of  ferns  and  the  Mucorini, 
and  rarely  used  for  Ascus, 
cluster-cup,  and  other  named 
forms. 

SPORE,  one  of  the  reproductive 
bodies  of  cryptogams  which 
take  the  place  of  the  seeds 
of  flowering  plants,  but  from 
which  the}'  differ  in  con- 
taining no  embryo.  Spores 
usually  and  properly  consist 
of  but  one  cell,  which  differs 
materially  in  character  from 
the  other  cells  of  the  plant. 
They  may  thus  be  distin- 
guished from  gemma\  pro- 
duced by  comparatively  few 
plauts,  which  usually  contain 
a  number  of  cells  only  slightly 
differing  from  those  of  the 
plant  producing  them.     In  a 


168 


Spore-cell 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Sporophyl 


restricted  sense,  proposed  by 
Sachs,  the  term  spore  is  ap- 
plied to  reproductive  bodies 
which  arise  either  directly  or 
indirectly  as  the  result  of  fer- 
tilization, iu  distinction  from 
gonidium,  which  is  applied  to 
those  produced  ase'xually. 
Spores  in  this  restricted  sense 
are  by  De  Bary  termed  cnrpo- 
spores.  See  ^Ecidiospore, 
Mackospoke,  Oospore,  Pro- 

TOSPORE,    TELEUTOSPORE,   Te- 
TRASPORE,  UrEDOSPOKE,  ZOO- 
SPOKE,  Zygospore,  etc. 
SPORE-CASE,  see  Sporangium. 
SPORE-CELL,  a  spore,  or   a  cell 

which  gives  rise  to  a  spore. 
SPORE  -  GROUP,   see  Compound 

Spore. 
SPO'RID,  see  Sporidium. 
SPORIDESM,     see      Compound 

Spore. 
SPORID'ltJM  (pi.  Sporid'ia),  a 
spore  produced  upon  a  pro- 
mycelium;  germ-cell;  second- 
ary spore.  "Formerly  applied 
to  any  spore,  especially  if  very 
small,  and  still  improperly 
used  for  Ascospore. 
SPORIF'EROUS,  spore-bearing. 
SPO'ROCARP,  a  group  of  spores 
resulting  from  fertilization,  to- 
gether with  enclosing  or  attend- 
ant parts.  It  is  thus  the  fruc- 
tification developed  from  an 
archicarp  or  procarp  in  fungi 
and  Rhodophycese;  also  the 
sporogonium  in  mosses.  The 
term  is  also  used  for  the  body 
enclosing  the  sporangia  in  het- 
erosporous  Filiciueoe.  Com- 
pare Sporogonium. 
SPOROCAR'PIUM,     see      Sporo- 

carp. 
SPOROCLA'DIUM,   a    spore-bear- 
ing branch,  as  a  stichidium  in 
Florideae. 


SPO'ROCYST,  the  mother-cell  of 
a  spore;  sporocyte:  occasion- 
ally also  applied  to  certain 
sporangia  in  algae. 

SPO'ROCYTE  (Goebel),  see  Spo- 
rocvst. 

SPO'RODERM,  the  coat  or  cover- 
ing of  a  spore,  including  exo- 
spore  and  endospoj-e.  Com- 
pare Spermoderm. 

SPORODO'CHIUM     (pi.    Sporodo'- 
■ehia),  a  spore-bearing  or  spore- 
holding    apparatus.      Applied 
mainly    to     the     sporiferous 
mass,  including  the  spores,  iu 
the  Tuberculariese. 
SPO'ROGEN,  a  plant  which  pro- 
duces      spores;       cryptogam. 
Compare  !>permophyte. 
SPO'ROGONE,  see  Sporogonium. 
SPOROGONIUM  (pi.  Sporogo'nia), 
the  whole  product  of  the  sexual 
act  in  the  higher  cryptogams; 
asexual      generation;       sporo- 
phore;    sporophyte;    oophyte. 
In  ferns  it  is  the   segment  or 
stage  in    the   life-cycle  which 
we   see   as  the   ordinary  fern- 
plant.    Compare  Prothallus. 
SPO'ROID,  spore-like. 
SPO'ROPHORE,  a   stalk  support- 
ing one  or   more   spores;    any 
spore-bearing  apparatus  or  re- 
ceptacle,   such   as    a    gonidio- 
phore,       sporangiophore,      or 
ascophore;     particularly      the 
second   or  asexual  generation 
in    plants    having    a    distinct 
alternation      of      generations, 
such     as     ferns     and     mosses 
(sporogonium).     Compare  Oo- 
phore.     See   Simple   Sporo- 
phore,     Compound     Sporo- 
phore,  and  Basidium. 
SPO  ROPHYL,  the   same  as  Spo- 
rophyll  or  Sporophyllum   and 
a  spelling  now  in  frequent  use 
SPO'ROPHYLL,  see  Sporophyl- 
lum. 
169 


Sporophyllum 


A  DICTIONARY 


Spurious  Whorl 


SPOROPHYL'LUM  (pi.  Sporo- 
phyl'la),  a  spore-bearing  leaf 
of  any  kind;  sporopbyl.  For- 
merly applied  to  leaf-like  lobes 
of  the  thallus  in  algae  bearing 
tetraspores. 

SPO'ROPHYTE,     see     Sporogo- 

NIUM. 

SPOROSTE'GIUM  (pi.  Sporoste'- 
gia).  the  oosporangium  or 
fruit  (nucule)  of  the  Chara- 
cese. 

SPORT,  a  plant,  or  portion  of  a 
plant,  which  has  suddenly 
assumed  an  appearance  very 
different  from  that  character- 
istic of  the  variety  or  species; 
a  seed-  or  bud-variation,  but 
said  mainly  of  the  latter.  Its 
peculiarity  is  not  usually  capa- 
ble of  being  perpetuated  by 
seed.  "When  a  sport  is  propa- 
gated artificially  it  continues 
to  be  called  a  sport.  Mon- 
strosities or  extreme  malforma- 
tions are  not  usually  given  this 
name.  See  Variation,  Seed- 
variation,  and  Budvaria- 
tion. 

SPORULA'TION,  the  production 
of  spores. 

SP(!)R"&LE,  a  small  spore.  Often 
unsuitably  applied  to  asco- 
spores.     Compare  Sporidium. 

SPORULIF'EROUS,  producing 
sporules. 

SPORULIF'EROUS,  see  Sporulif- 

EROUS. 

SPOTTED,  covered  with  large 
dots:  said  of  fruits. 

SPRAWLS,  a  local  or  obsolete 
term  for  small  branches  or 
twigs. 

SPREADING,  said  of  branches 
which  bend  outward  consider- 
ably, but  at  less  than  a  right 
angle. 

SPROUT,  any  quickly  grown  part, 
as  a  young  root  or  stem  from 


the  seed,  or  a  vigorous  branch 
arising  from  the  root  or  stem. 
See  Water- sprout. 

SPROUT-CELL,  in  fungi,  a  cell 
produced  by  sprouting  or  pul- 
1  ulation. 

SPROUT-CHAIN,  a  row  of  united 
cells  in  fungi  formed  by  bud- 
ding (pullulation.) 

SPROUT  GEMMA,  in  fungi,  a 
gemma  having  the  form  of  a 
septate  confervoid  filament  the 
segments  of  which  are  capable 
of  sprouting.     (De  Bary.) 

SPROUT  -  GERMINATION,      the 

manner  of  germination  of  a 
spore  in  which  a  small  process 
with  a  narrow  base  protrudes 
at  one  or  more  points  on  the 
surface  of  the  spore,  then 
assumes  an  elongated  cylin- 
drical form,  and  is  finally 
detached  as  a  sprout-cell. 
(De  Bary.) 

SPROUTING,  see  Pullulating 
and  Germination. 

SPUMES'CENT,  resembling  froth 
or  foam;  spumose. 

SPUMOSE',  see  Spumescent. 

SPUR,  (1)  a  short,  stout  branch, 
as  those  in  the  larch  bearing  a 
tuft  of  leaves  or  in  the  apple 
bearing  the  fruit;  (2)  a  tubular 
appendage  of  a  petal  or  sepal, 
usually  containing  nectar,  as 
in  larkspur  (calcar);  (3)  the 
sclerotium  of  ergot. 

SPURIOUS,  see  False. 

SPU'RIOUS   BRANCH,  see  Pseu- 

DORAMULUS. 

SPU'RIOUS  FRUIT,  a  collective, 
aggregate,  or  accessory  fruit. 

SPU'RIOUS  TIS'SUE,  see  Felted 
Tissue. 

SPU'RIOUS  WHORL,  one  which  is 
formed  by  displacement  and 
unequal  growth  of  the  axis. 
(Sachs.) 


170 


Spurred 


OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Staminodium 


SPURRED,  bearing  a  spur;  cal- 
ibrate. 

SQUA'mA  (pi.  Squa'mae),  a  scale 
of  any  kind,  as  one  of  the  leaves 
of  a  bud. 

SQUAMA'CEOUS,  see  Squamose. 

SQUA'M-SlFORM,     see      Squ  ami- 
form 
SQUA'MATE,  see  Squamose. 

SQUAMEI/lA  (pi.  Squamel'lae), 
diminutive  of  Squama:  a  small 
scale,  as  the  bracts  upon  the 
head  in  Composite;  squamula. 

SQUAMEL'LATE,  diminutive  of 
Squamate.     See  Squamulose. 

SQTJAMELLIF'EROUS,  bearing 
squamellae. 

SQTJAmeL'LIFORM,  like  a  small 

scale;  squam  aliform. 
5Q,uAMIF'ER0US,   scale-bearing; 

squamigerous;  squamose. 
CQUAMIFLO'ROtJS,  having  flow- 
ers which   resemble   scales   or 

are  borne  upon  scales. 
SQUA'MIFORM,       scale  -  shaped; 

squamoid. 
SQUAMiG'EROUS,  see   Squamif- 

frous. 
SQUA'MOID,  see  Squamiform. 
SQUAMOSE',   scale-like;    covered 

with      scales;     consisting      of 

scales;    squamous;    squamate; 

squamaceous.      See     Sqtjami- 

fokm  and  Squamiferous. 
SQUA'MOUS,  pertaiuiug  to  scales, 

or  squamose. 
SQTJA'MOUS    BULB,    see    Scaly 

Bulb. 
SQUAM'ULA,     see     Squamella. 

Formerly  applied  to  the  lodi- 

cule  of  grasses. 
SQUAM'ULATE,  see  Squamulose. 
SQUAM'ULIFORM,  see  Squamel- 

LIFORM. 

SQUAM'ULOSE,  diminutive  of 
Squamose;    having   or   resem- 


bliug  small  scales;  squamel- 
late;  squamulate. 

SQUARROSE',  having  lateral  or- 
gans, as  leaves,  extending  at 
about  right  angles  to  the  axis. 

SQUAR'RULOSE,  some  w  h  a  t 
squarrose. 

STAG'  HEADED,  a  term  applied 
in  forestry  to  a  tree  which  is 
dying  at  the  top. 

STAINED,  faintly  colored— ap- 
plied to  fruits. 

STALKED  GLAND,  see  Glandu- 
lar Hair. 

STALK'LET,  a  secondary  or  very 
small  stalk.  See  Secondary 
Petiole  and  Secondary  Pe- 
duncle. 

STA'MEN,  the  pollen-bearing  or- 
gan of  a  flower,  usually  con- 
sisting of  an  anther,  or  part 
immediately  enclosing  the  pol- 
len, and  a  filament  or  stalk. 

STAM'INAL  (obs.),  see  Stami- 
nate. 

STAM'InATE,  pertaining  to  sta- 
mens; containing  stamens  but 
no  pistils — said  of  a  plant  or 
flower.     See  Stamineal. 

STAMIN'EAL,  formed  of  stamens; 
attached  to  stamens;  having 
marked  reference  to  stamens; 
stamineous;  staminate. 

STAMIN'EAL  COL'UMN,  see 
Androphore. 

STAmLN'EOUS,  see  Stamineal. 

STAMINID'IUM  (pi.  Staminid'ia) 
(obs.),  see  Anthkridifm. 

STAMINIF'EROUS,  bearing  sta- 
mens; staminigerous.  Said 
especially  of  a  plant  or  flower 
bearing  stamens  but  no  pistils. 

STAMINIG'EROUS,  see  Staminif- 
erots. 

STAM'iNODE.  see  Staminodium. 

STAMINO'DIUM(pl.  Stamino'dia), 
an  altered,  abortive,  and  sterile 
stamen,  or  body  occupying  the 


171 


Staminody 


A  DICTIONARY 


Stenosis 


place  of  a  stamen;  stamiuode; 
parastemon.     See  Lepal. 

STAmINODY,  the  conversion  of 
other  organs  of  a  flower  into 
stamens. 

STAMINA-SB,  having  the  stamens 
unusually  large  or  numerous. 
(Rare.) 

STANDARD,  see  Vexilltjm.  In 
horticulture  (1)  a  tree  or  shrub 
which  stands  alone  without 
being  attached  to  any  wall  or 
support,  as  distinguished  from 
an  espalier  or  cordon ;  (2)  a 
shrub,  as  a  rose,  grafted  on 
an  upright  stem  or  trained  to 
a  single  stem  in  tree  form  ; 
(3)  in  the  United  States,  a 
fruit-tree  grafted  upon  a  free- 
growing  as  opposed  to  one 
upon  a  dwarf  stock. 

STARCH  -  BUILDER,  a  plastid, 
generally  a  leucoplast,  in 
which  a  starch  -  grain  origi- 
nates.    See  Ciikomatophoue. 

STARCH  GRAIN,  the  grain  of 
starch  as  it  exists  in  the  living 
plaut.  It  is  of  definite  shape, 
varying  according  to  species, 
but  always  rounded,  and  form- 
ed of  successive  layers  (or  ap- 
parently so)  having  a  common, 
and  usually  eccentric,  centre. 

STARCH-LAY'ER,  a  term  some- 
times applied  to  the  bundle- 
sheath,  which  often  serves  es- 
pecially for  the  storage  of 
starch. 

STARCH- STAR,  a  form  of  bulbil 
iu  Chora  stelligera,  consisting 
of  an  underground  node. 

STAR'RY,  see  Stellate. 

STARVED,  see  Depauperate. 

STA'SIMORPHY,  a  changed  con- 
dition of  form  or  size  arising 
from  arrested  development. 

STATION,  a  particular  limited 
locality,  without  regard  to 
character      or      exposure,     in 

1 


which  a  species  is  found. 
Compare  Region,  Habita- 
tion and  Habitat. 

STATOSPORE,  see  Resting- 
spore. 

STEGOCAR'POUS,  applied  to  cap- 
sules in  mosses  which  have  a 
distinct  lid  or  operculum. 

STEL'LATE,  star-shaped;  radi- 
ating. 

STELLATE  HAlR,  a  hair  having 
several  branches  arranged  in 
the  form  of  a  star,  as  the  hairs 
of  Malpighiacese. 

STEL  LULAR,  see  Stellulate. 

STEL'LULATE,  diminutive  of 
Stellate;  resembling  a  little 
star;  stellular. 

STEM,   see  Trunk,  Peduncle, 

Pedicel  and  Petiole. 
STEM-CLASPING,  see  Ajiplexi- 

CAUL. 

STEM-LEAF,  a  leaf  growing  from 
the  stem  above  the  ground. 
Compare  Radical  Leaf. 

STEM'LESS,  see  Acaulescext. 

STEM'LET,  a  little  stem;  the  first 
internode  above  the  cotyle- 
dons. 

STEM,  SUBTERRANEAN,  see 
Subterranean  Stem. 

STEM-TENDRIL,  a  tendril  which 
is  a  transformed  stem,  as  in 
the  grape.  Compare  Leaf- 
tendril. 

STENOPETALOUS,  having  nar- 
row petals. 

STENOPH'YLLOUS,  narrow- 
leaved.      Compare    Latifoli- 

OTJS. 

STENO'SIS,  (1)  cell-formation  in 
which  there  is  a  direct  con- 
striction of  the  walls  of  the 
original  cell,  as  in  budding. 
Compare  Cvtodieresis. 
(2)  The  pathological  narrow- 
ing of  a  passage. 


72 


Stereid 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Stipe 


STE'REID,  a  cell  of  stereome, 
which  see. 

STE'REOME,  strengthening  tis- 
sue: a  term  applied  by 
Schweudener  to  that  part  of 
a  fibrovascular  bundle  to 
which  it  chiefly  owes  its 
streugth;  also  to  the  cortex 
on  physiological  grounds,  it 
often  serviug  mainly  for  sup- 
port.    Compare  Mestome. 

STE  REOPLASM,  the  solid  portion 
of  protoplasm.  (Nageli.j  Com- 
pare Hygkoplasm. 

STEREOPLAS'MA,  see  Stereo- 
plasm. 

STERIG  MA  (pi.  Sterig'mata), 
(1)  the  downward  prolonga- 
tion of  a  decurrent  leaf  upon 
the  stem;  (2)  a  very  narrow 
support  to  a  spore,  as  the 
pointed  protuberances  upon 
basidia,  or  the  filaments  bear- 
ing spermatia  and  stylospores. 

STER'ILE,  (1)  unfruitful;  barren 
— as  a  plant  which  fails  to  blos- 
som or  fruit,  a  pericarp  which 
contains  no  seeds,  or  a  stamen 
which  produces  no  perfect  pol- 
len: (2)  devoid  of  living  organ- 
isms— used  mainly  in  bacteri- 
ology. 

STER'ILE  FLOWER,  one  con- 
taining no  perfect  pistils.  It 
may  or  may  not  contain  sta- 
mens. 

STER'ILIZE,  to  render  free  from 
all  living  bodies,  as  fluids  in 
which  bacteria  are  to  be  culti- 
vated. 

STER'NOTRIBE,  a  term  applied 
to  zygomorphic  flowers  which 
have  the  stamens  so  placed  that 
a  visiting  insect  will  receive 
the  pollen  upon  its  under  sur- 
face, as  in  most  Papilionacea?. 
Compare  Notothibe  and 
Pleurotribe. 

STfiR'OM,  see  Stereome. 


STICHIDIUM  (pi.  Stishid'ia),  a 
branch  of  the  thallus  in  red 
alga?  (Florideae)  containing 
tetraspores. 

STIGMA,  the  part  of  the  pistil 
which  receives  the  pollen.  It 
is  usually  the  apex  of  the  style, 
variously  expanded,  which  is 
destitute  of  epidermis  and  se- 
cretes the  "stigmatic  fluid," 
which  see. 

STIG'MA-DISK,  a  disk  forming 
the   seat  of    a    stigma,    as  in 

Asclepias. 

STIGMAT'IC  CELLS  OF  THE 
ARCHEGO'NltJM, "  see  Lid- 
cells. 

STIGMATIC  CHAMBER,  the 
part  of  the  rostellum  in  or- 
chids in  which  the  viscid  disk 
or  retinaculum  is  developed. 
(Functionless  as  a  stigma.) 

STIGMAT'IC  FLUID,  a  viscid 
fluid  secreted  by  the  stigma 
at  maturity  which  serves  to 
hold  the  pollen,  and  in  which 
the  pollen-grains  germinate  as 
the  first  stage  of  fertilization. 

STlLOGONID'iUM,  see  Stylo- 
spore. 

STIM'ULOSE,  covered  with  sting- 
ing hairs. 

STIM'tTLUS  (pi.  Stim'uli),  see 
Stinging-hair. 

STING,  see  Stinging-hair. 

STINGING  HAlR,  a  glandular 
hair  which  secretes  an  acrid 
fluid;  sting;  stimulus. 

STIPE,  a  term  applied  to  various 
kinds  of  stalks  or  stems,  in- 
cluding the  petiole  of  ferns, 
the  stalk  of  a  mushroom,  the 
stem  of  a  pappus  above  the 
seed,  the  stalk  of  an  ovary 
raising  it  above  the  receptacle, 
etc.  Various  forms  of  stipes 
in  flowering  plants  are  distin- 
guished under  the  terms  the- 
capJwre,      gynophore,      antho- 


173 


Stipel 


A  DICTIONARY 


Stone 


phore,      gynobase,     gonophore, 
carpophore. 

STI'PEL,  the  stipule  of  a  leaflet. 

STIPEL'LATE,  furnished  with 
stipels. 

STI'PE§,  an  uncommon  spelling 
of  Stipe. 

STI'PiFdRM,  resembling  a  stipe; 
stipitiform. 

STIP'ItATE,  having  a  stipe;  sup- 
ported on  :i  stipe. 

STIP'ITiFdRM,  see  Stipiform. 

STIP'ULA  (pi.  Stip'ulse),  see  Stip- 
ule. 

STIPULA'CEOUS,  see  Stipular. 

STIP'tJLAR,  haviug  stipules; 
formed  of  stipules;  situated 
near  or  upon  stipules;  per- 
taining to  stipules;  stipula- 
ceous. 

STIP'tJLARY,  formed  of  stipules. 

STIP'ULATE,  having  stipules; 
stipulated;  stipuled. 

STIPULATED,  see  Stipulate. 

STIPULATION,  the  situation  or 
arrangement  of  the  stipules. 

STIP'ULE,  an  organ  situated  in 
pairs  upon  the  stem,  one  on 
either  side  of  the  petiole  at  its 
base  and  often  adherent  to  it. 
They  are  usually  expanded, 
scale  -  like  or  leaf  -  like,  but 
sometimes  exist  in  the  form 
of  glands,  prickles,  tendrils, 
or  other  organs,  and  are  often 
wanting  altogether.  They  fre- 
quently serve  for  protection  to 
the  bud  or  growing  point,  and 
fall  away  as  the  bud  expands 
and  the  leaves  develop. 

STIP'ULED,  see  Stipulate. 

STIPULIF'EROUS,  bearing  stip- 
ules. 

STIP'ULOSE,  having  very  large 
stipules.     (Rare.) 

STOCK,  (1)  the  persistent  base 
of    an    herbaceous  perennial ; 


(2)  any  plant  or  part  consid- 
ered with  reference  to  another 
part  which  it  supports;  (3)  in 
horticulture  a  tree  or  other 
plant  which  receives  a  bud 
or  graft;  (4)  the  original  or 
originals  (parentage)  of  a  spe- 
cies or  variety;  (5)  a  seeds- 
man's term  for  a  quantity  of 
seed  grown  in  a  particular  lo- 
cality or  from  a  particular 
source.  It  does  not  imply 
any  peculiarity  of  character. 
Compare  Strain. 

STOLE,  see  Stolon. 

STO'LON,  a  slender  branch,  above 
or  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  which  takes  root  or 
bears  a  bulb  at  the  extremity 
where  it  forms  one  or  more 
new  plants;  stole;  sobole. 
Compare  Runner,  Rhizome, 
and  Offset. 

STOLONIF'EROUS,  bearing  sto- 
lons. 

STOMA  (pi.  Stom'ata),  an  open- 
ing in  the  epidermis  for  the 
admission  of  air  and  liberation 
of  moisture;  breathing- pore. 
See  Guard-cells. 

STO'MATE,  see  Stoma. 

STOMAT IC,  pertaining  to  a 
stoma. 

STOmAT'IC  CELLS,  see  Guard- 
cells. 

STOMAT'IC  CHAM  BER,  the  inter- 
cellular space  beneath  a  stoma; 
substomatic  chamber;  air- 
chamber;  respiratory  cham- 
ber; respiratory  cavit}\  See 
Cistome.  Compare  Ante- 
chamber and  Vestibule. 

STOmATIF'EROUS,  bearing  stom- 
ata;  stomatose. 

STOM'AtOSE,  see  Stomatif- 
erous. 

STONE,  the  bony  endocarp  of  a 
drupe,  containing  the  seed  ; 
pit. 


174 


Stool 


OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Strobiliferous 


STONE-FRUIT,  see  Drupe. 

STOOL,  a  plant  upon  "which  off- 
shoots of  any  kind  are  pro- 
duced, usually  for  propaga- 
tion, as  iu  the  raspberry  and 
strawberry;  especially,  a  plant 
of  wheat,  oats,  rye,  or  bailey 
which  has  several  sterns  from 
one  root. 

STOOL,  v.  i.,  to  tiller,  as  grain; 
to  throw  out  suckers. 

STRAGGLING,  see  Divaricate. 

STRAIN,  (1)  the  influence  of  a 
particular  ancestor  existing  in 
an  individual  or  variety;  (2)  a 
seedsman's  term  for  a  stock  of 
seed  or  subordinate  variety 
which  has  been  bred  in  a  spe- 
cial manner  and  acquired  a 
slight  individual  character,  as 
"  an  excellent  strain  of  Fott- 
ler's  cabbage." 

STRAMINEOUS,  like  straw;  es- 
pecially, straw-colored;  pale 
yellow. 

STRAND,  a  fibrovascular  bundle; 
a  branch  of  mycelium,  or  simi- 
lar vegetable  filameut;  specifi- 
cally, a  branch  of  fibrous  my- 
celium, which  see. 

STRANGULATED,  applied  to  a 
root  or  stem  which  is  con- 
tracted at  intervals,  as  though 
growth  had  beeu  restricted  by 
cords  or  bandages  wrapped 
around  it.  Compare  Montl- 
LIFORM. 

STRAP,  the  ligule  of  a  ray-floret 
in  Composite. 

STRAP-SHAPED,  broad,  flat,  and 
linear,  like  a  belt;  ligulate. 

STRAtIFICA  TION,  the  thicken- 
in  g  of  a  cell-wall  by  the  depo- 
sition of  successive  layers  of 
formed  material;  also  the  ar- 
rangement of  the  layers  so  de- 
posited. 

STRATIFIED  THAL'LUS,  a  thal- 
lus    in   lichens  in   which  the 


gonidia  or  algal  cells  are  dis- 
posed in  one  or  more  layers. 

STRA'TOSE,  iu  distinct  layers  or 
strata. 

STRAW,  the  stems  of  various  edi- 
ble grains,  as  wheat  and  oats, 
especially  after  being  threshed. 
Extended  also  to  the  haulm  of 
peas,  beans,  etc. 

STREAK  (Hort.),  a  long  narrow 
stripe. 

STREAMING  OF  PROTOPLASM, 
see  Rotation. 

STRI'A  (pi.  Strl'ee),  a  straight  and 
very  narrow  mark  or  groove. 

STRI'ATE,  marked  with  parallel 
striae.  Compare  Sulcate, 
Rivulose,    Actcxi.ated,    and 

LlNEATE. 

STRICT,  straight  or  upright;  hav- 
ing branches  close  together 
and  erect:  opposed  to  Lax. 
Differs  from  Fastigiate  in  be- 
ing applied  chiefly  to  herbs 
and  shrubs  instead  of  trees 
and  in  not  necessarily  having 
a  pointed  top. 

STRI'GA  (pi.  Strigae),  a  sharp- 
pointed,  rigid,  appressed  bris- 
tle or  hair-Tike  scale. 

STRIG'ILOSE,  minutely  strigose. 

STRIGOSE',  covered  with  strigae. 
Formerly  regarded  as  synony- 
mous with  Hispid. 

STRIKE  (Hort.),  to  take  root,  as 
a  cutting. 

STRING,  any  fibre;  strand. 

STRI'OLATE,  diminutive  of  Stri- 
ate, having  very  fine  striae. 

STRIPED,  having  longitudinal 
lines  of  color,  broader  than 
Streaked  and  narrower  than 
Banded;  having  longitudinal 
colored  marks  of  any  character. 

STROBILA'gEOUS,  cone-bearing; 
cone-like;  pertaining  to  cones. 

STRdB'ILE,  see  Cone 

STROBILIFEROUS,  coniferous. 


Strobiliform 


A  DICTIONARY 


Stylospore 


STROBIL'IFORM,  coue-shaped.       j 
STROBI  LUS,  see  Cone. 

STRO'MA  (pi.  Stro'mata),  a  mass  , 
in  which  another  object  is  em- 
bedded, as  a   protein   granule 
which   contains   a    crystal    or 
starch  -  grain.     Especially,      a  ! 
compact    mass    of    mycelium   j 
upon  or  within  which  spores  j 
or    sporangia    are    borne— ap- 
plied    mainly    to      tissue     in 
which     peritliecia     are     em- 
bedded.   Compare  Hymenium. 

STRO'MATuID,  having  the  nature 
or  appearance  of  a  stroma. 

STRO'mATOUS,  bearing  or  pro- 
ducing stromata. 

STROMBULIF'EROUS,  bearing 
spirally  twisted  pods  (strombi). 

STROMBU  LIFORM,  twisted  in  a 
spiral,  like  the  pods  of  alfalfa; 
cochleate. 

STROM'BUS  (pi.  Strom'bl),  a  spi- 
rally coiled  legume,  like  that 
of  alfalfa,  Medicago  saliva; 
cochlea. 

STROPHE,  an  old  term  for  leaf- 
spiral. 

STRO'PHIOLATE,  furnished  with 
a  strophiole. 

STRO'PHIOLE,  see  Caruncle. 

STRUCTURAL  BOTANY,  the 
study  of  the  form  and  ar- 
rangement of  the  parts  of 
plants,  including  morphology 
and  histology;  vegetable  anat- 
omy; phytotomy. 

STRU'MA,  a  one-sided  swelling 
or  protuberance  of  any  kind, 
as  the  one-sided  enlargement 
(apophysis)  at  the  base  of  the 
capsule  in  some  mosses,  or  the 
pulvinus  of  a  leaf  or  leaflet. 
The  term  is  now  seldom  used 
except  in  mosses. 

STRU'MIFORM,  like  a  struma  in 
appearance. 

STRUMOSE',   swollen  upon  one 


side   like  a  goitre;   bearing  a 
struma. 

STRUMULOSE,  slightlystrumose. 

STUFFED,  the  same  as  Solid,  or 
the  old  term  Farctate,  but  sel- 
dom applied  except  to  stems 
having  a  fibrous  or  spongy 
centre.  Used  mainly  in 
mushrooms. 

STUMP-ROOTED,  applied  in  veg- 
etable gardening  to  the  roots 
of  certain  varieties  of  the  rad- 
ish, carrot,  etc.,  which,  in- 
stead of  tapering  gradually 
from  the  fleshy  edible  portion 
to  the  slender  tap-root,  have 
the  transition  abrupt.  The 
term  is  not  applied  to  the 
roots  of  turnip  beets,  flat 
turnips,  etc.,  but  only  to  such 
as  are  more  elongated. 

STU'PA,  a  tuft  of  matted  hairs 
resembling  tow.     (Obs.) 

STU'PEOUS,  see  Stupose. 

STUPOSE',  resembling  tow;  cov- 
ered with  matted  hairs  resem- 
bling tow;  stupeous. 

STYLE,  the  slender  part  of  a 
pistil  supporting  the  stigma. 

STYLIF'EROUS,  style-bearing. 

STY'LIFORM,  style-shaped. 

STYLOGONIDIUM,  see  Stylo- 
spore. 

STY'LOPOD,  see  Stylopodicm. 

STYlOPO'DIUM,  the  fleshy  disk 
crowning  the  ovary  in  most 
Umbellifenc,  formed  by  the 
expanded  bases  of  the  two 
styles. 

STYLOSE',  having  the  styles  re- 
markably long,  numerous,  or 
persistent.     (Rare.) 

STY'LOSPORE,  a  stalked  spore, 
sometimes  septate,  produced 
in  a  pycuidium;  stylogouid- 
ium;  pycnogonidium;  pycno- 
spore;  pycnidiospore ;  clino- 
spore. 


176 


Stylostegium 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Subiculum 


STYLOSTEGIUM  (pi.  Styloste'- 
gia),  the  peculiar  orbicular 
corona,  called  scutum  or 
shield,  which  terminates  the 
style  in  Stapelia  and  similar 
asclepiads. 

STYlOSTE'MON,  an  epigynous 
stamen.     (Rare.) 

SUAVE'OLENT,  sweet-scented. 

SUB-,  a  Latin  prefix  meaning 
under,  beneath,  subordinate, 
or  partially. 

SUBACUTE',  moderately  acute. 

SUbAE'RIAL,  situated  just  above 
the  ground  or  substratum,  but 
covered  with  fallen  leaves,  etc., 
as  many  rhizomes. 

SUBAPIC  ULATE,  having  a  small 
or  poorly  defined  apiculus  or 
point. 

SUBARBORES'CENT,  somewhat 
tree-like. 

SUB  AX  ILL  ARY,  situated  beneath 
the  axil. 

SUBCAULES'CENT,  with  the  leafy 
stem  so  short  as  to  be  hardly 
uoticeable,  but  rather  more  de- 
veloped than  in  Acaulescent. 

SUBCES'PITOSE,  somewhat  in- 
clined to  grow  in  bunches. 
See  Cespitose. 

SUB'CLASS,  a  group  of  orders  or 
cohorts  next  subordinate  to  a 
class. 

SUBCONCAT  ENATE,  growing 
somewhat  in  chains — in  short 
or  imperfect  rows  or  chains. 

SUBCON'ICAL,  slightly  conical. 

SUBCONTIN'UOtJS,  rarely  or  im- 
perfectly septate;  seldom  or 
slightly  constricted. 

SUBCOR'DATE,  slightly  cordate. 

SUBCRE'NATE,  slightly  or  ob- 
scurely creuate. 

SUBCUL'TRATE,  slightly  cul- 
trate. 

SUBDEN'TATE,    imperfectly    or 


obscurely    dentate.     Compare 
Denticulate. 

SUBDENTIC'ULAte,     obscurely 

denticulate:  having  small,  im- 
perfect marginal  teeth. 

SUBEFFUSE',  having  slightly 
spreading  branches  or  fila- 
ments. 


SUBENTIRE',        only 
notched  or  toothed. 


slightly 


SUBEPIDERMAL  TIS'SUE,  see 
Htpoderma. 

SU'BER,  see  Cokk. 
SUBERECT',  nearly  erect. 
SUBEREOUS,  see  Suberose. 
SU  BER1N,        cork  -  substance— 

nearly    or   quite    the   same    as 

Cutin.     See  Cork. 
SUBERlFICA'TION,  see  Suberi- 

ZATION. 

SUBERIZA'TION,  conversion  into 
cork;  suberisation;  su aerifica- 
tion. 

SUBEROSE',  having  somewhat 
the  appearance  of  being 
gnawed;  slightly  erose. 
Compare  Erose. 

SUBEROSE,  of  the  nature  of 
cork;  suberous. 

SU'BEROUS,  see  Suberose. 

SUBfAM'ILY,  a  group  of  genera 
subordinate  to  a  family. 

SUBFLEX  UOSE,  slightly  wavy. 

SUBGENIC'UlATE,  slightly  bent. 

SUBGE'NUS,  a  species,  or  group 
of  species,  having  nearly  the 
rank  of  genus. 

SUBGLOBOSE',  nearly  globose. 

SUBHYME'NlUM,  a  layer  of  tis- 
sue next  below  the  hymeniuin; 
hypothecium. 

SUBICULUM,  a  term  applied  by 
M.  C.  t'ooke  to  the  abnormally 
thickened  portion  of  a  leaf  or 
stem  bearing  the  cluster-cups 
in  yEcidium. 


Subkingdom 


A  DICTIONARY 


Subventricose 


SUBKTNG'DOM,  the  highest  sub- 
division of  a  kingdom,  as  the 
phenogams  and  cryptogams 
among  plants;  series.  Some 
recenr  botanists  divide  the 
vegetable  kingdom  into  more 
than  two  subkingdoms. 

SUBLENTICULAR,  somewhat 
lens-shaped. 

SUBmAR'GINAL,  situated  near 
the  margin. 

SUBMERGED',  see  Submersed. 

SUBMERSED',  growing  under 
water;  submerged;  demersed. 

SUBNAS'CENT,  originating  or 
growing  beneath  au\r  object. 

SUBNUDE',  nearly  destitute  of 
hairs,  leaves,  or  other  covering. 

SUBOBTUSE',  slightly  obtuse. 

SUBORBlC'ULAR,  nearly  circu- 
lar; subrotund.  Compare 
Subglobose. 

SUBORDER,  a  group  of  genera 
within  an  order.  Compare 
Tribe. 

SUBO'VATE,  somewhat  ovate. 

SUBPEDUN'CULATE,  having  a 
very  short  peduncle;  sub- 
sessile. 

SUBPET'IOLAR,  situated  beneath 
the  petiole,  i.e.,  under  (within) 
the  base  of  the  petiole,  as  the 
leaf-bud  in  sycamore.  Com- 
pare Subpetiolate. 

SUBPET'IOlATE,  having  a  very 
short  petiole;  subsessile.  Com- 
pare SUBPETIOLAR. 

SUBRA'MOSE,  having  very  few 
branches;  subsimple.  Com- 
pare Ramose. 

SUBRIG  ID,  slightly  rigid. 

SUBROTUND',      see      Suborbic- 

TJLAR. 

SUBSflR'RATE,  sparsely  or  ob- 
scurely serrate.  Compare 
Serrulate. 

SUBSES'SILE,  nearly  sessile;  sub- 
petiolate  or  subpedunculate. 


SUBSHRUB'BY,  see  Frutescext. 

SUBSIDIARY  CELL,  see  Acces- 
sory Cell. 

SUBSIM'PLE,  with  very  few  sub- 
divisions or  branches. 

SUBSPE'CIES,  a  variety  nearly 
equal  in  rank  to  a  species;  a 
marked  variety. 

SUBSTITUTE  FIBRE,  a  term 
applied  by  Sanio  to  a  prosen- 
chymatous  cell  larger  in  diam- 
eter than  a  libriform  cell  and 
without  its  attenuated  ends. 
Not  in  general  use. 

SUBSTOMAT'IC  CHAM'BER,  see 
Stomatic  Chamber. 

SUBSTRA'TOSE,  in  somewhat 
indistinct  or  irregular  layers 
or  strata. 

SUBTEND',  to  embrace  in  its  axil. 
A  flower  is  subtended  by  a  bract 
when  there  is  a  bract  situated 
beneath  it.  Nearly  all  buds 
are  subtended  by  leaves. 

SUBTERETE',  somewhat  terete. 

SUBTERRA'NEAN,  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  ground;  hypo- 
gean. 

SUB  TRIBE,  a  group  of  genera 
subordinate  to  a  tribe. 

SU'BULATE,  narrow,  and  taper- 
ing to  a  sharp  rigid  point,  as 
the  leaves  of  juniper;  awl- 
shaped. 

SUBULIF'EROtJS,  furnished  with 
awl-shaped  spines.     (Obs.) 

SU'BULlFORM  (obs.),  see  Subu- 
late. 

SUBUM'BELLATE,  somewhat 
umbelliform,  as  the  flower- 
cluster  of  the  apple. 

SUBVARI'ETY,  a  subordinate 
variety;  a  variety  within  a 
variety. 

SUBVEN'TRICOSE,  somewhat 
ventricose  or  inflated. 


178 


Subverticillate 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Superior 


SUBVERTIC'ILLATE,  slightly 
verticillate;  in  imperfect  or 
irregular  whorls. 

SUCCEDA'NEUM,  a  substitute. 

SUCCESSIVE  WHdRL,  a  whorl 
the  members  of  which  do  not 
all  originate  at  the  same  time, 
but  in  succession,  either  iu 
regular  order  or  otherwise. 
Compare  Simultaneous 
Whorl. 

SUCCIF'EROUS,  producing  or 
conveying  sap. 

SUCCISE',  terminating  abruptly, 
as  though  cut  sharply  off. 
Compare  Truncate  and  Pre- 
morse. 

SUC'COSE,  see  Succulent. 

SUC'CUBOUS,  having  the  base  or 
lower  edge  of  each  leaf  over- 
lapping the  apex  of  the  pre- 
ceding leaf,  as  in  Jungerman- 
nia.     Compare  Incubous. 

SUCCULENT,  soft,  and  fleshy  or 
juicy;  pulpy. 

SUCK'ER,  (1)  a  sprout  or  shoot, 
especially  from  the  root  or 
lower  part  of  the  stem  (sur- 
culus);  (2)  sometimes  applied 
to  aerial  roots  or  other  hold- 
fasts; (3)  a  haustoriuin. 

SUCK'ER,  v.  i.,  to  put  forth 
shoots  from  the  lower  part  of 
the  stem,  as  Indian  corn. 

SUDORIF'IC,  causing  perspira- 
tion. 

SUFFRUTES'CENT,  slightly 
shrubby. 

SUF'FRUTEX,  a  plant  with  a 
woody  base  and  herbaceous 
stems  or  branches.  Applied 
mainly  to  perennials.  See 
Undershrub. 

SUFFRU'TICOSE,  either  suffru- 
tescent  or  like  an  undershrub. 

SUFFRUTIC'ULOSE,  slightly  fru- 
ticulose,  as  some  lichens. 


SUL'CATE,  having  one  or  more 
large,  straight,  longitudinal 
grooves  or  channels,  as  the 
stem  of  parsnip.  Compare 
Rivose  and  Striate. 

SUL'CUS  (pi.  Sul'91),  a  longitudi- 
nal groove  or  furrow;  sulca- 
tum.    Compare  Stria. 

StJLPHU'REOUS,  sulphur-yellow 
— paler  than  Luteus.  About 
the  same  as  Flavus. 

SUM'MER-SPORE,  any  spore  or 
gouidium  which  retains  its 
vitality  but  a  short  time,  and 
is  intended  for  the  propaga- 
tion of  the  plant  during  the 
summer,  as  the  uredospores  of 
wheat-rust.      Compare    Rest- 

ING-SPORE. 

SUPER-  (or  SUPRA-),  a  prefix 
from  the  Latin,  meaning  above 
in  position  or  degree. 

sUPERAX'ILLARY,  situated 
above  the  axil,  instead  of 
within  it,  as  the  accessory 
buds  sometimes  seen  in  the 
butternut;  supraaxillary;  su- 
perfoliaceous:  suprafoliaceous. 

SUPERCRES'gENCE,  a  parasite. 
(Rare.) 

SUPERCRES'CENT,  growing 
above  another  part  or  body; 
especially,  growing  upon  some 
other  growing  thing.     (Rare.) 

SUPERDECOMPOUND',     see    Su- 

PRADECOMPOUND. 

SUPERFECUNDA'TION,  the  con- 
jugation of  more  than  two 
gametes.  Compare  Superfe- 
tation. 

SUPERFETA'TION,  the  fertiliza- 
tion of  an  ovary  by  two  or 
more  kinds  of  pollen,  so  that 
its  seeds  are  not  all  alike. 
Compare  Superfecundation. 

SUPERFOLlA'CEOUS,  see  Super- 
axillary. 

SUPE'RIOR,  said  of  a  radicle 
when   it    points    towards    the 


179 


Supernatant 


A   DICTIONARY 


Suture 


apex  of  the  fruit  (ascending); 
said  of  the  ovary  when  the 
calyx  is  free  from  it;  said  of 
the  calyx  when  adherent  to 
the  ovary  and  thus,  with  the 
other  floral  organs,  situated 
upon  its  summit;  applied  to 
the  upper  side  of  a  lateral 
flower,  the  side  next  the  axis: 
the  vexillmn,  for  example,  is 
the  superior  petal  of  a  papilio- 
naceous corolla. 

SUPERNATANT,  floating  on  the 
surface. 

SUPERNUMERARY  BUDS,  see 
Accessory  Buds. 

SU'PERPArAsITE,  a  parasite  of 
a  parasite;  hyperparasite. 

SUPER- PLANT,  a  plant  which 
grows  upon  another  plant, 
either  as  an  epiphyte  or  a 
parasite. 

SUPERPOSI'TION,  situation 
above  some  other  organ;  or, 
when  referring  to  parts  of  the 
flower,  the  non-alteration  of 
the  members  of  coutiguous 
circles,  the  corresponding 
parts  being  opposite  instead 
of  alternate;  auteposition.  See 
Direct  and  Inverted  Super- 
position. 

SUPERTUBERA'TION,  an  abnor- 
mal production  of  secondary 
tubers  directly  upon  those  pro- 
duced in  the  ordinary  manner. 

SUPERVOLUTE',  plaited  and  the 
plaits  convolute,  as  the  corolla 
of  morning  glory. 

SUPINE',  lying  flat,  with  face  up- 
ward ;  dorsieumbent — opposed 
to  Prone.  Compare  Resu- 
pinate.   , 

SUPPORT  ING  PLANT,  a  plant 
upon  or  within  which  another 
grows,  either  as  a  parasite  or 
an  epiphyte.     See  Host. 

SUPPRESSION,    the  entire  non- 


development  of  a  part;  com- 
plete abortion;  obliteration. 

SUPRA-,  see  Super-. 

SUPRAAX'IllARY,  see  Super- 
axillary. 

SUPRAdECOM  POUND,  three  or 
more  times  compounded,  or 
very  much  subdivided  in  any 
manner.  A  pinnate  leaf,  like 
that  of  walnut,  is  comjiound ;  a 
bipinnate  leaf,  like  that  of 
honey  locust,  is  decompound  ; 
a  tripiunate  leaf,  as  in  many 
acacias,  is  mpradecompound. 

SUPRAFOLlA'CEOtJS,  see  Super- 
axillary. 

SUPREME',  situated  at  the  high- 
est point. 

SURCULIG'EROUS,    see     Surcu- 

LOSE. 

SUR'CULOSE,  having  suckers 
(surculi). 

SUR  CULUS  (pi.  Sur'culi),  a  sprout 
or  shoot  from  the  ground  or 
base  of  the  stem;  sucker. 

SURCUR'RENT,  having  winged 
expansions  from  the  base  of 
the  leaf  prolonged  up  the  stem. 
Compare  Decurrent. 

SUSPENDED,  said  of  seeds  or 
ovules  which  are  attached  to 
the  top  or  sides  of  the  ovary 
and  hang  downward;  pendu- 
lous; inverted.  Compare 
Erect  and  Ascending. 

SUSPEN'SOR,  (I)  *  single  or  mul- 
tiple row  of  cells  winch  is  the 
first  development  of  the  fertil- 
ized oosphere  in  phenogams, 
and  at  the  extremity  of  which 
the  embryo  is  developed:  it 
appears  upon  the  embryo  as  a 
continuation  of  the  radicle; 
proembryo;  (2)  the  cell  which 
supports  the  conjugating  cell 
in  Mucorini. 

SU'TURE,  a  line  of  junction  or 
dehiscence. 


180 


Swarm 


OF   BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Synacmy 


SWARM,  a  number  of  spores  or 
unicellular  individuals  of  com- 
mon origin  which  remain  near 
together  without  being  united 
in  an}r  way. 

SWARM-CELL,  see  Zoospore. 

SWARM'ING,  moving  about  by 
means  of  cilia — said  of  zoo- 
spores. Chiefly  used  when 
many  are  together.  See  Swim- 
ming. 

SWARM-SPORE,  see  Zoospore. 

SWIM'MING,  moving  unattached 
within  a  liquid  in  any  definite 
manner.  Compare  Natant. 
The  swimming  of  zoospores 
when  massed,  however,  is 
termed  Swarming. 

SWORD'-SHAPED,  seeENSiFORM, 

SYCHNOCAR'POUS,  see  Polycar- 
pic. 

SYCO'NIUM,  see  Syconus. 

SYCO'NUS,  the  fruit (hypanthium) 
of  the  fig,  consisting  of  au  ex- 
panded fleshy  receptacle  en- 
closing the  flowers. 

SYL'VA  (pi.  Syl'vse),  the  trees  of 
a  country  or  region,  or  a  work 
describing  them. 

SYL' VAN,  pertaining  to  woods. 

SYLVESTRINE,  growing  in 
woods. 

SYMBIOSIS,  the  coexistence  in 
more  or  less  mutual  interde- 
pendence of  two  different  or- 
ganisms, as  the  fungus  and 
alga  which  constitute  a  lichen; 
mutualism;  mutual  parasitism; 
commensalism;  consort  ism. 
With  some  authors  Commen- 
salism implies  an  association 
less  necessary  or  mutually 
helpful  than  Symbiosis. 

SYMMETRICAL,  (1)  having  se- 
pals, petals,  and  stamens  of 
the  same  number,  or  multiples 
of  one  another;  (2)  divisible  in 
one  or  more  directions  into 
halves,  which  are  similar  to, 


or  the  reflections  of,  each 
other.     See    Monosymmetri- 

CAL  and  P0LY8YMMETRICAL. 

SYMPETALOUS,  see  Gamopet- 
alous.  Also  formerly  used 
for  a  partial  union  of  the  pet- 
als with  monadelphous  sta- 
mens, as  in  Malvaceae. 

SYMPHYAN'THEROUS,  see  Syn- 
antherous. 

SYMPHYCAR'POUS,  having  the 
fruits  confluent,  as  the  disks 
of  the  apothecia  in  certain 
lichens. 

SYMPHYL'LOUS,  see  Gamophyl- 

LOUS. 

SYMPHYOGENET  IC,  formed  of 
parts  which  have  become 
grown  together  or  united. 

SYMPHYOSTEM'ONOUS,  mona- 
delphous, synantherous,  or 
with  the  stamens  united  in 
any  other  manner;  symphy- 
stemonous. 

SYM'PHYSIS,  a  union  of  parts 
usually  distinct;  cohesion  or 
adhesion. 

SYMPHYSTEM'ONOUS,  see  Sym- 
phyostemonous. 

SYM'PODE,  see  Sympodium. 

SYMPODIAL    DlCHdT'OMY, 

where  one  branch  of  each 
successive  bifurcation  contin- 
ues to  develop  and  the  other 
remains  subordinate.  See 
Scorpioid  and  Bostrychoid 
Dichotomy. 

SYMPO  DIUM,  a  stem  which  con- 
sists of  a  series  of  secondary 
stems  or  axes  which  have 
arisen  as  branches  one  from 
another,  as  in  the  tomato; 
pseudaxis;  false  axis. 

SYNACMY,  having  the  stamens 
and  pistils  ripen  at  the  same 
time,  neither  protandrous  nor 
protogynous:  synanthesis:  op- 
posed to  Heteracmy. 


181 


Synangium 


A  DICTIONARY 


Tagma 


SYNAN'GIUM,  the  peculiar  boat- 
shaped  sorus  of  certain  ferus 
of  the  order  Marattiaceae. 

SYNAN'THEROUS,  having  the 
stamens  united  by  their  an- 
thers, as  in  Compositae;  sym- 
phyantherous;  syugenesious. 

SYnANTHE'SIS,  see  Synacmy. 

SYNAN'THOUS,  (1)  having  the 
flowers  expand  at  the  same 
time  as  the  leaves.  Compare 
Pkoteranthous  and  Hyster- 
anthous.  (2)  Exhibiting  syn- 
authy. 

SYnAn'THY,  the  abnormal  coa- 
lescence of  two  or  more  flowers. 

SYN'CARP,  see  Aggregate 
Fruit. 

SYNCAR'PIIjM,  see  Aggregate 
Fruit. 

SYNCAR'POUS,  formed  of  distinct 
aggregated  carpels. 

SYNCOTYLED'ONOUS,  having  co- 
herent cotyledons. 

SYNCY'TIUM,  a  collection  of 
nuclei  without  cell-walls. 

SYNE'DRAL,  growing  upon  the 
angle  of  a  stem. 

SYNE'MA,  that  part  of  the  col- 
umn in  orchids  which  repre- 
sents the  united  filaments  of 
the  stamens. 

SYNERGID-K  (sing.  Syner'gida), 
two  cells  (or  nuclei)  in  the 
upper  end  of  the  embryo-sac, 
wThich  together  with  the  oo- 
sphere  form  the  egg-apparatus. 

SYN  ERGY,  the  simultaneous  ac- 
tion of  several  organs. 

SYNGENE'SIOUS,      see      Synan- 

THEROUS. 

SYNC-CREATE,  said  of  stipules 
when  united  around  the  stem 
so  as  to  form  an  ocrea  or  sheath. 

SYNffi'CIOUS,  (1)  having  male 
and  female  flowers  in  the  same 
head,  as  in  some  Compositae; 
(2)  having  antheridia  and  ar- 


chegonia  in  the  same   recep- 
tacle in  mosses. 

SYN'ONYM,  a  superseded  plant- 
name. 

SYNOPH'YTY,  the  cohesun  of 
two  or  more  embryos  in  a 
seed.     (M.  C.  Cooke.) 

SYNCP'SIS  (pi.  Synop'ses),  a  con- 
densed description  of  a  genus, 
species,  or  other  group. 

SYNPET'ALOUS,  see  Gamopet- 
alous. 

SYNSEP'ALOUS,    see    Gamosep- 

ALOUS. 

SYNTAG'MA  (pi.  Syntag'mata),  a 
name  applied  by  Pfeffer  to  all 
bodies  composed  of  tagmata, 
which  see. 

SYPHON,  see  Siphon. 

SYS'TEM,  (1)  an  arrangement  of 
natural  objects  according  to 
some  rule;  (2)  the  sum  of  the 
parts  of  an  organism  which  are 
of  the  same  morphological  na- 
ture or  perform  a  similar  func- 
tion, as  the  fibrovascular  or 
intercellular  system. 

SYS'TEM,  ARTIFICIAL,  see  Ar- 
tificial System. 

SYSTEMATIC  B6T  ANY,  the  part 
of  botany  which  treats  of  the 
description,  naming,  and  class- 
ification of  plants.  See  Vege- 
table Taxonomy  and  Phy- 
tography. 

SYS'TEM,  NAT  URAL,  see  Natu- 
ral System. 

SYS  TROPHE,  the  massing  of  the 
chlorophyll  bodies  of  a  cell 
under  intense  light.  Compare 
Apostrophe  and  Epistrophe. 

TABES  CENT,  wasting  or  shrivel- 
ling. 

TAB'ULAR,  flattened  horizon- 
tally. 

TAG'MA  (pi.  Tag'mata),  a  name 
given  by  Pfeffer  to  any  aggre- 


182 


Tail 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Tergeminate 


gate  of  molecules,  including 
pleoD,  micella,  and  micellar 
aggregate.     See  these  terms. 

TAIL,  any  long,  flexible,  terminal 
appendage,  as  the  persistent 
style  on  the  seed  of  Clematis. 

TAlL'-POINTED,  tipped  with  a 
long,  flexible  acuminatum. 

TAN'GLE,  see  Skein. 
TANKARD-SHAPED,  thickened, 
about  twice  as  loug  as  broad, 
gradually  enlarged  downward, 
then  suddenly  contracted  or 
terminated,  as  the  root  of 
some  varieties  of  the  turnip 
and  radish.  Compare  Stump- 
hooted. 

TAPER  POINTED,  see  Acumi- 
nate. 

TAPE'TUM,  (1)  a  layer  of  cells, 
just  outside  the  archesporium, 
lining  the  cavity  of  an  anther 
or  a  sporangium.  It  usually 
becomes  disorganized  and  ab- 
sorbed before  the  liberation  of 
the  spores  or  pollen -grains; 
(2)  a  similar  layer  of  cells  sur- 
rounding the  embryo-sac. 

TAP'-ROOT,  a  main  root  which 
runs  directly  downward. 

TARTA'REOUS,  having  the  sur- 
face rough  and  crumbly,  as 
that  of  many  lichens.     (Obs.) 

TAS'SEL,  the  popular  name  for 
the  staminate  inflorescence  or 
terminal  compound  spike  of 
Indian  corn.  Sometimes 
called  Spindle. 

TAWNY,  see  Fulvous. 

TAxdL'OGY,  see  Taxonomy. 

TAX&N  OMY,  see  Vegetable 
Taxonomy. 

TEAR,  a  drop  of  gum  or  resin  as 
it  has  issued  from  the  plant. 

TEAR  -SHAPED,  of  the  shape  of 
an  apple-seed— the  same  as 
pear-shaped  except  that  the 
sides  are  not  contracted. 


TEETH,  see  Tooth. 
TEG'MEN,    the   innermost    seed- 
coat;   eudopleura.     Called  Se- 
cundiue  in  the  ovule. 
TEGMEN'TtJM    (pi.    Tegmen'ta), 

an  old  term  for  Bud-scale. 
TEG'UMENT,  see  Integument. 
TE'lA  C&NTEX'TA,  see  Felted 

Tissue. 
TELEU'TOSPORE,  a  thick-walled, 
usually  compound,    gonidium 
produced  by  the  Uredinese  or 
rust -fungi    late   in   the  season 
and  which  serves  to  reproduce 
the    fungus    the     next    year; 
brand-spore;  pseudospore. 
TEN'DRIL,  a  slender  appendage 
which   serves   for   support  by 
coiling  around  some  otber  ob- 
ject     It  may  be  morphologi- 
cally a  leaf,  leaflet,  stipule,  or 
stem. 
TEN'TACLE,  one  of  the  sensitive 
glandular  hairs  on  the  leaf  of 
Drosera. 
TENUIFO'LIOUS,     having     thin, 

narrow  leaves. 
TEP'AL,  one  of  the  parts  of  a 
perianth,  either  sepal  or  petal. 
(Bare.) 
TERATOLOGY,  the  study  of  ab- 
normal   structures;     morphol- 
ogv   as  applied   to   monstrous 
growths.     Not  applied  to  mal- 
formations due  to  disease. 
TER'CINE,  a   third   coat  to   the 
ovule,  counting  from  the  out- 
side— not  a  constant  and  defi- 
nite structure. 
TERETE',  cylindrical,  or  some- 
what tapering. 
TERGEM'INAL,     see    Tergemi- 
nate. 
TERGEM'INATE,    having    three 
pairs  of  leaflets  or  other  organs 
attached,  by  secondary  petioles 
or  otherwise,  to  the  apex  of  a 
common    support.      Compare 


183 


Tergispermous 


A  DICTIONARY 


Tetrandrous 


Ternate,  Ternate-pinnate, 
and  Trijugate. 

TERGIF'EROUS  (obs.),  see  Dor- 
siferous. 

TERGISPER  MOUS,  bearing  re- 
productive bodies  upon  the 
back,  as  the  leaves  of  ferns. 
(Obs.) 

TER'GUM  (obs.),  see  Dorsum. 

TERMINAL,  attached  to  or  per- 
taining to  the  extremity  or 
apex. 

TER  MINAL  BTID,  a  bud  at  the 

extremity  of  a  branch  or  stem. 
Compare  Lateral  Bud. 

TER'NARY,  consisting  of  three. 
Compare  Ternate. 

TER'NATE,  growing  in  threes,  as 
tbe  leaflets  in  clover. 

TER'NATELY  TRIFO'LIOLATE, 
having  three  leaflets  attached 
at  one  point,  as  in  clover. 
Compare  Trifoliolate. 

TER'NATE  -  PIN'NATE,  having 
three  secondary  petioles,  each 
bearing  pinnate  leaflets,  at- 
tached to  the  apex  of  a  com- 
mon petiole.  If  each  second- 
ary petiole  bears  but  a  single 
pair  of  leaflets  the  leaf  is  called 
Tergeminate. 

TERPIN'NATE,  see  Trifinnate. 

TERRESTRIAL,  growing  on 
land,  not  aquatic;  growing 
on  the  ground,  not  on  trees. 

TES'SELLATED,  having  square 
spots,  arranged  like  those  on  a 
chess-board. 

TES'TA,  the  outer  seed  -  coat, 
called  primine,  in  the  ovule ; 
spermoderm. 

TESTACEOUS,  brownish  yellow, 
like  uuglazed  earthen-ware. 

TESTIC'ULATE,  oval  and  solid, 
like  the  tuberous  roots  of  cer- 
tain orchids. 

TEST'ULE  (obs.),  see  Frustule. 


TETRA-,  in  Greek  compounds, 
four. 

TETRAcAM'AROUS  (obs.),  about 
the  same  as  Tetracoccous.  See 
Camara. 

TETRAcAR'PELLARY,  of  four 
carpels. 

TETRAcHE'NITTM,  a  fruit  con- 
sisting of  four  achenium-like 
carpels,  as  in  Labiatae. 

TETRACHOT'OMOUS,  dividing  at 
the  end  into  four  branches. 

TETRACOCCOUS,  of  four  cocci. 

TETRACYCLIC,  composed  of 
four  whorls,  as  a  flower  hav- 
ing calyx,  corolla,  and  sta- 
mens each  of  one  whorl  and 
a  single  (simple  or  compound) 
pistil. 

TET'RAD,  a  group  of  four  pollen- 
grains. 

TETRADYN'AMOUS,  having  six 
stamens,  four  of  which  are 
longer  tbau  the  other  two. 
Compare  Didynamous. 

TETRAFO'LIO&S,  having  biju- 
gate  leaves,  i.e.,  having  leaves 
with  two  pairs  of  leaflets. 

TETRAG'ONAL,  prismatic  and 
quadrangular  ;  four  -  angled  ; 
tetragonous.      Compare      Te- 

TRAQUETROUS. 

TETRAGONID'iUM  (pi.  Tetrago- 
nid  la),  see  Tetraspore. 

TETRAg'ONOUS,  see  Tetrag- 
onal. 

TETRAG'YNOUS,  having  four 
pistils  or  styles. 

TETRAM'EROUS,  having  four 
parts  or  the  parts  in  fours. 
Applied  mainly  to  flowers 
which  have  four  members  in 
each  set  or  whorl  of  organs. 
Compare  Dimerous,  Trim- 
erous.  etc. 

TETRANDROUS,    having     four 
stamens. 
184 


Tetrapetalous 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS, 


Thorn 


TETRAPET'ALOUS,  having  four 
petals. 

TETRAPH'YLLOUS,  four-leaved. 
Often  used  for  Tetrasepalous. 

TETRAQ/UETROUS,  having  four 
salient  angles.  Compare  Te- 
tragonal. 

TE'TRARCH,  a  term  applied  to 
a  fibrovascular  cylinder  which 
represents  four  fibrovascular 
bundles. 

TETRASEPALOUS,  of  four  se- 
pals.    See  Tetraphyllous. 

TETRASPER'MOtJS,  four-seeded. 

TETRAsPORAN'GIUM,  a  sporan- 
gium (unicellular)  containing 
tetraspores. 

TET'RASPORE,  a  gonidium  or 
asexually  produced  spore  in 
Florideae.  So  called  from 
being  often  produced  four 
together  in  a  mother-cell  ; 
tetragouidium. 

TETRAS'TICHOUS,  in  four  verti- 
cal rows  upon  a  stem. 

THAlAMIFLO'RAL,  having  the 
stamens  inserted  upon  the  re- 
ceptacle. Compare  Corolli- 
floral  and  Calycifloral. 

THALAMIFLO'ROtJS,  see  Thala- 

MIFLORAL. 

THALAMUS  (pi.  Thal'ami),  the 
receptacle  of  a  flower. 

THAlAs'SOPHYTE,  a  sea-alga. 
(Rare.) 

THAL'LOGEN,  see  Thallophyte. 

THAL'LOID,  having  the  form  or 
nature  of  a  thallus.  Compare 
Foliose  and  Frondose. 

THALLOTdAL,  see  Thalloid. 

THAL'LOME,  see  Thallus. 
Compare  I'aulome. 

THALLOPHYTE,  a  plant  whose 
vegetative  hody  is  a  thallus,  as 
a  lichen,  fungus,  or  alga;  cel- 
lular cryptogam;  thallogen. 
Compare  Cormophyte. 

THAL'LtJS  (pi.  Thal'll),  a  vegeta- 


tive body  without  true  leaf  or 
stem,  as  that  of  most  crypto- 
gams; thallome. 

THAL'LtJS  PLACO'DES  (obs.),  see 
Foliaceous  Thallus. 

THAL'LtJS  THAMNO'DES  (obs.), 
see  Fruticose  Thallus. 

THE'CA  (pi.  The'cse),  a  sporan- 
gium or  anther-cell.  (Rare.) 
Formerly  in  general  use  for 
ascus,  and  still  used  by  some 
writers  for  the  sporangium  or 
capsule  of  mosses. 

THE'CAPHORE  (obs.),  see  Gyno- 

PHORE. 

THE'CASPORE,  see  Ascosfore. 

THECIF'EROUS,  bearing  asci  or 
other  thecse;  thecigerous. 
(Rare. ) 

THEQIGEROUS,  see  Thecif- 
erous. 

THERMOTROPISM,  the  property 
or  phenomenon  of  movement 
under  the  influence  of  heat 
or  cold.  Curvature  toward  a 
source  of  heat  is  called  positive 
thermotropism ;  curvature  in 
the  opposite  direction,  negative 
thermotropism. 

THICK'ENING  LAY'ER,  an  ap- 
parent layer  of  cellulose  de- 
posited upon  the  inner  surface 
of  a  cell-wall.  It  appears  as  a 
layer  only  because  of  its  power 
of  absorbing  water  in  a  differ- 
ent degree  from  the  remainder 
of  the  cell-wall. 

THICK'ENING  RING,  the  cam- 
bium-ring, or  any  other  ring 
or  layer  of  thickening  or  meri- 
stematic  tissue. 

THORN,  a  degenerated,  sharp- 
pointed  branch,  either  simple, 
as  in  the  thorn-apple,  or 
branched,  as  in  the  honey- 
locust.  Sometimes  applied  to 
other  large,  sharp,  rigid  pro- 
cesses. Compare  Spine  and 
Prickle. 


185 


Thread-nerved 


A  DICTIONARY 


Toothlet 


THREAD-SHAPED,  see  Fili- 
form. 

THREE  -  AN  GLED,  see  Trigo- 
nous. 

THREE-CLflFT,  see  Trifid. 

THREE  -  LEAVED,  see  Trifo- 
liate. 

THREE  -  LOBED,  having  three 
lobes  or  segments. 

THREE-NERVED,  having  three 
principal  veins  proceeding 
from  the  base  of  the  leaf  in 
monocotyledons.  Applied 
mainly  in  the  floral  envelopes 
of  grasses;  trinervate;  triple- 
nerved. 

THREE  PART'ED,  divided  into 
three  parts,  or  having  the  parts 
in  threes:  a  three-parted  leaf 
has  three  lobes  Or  leaflets;  a 
three-parted  flower  has  three 
petals. 

THREE-RANKED,  in  three  verti- 
cal rows  upon  a  stem;  trifa- 
rions;  tristichous. 

THREE-VALVED,  having  three 
valves  or  dehiscent  portions  of 
a  pericarp;  tri valvular. 

THROAT,  see  Faux. 

THRUM,  au  old  term  for  stamen. 

THRUM-EYED,  a  florist's  term  for 
flowers  having  long,  conspicu- 
ous stamens  and  a  short  style. 
( Jompare  Pin-eyed. 

THYLL,  see  Tylosis. 

THY'LOSE,  see  Tylosis. 

THYRSE,  a  compact  panicle,  like 
that  of  the  lilac  and  grape. 

THYR'SOID,  thyrse-like. 

THYRSUS  (pi.  Thyrsi),  see 
Thyrse. 

TIGE  [pro.  tezh],  stem.     (Rare.) 

TlGELLE',  see  Tigellum. 

TIGEL'LUM  (pi.  Tigel'la),  see 
Caulicle. 

TIL'LER,  n.,  a  sucker  or  branch 


from  the  base  of  the  stem. 
(Obs.) 

TIL'LER,  v.  i.,  to  put  forth  new 
shoots  from  the  root  or  around 
the  base  of  the  original  stalk, 
as  wheat;  stool.  Applied 
mainly  to  the  smaller  culti- 
vated plants  of  the  grass  fam- 
ily.    Compare  Sucker. 

TIL'LOW  (obs.),  see  Tiller. 

TIMBER-LINE,  the  upper  limit 
of  arborescent  vegetation  upon 
high  mountains,  as  determined 
by  cold. 

TLNCTO'RIOUS,  capable  of  serv- 
ing as  a  dye. 

TISSUE,  a  general  term  for  all 
the  material  of  which  plants 
and  animals  are  formed;  par- 
ticularly, a  collection  of  cells 
of  similar  character,  as  vege- 
table tissue,  epidermal  tissue, 
nbrovascular  tissue. 

TISSUE-CORD,  see  Central 
Cord. 

TO'MENTOSE,  covered  with 
matted  woolly  hairs. 

TOMEN'TOUS,  see  Tomentose. 

TOMEN'TULOSE,  slightly  tomen- 
tose. 

TOMEN'TUM,  matted  woolly 
hairs. 

TOMLP'ArOUS,  producing  spores 
by  division.  (M.  C.  Cooke.) 
See  Fissiparous. 

TONGUE,  see  Ligule. 

TONGUE-SHAPED,  long,  thick- 
ened, nearly  flat,  and  rounded 
at  the  end;  Ungulate;  lingui- 
form;  linguoeform. 

TON'OPLAST,  a  term  sometimes 
applied  to  a  vacuole-wall.  See 
Vacuole. 

TOOTH,  any  small,  pointed,  mar- 
ginal lobe,  especially  of  a  leaf. 

TOOTHED,  see  Dentate. 

TOOTH'LET,  a  small  or  second- 
ary tooth;  deuticulation. 


186 


Topical 


OF   BOTANICAL   TERMS.  Transverse  Chorisis 


TOOTH'LilTilD,  see  Denticu- 
late. 

TdP'ICAL,  local;  confined  to  a 
limited  area. 

T&P'  SHAPED,  see  Turbinate. 

TORN,  with  marginal  incisions 
deep  and  irregular.  (Rare.) 
Compare  Jagged,  Laciniate, 
and  Incised. 

TOROSE',  cylindrical,  and  swollen 
at  intervals.    SeeMoNiLiFORM. 

TORSION,  the  state  of  being 
twisted  spirally. 

TOR'TtJOtJS,  bending  or  turniug 
in  various  directions. 

TdR'tJLOSE,  somewhat  torose. 

TO'RUS,  (1)  the  extremity  of  the 
stem,  upon  which  the  floral 
organs  are  situated,  usually 
termed  Receptacle;  thalamus; 
(2)  a  thickeued  centre  in  the 
closing  membrane  of  a  bor- 
dered pit. 

TRABEC'UlA  (pi.  Trabec'ulae), 
one  of  the  transverse  pro- 
cesses upon  the  inner  face  of 
the  teeth  of  the  peristome  in 
mosses;  a  projection  from  the 
wall  across  a  cavity,  as  the 
bands  of  tissue  crossing  the 
sporangia  of  Isoetes  or  the  cel- 
lular filaments  across  the  space 
surrounding  the  fibrovascular 
bundles  in  Selaginella;  any 
cross-bar,  as  one  of  the  con- 
necting threads  in  a  reticulum. 

TRABECULAR,  having  or  per- 
taining to  trabecular;  trabecu- 
late. 

TRABECULAR  VESSEL,  one 
•whose  cavity  is  crossed  by 
ligneous  threads  or  bands. 

TRAbeCULATE,  having  trabec- 
ular; trabecular. 

TRA'CHEA  (pi.  Tra'cheae),  see 
Spiral  Vessel,. 

TRA'CHEID  (pi.  Tra'cheids  or 
Trache'ides),    a    woody    vessel 


composed  of  a  single  cell. 
Applied  mainly  to  those  hav- 
ing bordered  pits. 

TRAIL  ING,  elongated,  and  pros- 
trate upon  the  ground,  but  not 
rooting.  The  same  as  Run- 
ning, except  that  the  plant 
may  be  shorter,  or  may  rise 
at  first  from  a  woody  or  other- 
wise self-supporting  base. 
Compare  Creeping. 

TRAJECTILE    (obs.),    see    Dis- 

TRACTILE. 

TRA  MA,  the  substance  of  the 
same  character,  as  the  pileus 
in  the  gills  of  agarics.  It  sup- 
ports the  subhymeneal  layer. 

TRANSFORMATION.  This  term 
is  used  in  botany  mainly  in  the 
same  sense  as  Metamorphosis. 
A  petal,  for  example,  is  called 
a  transformed  or  metamor- 
phosed leaf,  not  because  the 
particular  petal  under  consid 
eration  has  ever  been  a  foliage- 
leaf,  but  because  it  is  a  leaf  in 
a  special  or  unusual  condition. 
The  word  Transformation  is 
also  used  for  the  changes  in  a 
particular  organ  during  its  de- 
velopment or  growth. 

TRANSMUTA'TION,  see  Metabo- 
lism. 

TRANSPIRATION,  the  normal 
escape  of  fluids  from  within 
the  plant;  exhalation.  It  in- 
cludes not  only  the  escape  of 
moisture,  both  in  the  form  of 
vapor  and,  as  occasionally  oc- 
curs, in  the  liquid  state,  but 
also  the  gaseous  products  of 
respiration.  The  transpira- 
tion of  moisture  is  sometimes, 
but  unnecessarily,  termed  Per- 
spiration. 

TRANSVERSE'  CHO'RISIS,  when 
two  or  more  organs  in  place  of 
one  stand  one  above  or  within 
another ;      vertical      chorisis. 


187 


Trapeziform 


A  DICTIONARY 


Trifarious 


Compare    Collateral    Cho- 
risis. 

TRANSVERSE'      GEOT'ROPISM, 

See  DlAGEOTROPISM. 

TRANSVERSE'  HELIOT  ROPISM, 

see  DlAHELIOTROPISM. 

TRAPEZIFORM,  unsynimetri- 
cally  four-sided,  like  a  trape- 
zium; trapezoid. 

TRAPEZOID,  see  Trapeziform. 

TRAP'EZOID,  n.,  a  body  having 
the  form  of  a  trapezium. 
(Rare.) 

TREE,  a  wood)'  plant  capable  of 
growing  in  the  given  locality 
at  least  twenty  feet  in  height, 
with  a  single  self-supporting 
stem.  If  tue  top  is  unusually 
broad  the  height  may  be  some- 
what less.  The  standard  is 
arbitrary  and  varies  consider- 
ably according  to  circum- 
stances.    Compare  Shrub. 

TREM'ELLOID,  gelatinous,  like 
the  Tremellinege. 

TRI-,  three. 

TRlADEL'PHOUS,  having  the 
filaments  in  three  sets. 

TRlANDRIAN,       see       Trian- 

DROUS. 

TRlAN'DROUS,  having  three  sta- 
mens. 

TRIANGULAR,  having  three 
sides  or  angles  ; — a  p  plied 
either  to  flat  bodies  like 
leaves,  or  to  columnar  bodies 
like  stems.  Compare  Trigo- 
nous. 

TRiAN'THOtJS,  three-flowered. 

TRI'AROH,  a  fibrovascular  cylin- 
der which  has  three  ligneous 
rays,  and  thus  represents  three 
fibrovascular  bundles. 

TRIBE,  a  group  of  genera  subor- 
dinate to  an  order  or  suborder. 
Similar  groups  are  in  some 
cases  called  families. 

TRICAR'PELLARY,  having  three 


carpels  in  a  flower  or  pistil; 
trigynous. 

TRICAR'POtJS,  containing  three 
ovaries  or  fruits. 

TRICEPH'ALOtJS,  three-headed. 

TRI€H'OBLAST,  an  internal  hair, 
like  those  which  project  into 
the  intercellular  spaces  of  some 
water-lilies. 

TRICH'OGYNE,  a  slender  pro- 
longation of  the  carpogonium 
in  Florideoe  which  receives 
upon  its  apex  the  anthero- 
zoids  in  fertilization. 

TRICHOMA  (pi.  Tricho'mata),  a 
term  sometimes  applied  to  fila- 
ments of  conferva  and  some 
other  alga?,  especially  to  the 
multicellular  filaments  in  Nos- 
tochinere. 

TRIOH'OME,  a  plant-hair  of  any 
kind. 

TRIOH'OPHORE,  the  cell  or  cells 
immediately  supporting  a 
trichogyne. 

TRI€HOSPORAN'GIUM,  a  sporan- 
gium which  is  morphologically 
a  hair.  Formerly  also  applied 
to  the  plurilocular  sporangia 
of  Phreosporese. 

TRICHOT  OMOUS,  dividing  at  the 
end  into  three  branches;  three- 
forked;  trifurcate. 

TRICOC'COUS,  of  three  cocci. 

TRICOLOR,  of  three  colors. 

TRICOS  TATE,  three-ribbed. 

TRICUS'PID,  three-poiuted;  tri- 
cuspidate. 

TRICUS'PID  ATE,  see  Tricuspid. 

TRIDEN'TATE,  three-toothed. 

TRLEN'NIAL,  a  plaut  which  fruits 
the  third  year,  then  dies.  Few 
plants,  if  any,  are  strictly  of 
this  character.  Compare  Bi- 
ennial. 

TRIFA'RIOUS,  in  three  rows,  or 
pointing  in  three  directions; 
especially,  in  three  vertical 
188 


Trifid 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Tripinnatisect 


rows  upon  a  stem;  three- 
ranked;  tristichous.  Compare 
Triserial  and  Multifa- 
rious. 

TRi'FID,  three-cleft;  divided  into 
three  parts  about  half-way  to 
the  base. 

TRIFLO'ROIJS,  three-flowered. 

TRIFOLIATE,  strictly,  three- 
leaved,  but  often  incorrectly 
•applied  to  leaves  which  have 
three  leaflets,  as  those  of 
clover.  Compare  Triphyl- 
lous. 

TRLFO'LIQLATE,  having  three 
leaflets.  Usually  but  incor- 
rectly called  Trifoliate. 

TRIFtfR'CATE,    see     Trichoto- 

1COUS. 

TRIG  AMOtJS,  having  staniinate, 
pistillate,  and  perfect  flowers 
in  the  same  head  in  Composi- 
te, being  one  of  the  polyga- 
mous conditions. 

TRIGEM'INOtJS,  see  Tergemi- 
nate  and  Trijugate. 

TRIGONAL,  see  Trigonous. 

TRIGONOUS,  prismatic,  and 
three-angled,  as  the  stems  of 
sedges;  trigonal.  Compare 
Triquetrous. 

TRIG'YNOUS,  having  three  pistils 
or  styles;  tricarpellary. 

TRIJUGATE,  having  three  pairs 
of  leaflets  arranged  in  any  man- 
ner upon  a  leaf,  especially  along 
a  common  petiole;  trijugous. 
Compare  Tekgeminate. 

TRIJ'UGOUS,  see  Tri.tugate. 

TRILATERAL,  three-sided.  See 
Trigonous. 

TRILOBATE,  three-lobed. 

TRILOCULAR,  three-celled:  ap- 
plied to  pericarps. 

TRIMEROUS,  having  the  parts 
in  threes :  applied  to  flowers 
having  calyx,  petals,  and  sta- 
mens each  three  or  a  multiple 

189 


of  three.     Sometimes  written 
3-merous. 

TRIMOR'PHIC,      see      Trimor- 

PHOUS. 

TRlMOR'PHOUS,  having  three 
kinds  of  flowers  in  the  same 
species,  differing  in  the  rela- 
tive lengths  of  their  stamens 
and  pistils;  heterogenous  tri-' 
morphous.  Compare  Dimor- 
phous.    See  Heterogonous. 

TRlNERV'ATE,  see  Three- 
nerved. 

TRI'NERVED,     see     Three- 

NERVED. 

TRINOD  AL,  having  three  nodes. 

TRIffi'CIOUS,  having  a  polyga- 
mous condition  in  which  there 
are  staniinate,  pistillate,  and 
perfect  flowers,  each  on  differ- 
ent sets  of  plants. 

TRIOI  COUS,  see  Trkecious. 

TRIO'VULATE,  containing  three 
ovules. 

TRI'PArteD,  see  Tripartite. 
Compare  Three-parted. 

TRIPARTITE,  divided  into  three 
parts  nearly  to  the  base;  three- 
parted. 

TRLPETALOUS,  of  three  petals. 

TRIPH'YLLOtJS,  having  three 
leaves  or  leaf-like  bodies  in  a 
whorl,  or  otherwise  associated; 
— applied  especially  to  a  three- 
leaved  calyx  or  perianth. 

TRIPIN'NATE,  thrice  pinnate,  as 
a  bipinnate  leaf  the  leaflets  of 
which  (or  some  of  them)  are 
themselves  pinnate;  terpinnate. 

TRIPINNAT  IFLD,  thrice  pin- 
natifid;  thrice  pinnately  cleft; 
— said  of  a  pinnatind  leaf 
when  its  segments  are  pin- 
natifid  and  the  subdivisions  of 
these  are  also  piunatirid. 

TRIPINNAriSflCT,  the  same  as 
Tripiuuatifid,    with    the    divi- 


Triple-nerved 


A  DICTIONARY 


Tubercle 


sions  extending  iu   each  case 
to  the  base  or  midrib. 

TRIPLE-NERVED,   see    Three- 

NEBVED. 

TRIP'LE-RiBBED,  having  three 
prominent  ribs  or  veins. 

TRIPLICATE  -  GEMINATE,  see 
Tergeminate. 

TRIPLICATE  -  PIN'NATE,     see 

TllIPINNATE. 

TRIP'LiCATE-TER'NATE,  see 
Triternate. 

TRIP'LINERVED,    see    Three- 

SERVED. 

TRIP  TEROUS,  three-winged. 

TRIQUETROUS,  prismatic,  with 

three  acute  or  salient  angles. 

Compare  Trigonous. 
TRISECTED,  divided  into  three 

parts  or  segments  by  incisions 

extending    to    the   midrib    or 

base  :  said  of  leaves. 
TRISEP'ALOUS,  of  three  sepals; 

triphyllous. 
TRISEPTATE,      having      three 

septa. 
TRISE'RIAL,  in  three  rows;  tri- 

seriate.     See  Three-ranked. 
TRISE'RiATE,  see  Triserial. 
TRISPER'MOUS,  three-seeded. 
TRIS'TICHOUS,    see     Three- 

RANKED. 

TRISTIGMAT'IC,  having  three 
stigmas. 

TRIS'TIS,  of  some  dull  or  dingy 
color.     (Rare.) 

TRiSTYLOUS,  having  three 
styles. 

TRISUL'CATE,  three-grooved. 

TRITERNATE,  thrice  ternate.  as 
a  compound  leaf  whose  pri- 
mary petiole  divides  into  three 
secondary  petioles,  each  of 
which  again  divides  into 
three,  each  division  bearing 
three  leaflets. 


TRIVAL'VULAR,     see     Three- 

VALVED. 

TRIVIAL  NAME,  see  Specific 
Name. 

TROCHLEAR,  short-cylindrical, 
with  the  sides  contracted;  pul- 
ley-shaped; trochleariform. 

TROcHLEARLFORM,  see  Troch- 
lear. 

TROPH'OPLAST,  a  term  including 
all  essential  granules  in  proto- 
plasm. 

TROpH'OSPERM,  see  Placenta. 

TRUMP  ET  -  SHAPED,  tubular, 
long,  very  gradually  ex- 
panded toward  the  summit, 
and  having  a  comparatively 
small  and  usually  but  slight- 
ly spreading  limb  or  border. 
Compare  Hypocrateriform. 

TRUNCATE,  terminating  ab- 
ruptly, as  though  cut  off  or 
flattened  at  the  end;  extremely 
obtuse.  Compare  Premorse 
and  Succise. 

TRUNK,  the  stem  of  a  tree. 

TRUSS,  a  popular  name  for  a 
rather  compact,  moderate-sized, 
terminal  flower-cluster  of  any 
kind,  as  au  umbel,  corymb, 
spike,  or  raceme. 

TRY'MA,  a  drupaceous  fruit,  like 
the  walnut  or  hickory-nut.  It 
is  distinguished  from  a  drupe 
by  being  derived  from  an  in- 
ferior instead  of  a  superior 
ovary. 

TUBE,  the  united  portion  of  a 
gamopetalous  corolla,  gamo- 
sepalous  calyx,  or  monadel- 
phous  androecium;  any  elon- 
gated hollow  part  or  organ. 

TUBE'-FORM,  see  Tube-shaped. 

TU'BER,  a  short,  thickened  por- 
tion of  a  subterranean  branch. 

TU'BERCLE,  any  small,  wart-like 
excrescence,  as  those  upon  the 
rootlets  of  various  Legumino- 
seae. 


190 


Tubercular 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Tussock 


TUBER'CULAR,  in  the  form  of  a 
tubercle  or  having  tubercles. 

TUBER'CUlATE,  having  tuber- 
cles; tuberculose;  tubercular. 

TUBER'CULATED,  see  Tubercu- 

LATE. 

TU'BERCULE,  a  tuberous  root,  as 
in  the  dahlia.     (Obs.) 

TUBER'CULOSE,  consisting  of 
tubercles;  bearing  many  tu- 
bercles; tuberculate. 

TUBERCULOUS,  see  Tubercu- 
lose. 

TUBERIF'EROUS,  bearing  tubers. 

TU'BEROSE,  see  Tuberous. 

TUBEROUS,  bearing  tubers,  as  a 
tuberous  plant;  resembling  a 
tuber,  as  tuberous  roots. 

TUBE'  -  SHAPED,  tubular  and 
rather  long  and  wide;  about 
the  same  as  Trumpet-shaped, 
but  may  be  shorter;  tubiform; 
tubseform;  tubeform;  tubate. 
See  Tubular. 

TUBULAR,  in  the  form  of  a  tube 
or  pipe;  fistular;  tubulose. 
Applied  in  Compositae  to 
disk  -  florets,  in  distinction 
from  the  ligulate  florets  of 
the  ray;  also  to  any  gamopet- 
alous  or  gamosepalous  flower, 
especially  if  the  tube  is  rather 
long  and  wide.  See  Tube- 
shaped. 

TUBULAR  FLORET,  a  disk- 
flower  in  Composila?.  when, 
as  is  usual,  it  differs  from 
those  of  the  raj''  in  having  a 
small  and  regular  corolla; 
disk-floret;  disk-flower.  Com- 
pare Ligulate  Floret. 

TU'BULI,  pi.,  see  Tubulus. 

TUBULIFLO  ROUS,  applied  to  a 
head  of  flowers  in  (Jompositae 
which  bears  tubular  florets 
only. 

TUBULOSE,  see  Tubular. 

TUBULUS  (pi.  Tu'buli),  (1)  one  | 

191 


of  the  cells  surrounding  the 
central  siphon  in  Chara ; 
(2)  applied  by  some  to  the 
neck  in  Pyrenomycetes. 

TUFTED,  see  Cespitose. 

TUMESCENT,  slightly  tumid. 

TUMID,  somewhat  turgid  or 
inflated. 

TUNIC,  any  integument  or  in- 
vesting layer,  as  a  seed-coat, 
or  a  peridium;  especially,  a 
membranous  scale  of  a  bulb, 
or  a  dry  sheath  surrounding 
one  of  the  lower  interuodes  in 
certain  grasses. 

TUNICATE,  covered  with  a  thin, 
separable  coat  or  tunic. 

TU'NICATED,  see  Tunicate. 

TUNlCATED  BULB,  a  bulb  with 
broad,  thin  scales  which  form 
successive  overlapping  coats, 
as  in  the  onion;  coated  bulb. 
Compare  Scaly  Bulb. 

TURBINATE,  top -shaped;  in- 
versely conical,  as  the  peri- 
carp of  water-lilies. 

TURGES'CENT,  swelling;  slight- 
ly turgid. 

TURGID,  (1)  thickened  as  if 
swollen,  like  a  tuber;  (2)  dis- 
tended with  liquid,  but  not 
with  air.  Compare  Inflated 
and  Tumid. 

TURIO   (pi.    Turio'nes),  see   Tu- 

RION. 

TURION,  a  leafless  or  scaly  shoot 
from  the  ground,  as  a  young 
stem  of  asparagus;  turio. 

TURIONIF  EROUS,  bearing  tu- 
rions. 

TURNING  IN,  commencing  to 
head:  said  of  cabbages,  etc. 

TURNIP  SHAPED,     see     Napi- 

FORM. 

TUR'PENTINE      VESSELS,     see 

Resin-passages. 
TUS'SOCK,  a  tuft  growing  from 

the  ground,  as  in  many  grasses. 


"wining 


A  DICTIONARY 


Umbonate 


TWIN,  see  Geminate. 

TWIN'ING,  ascending  by  coiling 
the  stem  iu  a  spiral  manner 
arouud  a  support;  voluble. 
Compare  Climbing. 

TWISTED,  see  Contorted. 

TWO-CLEFT,  see  Bifid. 

TWO' -FORKED,     see      Dichoto- 

MOUS, 

TWO -LIPPED,  see  Labiate. 

TWO-PARTED,  see  Bipartite. 

TWO -RANKED,  situated  in  two 
vertical  rows  on  opposite  sides 
of  the  stem,  as  the  leaves  of 
grasses;  distichous. 

TWO-TOOTHED,  see  Bidentate. 

TY'LOSE,  see  Tylosis. 

TYLOSIS  (pi.  Tyl6'se$),  a  pro- 
trusion from  an  adjoining  cell 
into  the  cavity  of  a  vessel, 
sometimes  exhibiting  repeated 
cell-division  within  the  vessel. 
Sometimes  written  Thylose 
and  Thyll.  A  vessel  which 
contains  these  protrusions  is 
said  to  exhibit  tylosis. 

TYM'PANUM,  a  membrane  clos- 
ing the  mouth  of  the  capsule 
iu  some  mosses. 

TYPE,  a  perfect  specimen  or  in- 
dividual, exemplifying  the  es- 
sential characters  of  the  species 
or  other  group  to  which  it 
belongs. 

TYPE-SPEC'IMEN,  the  original 
specimen  from  which  a  botan- 
ical description  was  written 
and  upon  which  the  name  of 
the  plant  or  group  is  based  : 
the  actual  individual  which 
serves  as  the  type  of  a  species 
or  other  group. 

TYP'ICAL,  representing  the  type 
or  plan. 

ULIG' INOSE,  see  Palustrine. 
ULIG'INOUS,  see  Palustrine. 


UMBEL,  the  inflorescence  of  the 
order  Umbelliferae.  or  any 
flower  -  cluster  in  which  sev- 
eral primary  rays  or  pedicels 
arise  from  the  apex  of  the 
stem  or  peduncle.  A  typical 
umbel  is  somewhat  flat -topped, 
and  has  the  rays  spre&diug  like 
the  stays  of  an  umbrella.  An 
umbel  is  simple  when  each  ray 
or  pedicel  bears  but  a  single 
flower;  it  is  compound  when 
each  bears  several  flowers  or 
secondary  rays. 

UM'BEL,  CYMOSE,  see  Cymose 
Umbel. 

UMBELLATE,  bearing  umbels; 
pertaining  to  umbels;  umbel- 
like. 

UMBELLATE  CYME,  see  Cymose 
Umbel. 

UM'BELLET,  a  small  umbel  or  a 
partial  umbel;  umbellule. 

UMBELLIF'EROUS,  producing 
umbels. 

UMBEL'LIFORM,  in  the  shape  of 
an  umbel. 

UMBEL  LULATE,  iu  the  form  of 
a  small  or  a  partial  umbel.  For- 
merly used  for  Subumbellate, 
which  see. 

UMBELLULE,  see  Umbellet. 

UMBELLULIF'EROUS,  bearing 
small  umbels. 

UMBILICAL  CORD,  see  Funicu- 
lus. 

UMBIL'ICATE,  having  an  umbili- 
cus, or  central  depression  like 
the  navel. 

UMBILICUS,  an  old  term  for 
Hilum;  any  depression  resem- 
bling the  navel. 

UM'BO,  a  central  elevation,  like 
the  boss  of  an  ancient  buckler. 

UM'BONATE,  having  a  low, 
rounded  central  projection, 
as  the  cap  of  many  mush- 
rooms. 


192 


Tlmbonulate 


OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Uniparous 


tJMBON'ULATE,  slightly  umbo- 
nate;  Bubumbonate;  bearing  a 
small,  or  slightly  elevated, 
umbo. 

UMBRAc'ULIFORM,  umbrella- 
shaped. 

UMBRACUlUM,  the  fruit-cap  of 
Marchautia,  or  any  such  um- 
brella-shaped appendage. 

UNARMED',  destitute  of  thorns, 
spines,  or  prickles. 

UNCATE,  see  Uncinate. 

UNCIFORM,  hook-shaped. 

UNCINATE,  hooked  at  the  end, 
or  furuished  with  hooked  ap- 
pendages; uncate;  unciform. 
Compare  Falcate. 

UNCTUOUS,  having  a  greasy 
appearance. 

UN'DATE,  see  Undulate. 

UN'DATED,  see  Undulate. 

UN'DERSHRUB,  (1)  a  low  shrub, 
less  than  three  feet  high,  as  the 
wintergreen;  (2)  a  plant  with 
woody  base  and  upper  portion 
herbaceous  and  yearly  dying 
back,  as  the  garden  sage  (suf- 
frutex).  The  term  is  now  gen- 
erally used  in  the  first  sense 
only. 

UN'DULATE,  applied  to  leaves 
which  have  the  surface  near 
the  margin  alternately  concave 
and  convex;  undate.  Com- 
pare Crisp,  Sinuate, 
Waved,  and  Ruffled. 

UNEQUAL,  (1)  unsymmetrical, 
as  the  leaves  of  begonia; 
(2)  differing  in  length — ap- 
plied to  stamens,  etc. 

UNEQUALLY  PINNATE,  see 
Imparipinxate. 

UNE'QUAL  -  SIDED,  unsymmet- 
rical. 

UNGUlC'ULAR,  see  Unguicu- 
late. 

UNGUIC'UlATE,  (1)  furnished 
with  a  "claw"  or  unguis,  as 


the  petals  of  pinks;  (2)  ending 
in  a  curved  point  resembling  a 
claw. 

UN'GUIFORM,  like  the  claw  of  a 
petal. 

UN'GUIS,  see  Claw. 

UN'GULATE,  hoof-shaped. 

UNI-,  a  Latin  prefix,  one. 

UNIAXIAL,  having  an  un- 
branched  stem. 

UNICAP'SULAR,  having  the  car- 
pels of  a  flower  all  united  into 
one  capsule. 

UNICAR'INATED,  one-keeled. 

UNICELLULAR,  one  celled. 

UNICOL'OR,  of  the  same  color 
throughout  ;  whole  -  colored  ; 
unicolorous;  isochrous.  Com- 
pare Discolor  and  Concolor. 

UNICOL'OROUS,  see  Unicolor. 

UNIFA'RIOtJS,  one- ranked. 
Compare  SfXUND. 

UNIFLO  ROUS,  one-flowered. 

UNIFO'LIATE,  one-leaved.  Used 
also  for  Uuifoliolate,  which 
see. 

UNIFO'LIOLATE,  of  one  leaflet, 
as  the  theoretically  compound 
leaf  of  the  orange  and  lemon. 

UNIJ'UGATE,  having  a  single 
pair  of  leaflets  or  other  organs. 

UNILA'BlATE,  one -lipped  ;— 
sometimes  applied  also  to  a 
regular  gamopetalous  corolla 
which  is  open  on  one  side,  as 
the  ligulate  florets  in  Composi- 
tae.     See  Labiate. 

UNILATERAL,  one-sided.  See 
Secund. 

UNILOC  ULAR,  one-celled,  as  ap- 
plied to  anthers  and  ovaries  ; 
elocular. 

UNINTERRUPTED,  see  Contin- 
uous. 

UNIP'AROUS,  bearing  or  pro- 
ducing but  one  stem  or  axis. 


193 


Uniparous  Cyme 


A  DICTIONARY 


Vague 


UNIP  AROUS  CYME,  a  cyme  with 
one  main  axis;  mouochasium. 
Compare  Dichasium. 

UNIPET'ALOUS,  having  but  one 
petal,  as  Amorpba.  Compare 
Gamopetalous. 

UNISEP'TATE,  having  a  single 
septum. 

UNISE'RIAL,  having  one  row  or 
whorl;  uuiseriate.  Compare 
One-ranked. 

UNISE'RlATE,  arranged  in  a  sin- 
gle line;  uniserial. 

UNISEX'UAL,  applied  to  an  indi- 
vidual or  flower  which  has  one 
kind  of  sexual  organs  only; 
diclinous. 

UNIVAL'VUL AR,  dehiscing  along 
one  suture  only,  so  that  the 
pericarp  has  but  one  valve,  as 
the  pod  of  the  common  milk- 
weed, Asclepias  Cornuti. 

UNIVER'SAL,  see  Common. 

UNiVER'SAL  IN'VOLUCRE,  see 
Common  Involucre. 

UNIVERSAL  UMBEL,  see  Com- 
pound Umbel. 

UNLIN'ING,  the  separation  of 
parts  originally  united.  For- 
merly used  for  Chorisis,  from 
the  erroneous  supposition  that 
the  additional  organs  in  cho- 
risis were  always  produced  in 
this  manner.     See  Chorisis. 

UNSYMMET'RiCAL,  not  symmet- 
rical, which  see. 

UR'CEOLATE,  pitcher-  or  urn- 
shaped  :  tubular,  and  con- 
tracted at  the  orifice. 

URE'DO-FRUIT,  a  sorus  or  group 
of  uredospores. 

URE'DOSPORE,  a  form  of  unicel- 
lular spore  or  gonidium  in  the 
Uredineae  or  rust-fungi,  pro- 
duced earlier  in  the  season 
than  the  teleutospores,  and 
destined  for  immediate  ger- 
mination. 


URE'DO-STAGE,  the  early  sum- 
mer stage  of  the  Uredineae, 
during  which  only  uredo- 
spores are  produced. 

URN,  the  spore-capsule  of  mosses; 
also  the  base  of  a  pyxidium. 

URN-SHAPED,  see  Urceolate. 

URTICA'gEOUS,  pertaining  to 
nettles  or  the  family  Urticacese. 

U'TRICLE,  (1)  a  fruit  haviug  a 
small  inflated  membranous 
pericarp,  as  that  of  Cbeuopo- 
dium;  (2)  the  bladder  of  vari- 
ous aquatic  plants,  as  Utricu- 
laria;  (3)  one  of  the  large 
hyaline  cells  in  the  leaves  of 
Sphagnum. 

UTRICLE,  PRIMOR'DIAL,  see 
Primordial  Utricle. 

UTRICULAR,  bladder -like  or 
furnished  with  utricles. 

UTRIC'ULATE,  inflated  like  a 
bladder;  utricular. 

UTRiCULIFORM,  shaped  like  a 
bottle  or  bladder;  about  the 
same  as  Urceolate,  but  a  less 
definite  term. 

UTRIC'ULOSE,  bearing  utricles. 

UTRIC'ULUS  (pi.  Utric'uli),  see 
Utricle. 

VACUOLE,  a  sap-cavity  in  the 
protoplasm  of  a  cell. 

VAGI'NA,  see  Sheath. 

VAG'INANT,  sheathing. 

VAG'INATflD,  sheathed;  invagi- 
nated. 

VAGINERVOSE  ,  having  the  small 
veins  (nerves)  in  no  apparent 
order. 

VAGIN'ULA,  a  small  sheath;  es- 
pecially, the  apex  of  the  stem 
which  surrounds  the  base  of 
the  seta  in  mosses;  vaginule. 

VAG  INULE,  see  Vaginula. 

VAGUE,  in  no  definite  order  or 
direction;  of  no  definite  or 
194 


Vallecula 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Vasculum 


constant    form.      Compare 
Amorphous. 

VAIL,  see  Veil. 

VALLECULA  (pi.  Vallec'ulae),  a 
groove  or  furrow,  as  those 
between  the  ridges  on  the 
fruit  of  Umbelliferse.  Com- 
pare Sulcus. 

VAlLEC'ULAR  CANALS',  large 
intercellular  passages,  alter- 
nating with  the  fibrovascular 
bundles  in  the  stem  of  Equi- 
setum.  They  are  situated  in 
the  cortex,  and  lie  between 
the  ridges  on  the  surface. 
Compare  Carinal  Canal. 

VALV'ATE,  said  of  the  leaves  of 
a  flower  in  aestivation  when 
they  meet  at  their  edges  and 
do  not  overlap,  as  the  sepals 
in  the  rose;  valvular.  The 
margins  of  valvate  organs 
may  be  rolled  or  folded  in- 
ward or  outward. 

VALVE,  (1)  one  of  the  parts  of  a 
dehiscent  pericarp;  (2)  the  lid 
of  an  ascidium  or  pitcher; 
(3)  one  of  the  halves  of  a 
frustule  in  diatoms. 

VALVULAR,  see  Valvate. 

VA'RlABLE,  said  of  a  species  or 
other  group  which  embraces 
many  individuals  wliich  de- 
part more  or  less  from  the 
type  of  the  group.  The  term 
is  applied  in  a  similar  way  to 
any  organ  or  character  which 
fails  to  exhibit  uniformity. 

VARIA'TION,  a  transient  variety, 
consisting  of  but  one  or  a  few 
individuals,  less  marked  than 
a  Sport,  and  usually  but 
slightly  differing  from  the 
type  of  the  species  or  variety 
to  which  it  belongs.  It  is  sub- 
ordinate in  importance  to  a 
Form,  and  less  frequently  pro- 
duced by  some  peculiar  con- 
dition of  the  soil  or  climate. 

195 


VAR'ICOSE,  appearing  abnor- 
mally enlarged  in  places; — 
applied  to  hairs  and  other 
tubular  filaments. 

VA'RIEGATED,  applied  to  leaves, 
etc.,  which  have  two  or  more 
colors  upon  the  surface,  espe- 
cially to  such  as  are  per- 
manently marked  with  white 
or  yellow.  Compare  Bicolor 
and  Chlorosis. 

VARI'ETY,  a  group  subordinate 
to  a  species,  founded  on  char- 
acters wliich  in  cultivated 
plants  are  often  temporary, 
and  which  in  the  wild  state 
are  regarded  as  permanent,  but 
which  gradually  merge  into 
those  of  the  main  specific 
form.  Compare  Species, 
Race,  Sport,  and  Variation. 

VARI'ETY-HY'BRID,  see  Cross. 

VAR'NISH,  see  Blastocolla. 

VARNISHED,  see  Vernicose. 

VA'SA  PROPRIA,  a  term  applied 
by  Mohl  to  the  portion  of  the 
phloem  containing  the  sieve- 
tubes  and  other  thin-walled 
tubular  cells.  Now  seldom 
used. 

VAS'CULAR,  pertaining  to  or  con- 
taining vessels. 

VAS  CULARBUN'DLE,  see  Fibro- 
vasculak  Bundle. 

VAS'CULAR  BUN'DLE-SHEATH, 
a  layer  of  cells  between  the 
phloSm  and  cortex,  or  sur- 
rounding a  nbrovascular  bun- 
dle, or  an  entire  fibrovascular 
cylinder;  phloem  -sheath. 

VASCULAR  CYLINDER,  see 
Fibrovascular  Cylinder. 

VAS  CULAR  SYSTEM,  see  Fibro- 
vascular System. 

VAS'CULAR  TISSUE,  see  Vessel. 

VAS'CULUM,  a  botanist's  collect- 
ing-case. Formerly  this  term 
was  applied  to  an  ascidium  or 
pitcher-shaped  leaf. 


Vase-shaped 


A  DICTIONARY 


Velutinous 


VASE' -SHAPED,  shaped  some- 
what like  a  common  flower- 
pot.    (Rare.) 

VAS'IFORM,  having  the  character 
of  ducts  or  vessels. 

VASIFORM  WOOD -CELLS,  see 
Tracheids. 

VAULTED,  overarched,  as  the 
upper  lip  of  many  riugeut 
flowers;  fornicate. 

VEGETABLE,  (1)  any  plant; 
(2)  in  horticulture  applied  to 
plants  cultivated  for  some  edi- 
ble part  besides  the  fruit,  and 
also  to  some,  as  the  melon 
family,  in  which  the  part  used 
is  properly  a  fruit. 

VEGETABLE  ANATOMY,  see 
Structural  Botany. 

VEGETABLE  NOSOL'OGY,  the 
department  of  vegetable  pa- 
thology which  treats  of  the 
diagnosis  or  classification  of 
the  diseases  of  plants. 

VEGETABLE  PATHOLOGY,  the 
scieuce  which  treats  of  the 
diseases  of  plants.  It  includes 
the  study  of  disease-producing 
parasites  and  of  the  means  for 
preventing  their  injuries.  It 
does  not  include  Teratology. 

VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY,  see 
Physiological  Botany. 

VEG'ETABLE  TAXONOMY,  the 
part  of  systematic  botany 
which  relates  to  the  classifi- 
cation of  plauts. 

VEG'ETABLE  WAX,  a  wax-like 
substance  upon  many  leaves 
and  fruits,  an  important  func- 
tion of  which  is  to  protect  the 
parts  from  excessive  moisture. 
See  Bloom. 

VEGETA'TION,  (1)  germination 
and  growth;  (2)  plauts  in  gen- 
eral. 

VEGETATIVE  APOG'AMY,  the 
apogamous  production  of 
growing    shoots    in    place    of 


seeds    or   spores.     See  Apog- 

AMY. 

VEGETATIVE  £ELL,  a  cell  in 
a  pollen-grain  which  does  not 
develop  into  the  pollen-tube. 
Compare  Generative  Cell. 

VEGETATIVE  NU'CLEUS,  any 
nucleus  in  a  pollen-tube  which 
takes  no  direct  part  in  fertili- 
zation. Compare  Genera- 
tive Nucleus. 

VEIL,  (1)  a  membrane  connect- 
ing the  margin  of  the  cap  in 
mushrooms  with  the  stalk; 
velum;  (2)  the  calyptra  in 
mosses. 

VEIN,  a  small  bundle  of  fibro- 
vascular  tissue  within  a  leaf. 
When  large,  and  occupying  a 
prominent  ridge,  it  is  called 
rib;  when  very  small  it  is 
sometimes  called  nerve,  espe- 
cially in  monocotyledons;  but 
the  term  Nerve  is  now  little 
used . 

VEIN'LET,  a  small,  secondary 
vein;  veinule. 

VEIN'ULET,  a  branch  of  a  vein- 
let.     (Rare.) 

VELA'MEN,  an  envelope  of  sev- 
eral layers  of  cells  containing 
air,  surrounding  the  aerial 
roots  of  orchids  and  Aroideae. 

VE'LATE,  furnished  with  a  veil; 
veiled. 

VE'LUM,  the  membrauous  iudu- 
sium  in  Isoetes.  Formerly  ap- 
plied to  the  veil  of  mushrooms. 

VE'LUM  PARTIALE,  see  Mar- 
ginal Veil. 

VE'LUM      UNIVERSALE,      see 

VOLVA. 

VELUTINOUS,  covered  with  a 
close,  silky  coat  of  short,  fine, 
erect  hairs  of  even  length; 
velvety. 

VELVETY,  see  Velutinous. 


196 


Venation 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Verticillas.ter 


VENA'TION,  the  manner  in  which 
the  veius  are  arranged  in  a 
leaf. 

VENOSE',  containing  numerous 
veins. 

VEN'TER,  the  expanded  basal 
portion  of  an  archegonium,  in 
which  the  oosphere  is  formed. 

VENTRAL,  pertaining  to  the 
face  or  front,  being  the  side 
opposite  to    the   dorsal.      See 

DOKSAL. 

VENTRAL      CANAL'     CELL,     a 

small  cell  below  the  entrance 
of  the  neck  of  an  archego- 
nium, cut  off  from  the  mother- 
cell  of  the  oosphere. 

VENTRAL  SU'TURE,  a  line  of 
union  between  the  margins  of 
the  carpel  or  carpels  in  an 
ovary.  Compare  Dorsal  Su- 
ture. 

VEN'TRICOSE,  swelling  out  in  a 
rounded  manner. 

VENTRIC'tJLOSE,  slightly  ven- 
tricose. 

VENTRICUM'BENT,  face  down- 
ward upon  the  ground;  prone. 

VEN'tJLOSE,  abounding  in  vein- 
lets. 

VERMICULAR,  worm-shaped. 

VERMIC'tJLATE,  vermicular,  or 
bearing  worm-like  processes. 

VERMIFORM  BOD'Y,  see  Scole- 
cite. 

VER'NAL,  pertaining  to  spring; 
appearing  in  spring. 

VERNATION,  the  manner  in 
which  leaves  are  disposed  in 
the  bud;  prefoliation.  Some- 
times improperly  used  for  Foli- 
ation, the  act  or  time  of  leaf- 
ing. 

VER'NICOSE,  appearing  asthough 
varnished,  as  the  buds  of  mauy 
trees. 

VERRTJ'CA  (pi.  Verru'cse),  a  wart- 
like elevation  of  any  kind,  in- 


cluding the  sessile  apothecia 
of  some  lichens.  (Obs.)  See 
Wart. 

VERRUCIFORM,  wart-like. 

VERRUCOSE,  wart-like,  or  bear- 
ing wart-like  prominences. 
Compare  Papillate  and 
Pustulate. 

VERRU'CULOSE,  slightly  verru- 
cose. 

VER'SATILE,  attached  at  one 
point,  so  as  to  swing  freely  to 
and  fro,  as  the  anthers  of  the 
lily. 

VERSICOLOR,  changeable  in 
color,  or  appearing  of  differ- 
ent colors  from  different 
points  of  view. 

VER  SIFORM,  varied  or  varying 
in  form. 

VERTEX,  an  upper  extremity; 
summit.     Compare  Apex. 

VERTICAL,  (1)  perpendicular  to 
the  horizon;  (2)  perpendicular 
to  the  surface  or  axis  of  sup- 
port; (3)  in  the  direction  of 
the  axis  of  growth;  length- 
wise. 

VERTICAL  AN'THER,  see  In- 
nate. 

VER'TICAL  CHO'RISIS,  see 
Transverse  Chorisis. 

VERTICAL  LEAVES,  applied 
especially  to  erect  leaves  like 
those  of  Iris,  which  have  no 
distinct  or  obvious  dorsal  and 
ventral  surfaces. 

VERTICALLY  COMPRESSED',  see 
Depressed. 

VER'TICAL  SYS'TEM,  see  Fibro- 
vascular  System.  Compare 
Horizontal  System. 

VER'TICEL,  see  Verticil. 

VER  TICIL,  see  Whorl. 

VERTICILLAS'TER,  a  pair  of 
dense  cymes  in  the  axils  of 
opposite    leaves,    forming    an 


197 


Verticillate 


A  DICTIONARY 


Vine 


apparent  verticil,  as  in  most 
Labiatce. 

VERTIg  ILLATE,  arranged  in  a 
ring  or  whorl;  whorled. 

VEHICLE,  a  small  bladder-like 
body  or  cavity. 

VESICULAR,  bearing  or  contain- 
ing numerous  vesicles;  vesicu- 
late; vesiculose. 

VESICULATE,  see  Vesicular. 

VESICULOSE,  see  Vesicular. 

VESPERTINE,  pertaining  to  or 
taking  place  early  in  the  even- 
ing: applied  especially  to  flow- 
ers which  expand  at  that  time 
of  the  day. 

VES'SEL,  a  cell,  or  row  of  conflu- 
ent cells,  having  markings  pro- 
duced by  thickenings  in  the 
cell-wall,  forming  dots,  bauds, 
rings,  spirals,  etc.  Formerly 
only  vessels  having  spiral 
markings  were  called  vessels, 
in  distinction  especially  from 
those  having  pitted  walls, 
which  were  known  as  ducts, 
but  the  term  Duct  is  now  com- 
paratively little  used.  The 
terms  Duct  and  Vessel  are  par- 
tially equivalent,  Duct  being 
perhaps  more  often  used  for 
continuous  vessels  composed 
of  more  than  one  cell.  See 
Trachea  and  Tracheid. 

VESTIBULE,  a  term  applied  by 
Duchartre  to  an  opening  or 
chamber  above  the  stomata  in 
certain  plants,  as  Oycas  revo- 
luta,  formed  by  the  depression 
of  the  guard-cells  and  the  out- 
ward growth  of  the  adjoining 
epidermal  cells.  Compare 
Antechamber  and  S  t  o  - 
matic  Chamber. 

VES'TIGE,  an  abortive  part 
which  in  some  aucestral  form 
was  fully  developed. 

VET'ERAN  (Forestry),  a  very  old 
tree. 


198 


VllX'IL,  see  Vexillum. 
VEX'ILLARY        JSSTIVA'TION, 

having  a  vexillum  or  other 
similar  large  petal  which  en- 
folds all  the  others  in  the  bud. 
More  properly  "  Cochlear  ^Es- 
tivation," except  in  Papiliona- 
ceae. 

VEX'ILLATE,  having  a  vexilluoi. 
VEXIL'LUM,    the    large    upper 

petal     of     a     papilionaceous 

flower;  standard;  banner. 
VI' ABLE,  capable  of  growing  or 

manifesting  life— said  mainly 

of  seeds. 

Vl'BRATILE,  having  a  vibratory 
or  back-and-forth  motion. 

VI'BR06EN,  a  term  applied  by 
Penhallow  to  certain  longitu- 
dinal bands  of  active  tissue  in 
thecortex  of  tendrils  to  which 
their  movements  of  circumnu- 
tation  are  supposed  to  be  chiefly 
due. 

VICA'RIOUS,  performing  the 
function,  or  occupying  the 
place,  of  some  other  organ. 

VIL'LI  (sing.  Villus),  veluti- 
nous  hairs. 

VIL'LIFORM,  resembling  villi. 

VILLOSE',  covered  with  rather 
thin,  soft,  straightish  hairs, 
somewhat  finer,  softer,  and 
thicker  than  in  Pilose;  villous. 
Sometimes  used  for  Veluti- 
nous,  which  see. 

VILLOUS,  see  Villose. 

VIL'LUS,  sing.,  see  Villi. 

VI'MEN,  a  long,  flexible  shoot 
or  branch,  like  the  willow 
branches  used  for  wicker- 
work.     (Obs.) 

VIM'INAL,  pertaining  to  twigs. 

VIMIN'EOUS,  producing  or  re- 
sembling long,  flexible  twigs 
or  branches. 

VINE,  any  plant,  or  its  stem, 
which   is   incapable    of    self- 


Virescence 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Water-core 


support,  and  either  grows 
upon  the  ground  or  supports 
itself  upon  other  objects. 

ViRES'CENCE,  having  petals  ab- 
normally "green  in  color,  like 
leaves. 

VLRES'CEINT,  greenish,  or  be- 
coming green. 

VIR'GATE,  waud-like;  long, 
straight,  and  slender. 

VIR'GULATE,      diminutive      of 
Virgate;    shaped  like  a  little 
twig  or  rod. 
VIRIDflS'CENT,   greenish;  vires- 
cent. 
VIROSE',    having     a    nauseous 

odor. 
VIS'CID,   sticky;    adhesive;    vis- 
cous. 
VISCID  DISK,    the    retinaculum 

of  "orchids. 
VITEL'LUS,  the  embryo  sac  as  it 

appears  in  the  seed. 
VITIC'OLOUS,  growing  upon  the 
grape-vine,  as  certain  parasitic 
fungi. 
VITIC'ULA  (pi.  Vitic'ulee),  a  trail- 
ing stem,  as  that  of  the  cucum- 
ber; a  little  viue;  a  tendril;  a 
stolon;  a  sarment.     (Rare.) 
VITIC'ULOSE,  bearing  or  resem- 
bling viticulie. 
VITREOUS,      transparent      like 

glass.     Compare  Hyaline. 
VIT'TA  (pi.  VI t' tee),  one   of   the 
tubular  oil-receptacles  in   the 
fruit  of  Umbelliferse;  oil-tube. 
They    appear     externally    as 
ridges. 
VIT'TATE,  bearing  vittse,  or  lon- 
gitudinal stripes  or  ridges  some- 
what resembling  the  vittse  on 
the  fruit  of  Umbelliferae. 
VIVA  giOUS,  (1)  living  over  win- 
ter, or  from  year  to  year;  per- 
ennial; (2)  full  of  life;  difficult 
to  kill. 


VIVIPAROUS,  producing  bulbs 
or  seeds  which  germinate 
while  still  attached  to  the 
parent  -  plant.  The  term  is 
not  applied  to  the  production 
of  ordinary  offsets  or  suckers. 

VdL'UBlLE,  see  Twining. 

VOL'UBLE,  see  Twining. 

VOLUNTEER'.  A  volunteer  crop 
or  plant  is  one  which  has  come 
from  self-sown  seed  within  the 
boundaries  of  the  field  or  farm 
and  has  grown  without  care  or 
cultivation.  The  term  implies 
that  the  growth  is  of  some 
value. 

VOLUTE',  rolled  up  in  any  direc- 
tion. 

VOL'VA,  a  covering,  membra- 
nous, gelatinous,  or  otherwise, 
which  extends  from  the  mar- 
gin of  the  cap  to  the  base  of 
the  stipe  in  mushrooms,  and 
which  is  ruptured  by  growth 
in  those  species  which  have  an 
elongated  stem;  wrapper;  ve- 
lum universale. 

WALL'ING  OVER,  a  term  em- 
ployed in  forestry  for  the 
growth  of  a  callus  over  a  cut 
or  injured  surface. 

WART,  a  sessile  gland,  hard  ex- 
crescence, or  other  protuber- 
ance resembling  a  wart  upon 
animals.     Compare  Pustule. 

WARTY,  applied  by  gardeners 
to  a  head  of  cauliflower  when 
it  becomes  loose  aud  covered 
with  small  prominences  pre- 
paratory to  throwing  up  the 
seed-stalks;  frothy. 

WA'TER-CORE,  an  abnormal  con- 
dition of  a  part  or  the  whole 
of  the  flesh  of  the  apple,  occa- 
sionally seen,  in  which  the  cells 
are  unusually  firm,  do  not  lose 
their  fluid  contents  upon  ripen- 
ing,  and  appear  as  though 
water-soaked. 


199 


Water-gland 


A  DICTIONARY 


Wing 


WATER-GLAND,  a  group  of  cells 
beneath  the  water-pores  of  cer- 
tain plants,  as  in  Saxifraga, 
which  serve  to  facilitate  or 
regulate  the  transpiration  of 
water.  The  cells  composing 
the  gland  are  rich  in  proto- 
plasm but  destitute  of  chloro- 
phyll. 

WA'TER-PORE,  an  aperture  in 
the  epidermis  directly  over  the 
extremity  of  a  vein  in  the  leaves 
of  certain  plants,  as  Galadium 
esculentum.  It  is  a  stoma 
whose  guard-cells  have  lost 
their  function  and  become  im- 
movable, and  its  probable  func- 
tion is  to  facilitate  the  transpi- 
ration of  water. 

WATER-SPROUT  (Hort.),  an  un- 
usually long  shoot  or  limb  of 
one  year's  growth,  especially 
upon  the  body  of  a  tree  where 
older  limbs  have  been  removed. 

WA'TER-STOMA,  see  Water- 
pore. 

WA'TER-STOR'iNG  TIS'StJE,  a 
form  of  water-tissue  adapted 
for  the  storage  of  water  for 
the  supply  of  surrounding 
cells  in  times  of  drought,  as 
in  many  plants  of  dry  climates. 

WAVED,  said  of  a  margin  when 
strongly  undulate,  but  less 
strongly  than  Ruffled. 

WAVY,  alternately  concave  and 
convex  upon  the  surface  or 
margin.  See  Sinuate,  Re- 
pand,  Undulate,  and  Crisp. 

WEATHER  PROUD,  a  gardener's 
term,  employed  in  England, 
denoting  that  plants  are 
larger  or  more  thrifty  than 
common  for  the  season  of  the 
year. 

WEDGE'-SHAPED,  see  Cuneate. 

WEED,  a  plant  which  grows 
where  it  is  not  wanted  and 
which  becomes  troublesome. 
Applied  chiefly  to  wild  plants. 


WEEP'ING,(1)  having  the  smaller 
branches  so  lax  that  many  of 
them  hang  directly  downward, 
as  those  of  several  species  of 
willow;  (2)  the  copious  exuda- 
tion of  sap  from  water-pores 
or  from  an  injured  surface,  iu 
the  latter  case  more  often  called 
Bleeding. 

WEFT,  a  collection  of  interlacing 
hyphse  or  other  filaments. 

WELT,  a  broad,  raised  stripe  or 
ridge  upon  the  surface  of  a 
fruit,  as  is  occasionally  seen  iu 
the  orange  and  lemon. 

WELT'ED,  flaccid;  droopiug. 
(Obs.) 

WHEEL'-SHAPED,  see  Rotate. 

WHIP' -SHAPED,   see  Flagelli- 

FORM. 

WHIRL,  see  Whorl. 

WHORL,  a  set  of  organs  arranged 
in  a  circle  around  a  stem  or 
axis;  verticil. 

WHORLED,  see  Verticillate. 

WILD,  (1)  growing  spontaneously 
without  care  or  cultivation, 
either  native  or  introduced; 
feral;  (2)  in  a  natural  con- 
dition, not  improved  by  cul- 
tivation or  artificial  selection. 
When  used  without  qualifica- 
tion Wild  means  strictly  native. 

WlLD'ERING,  see  Wilding. 

WILDING,  (1)  a  cultivated  plant 
that  has  "run  wild  "  or  repro- 
duced itself  spontaneously; 
wildering;  (2)  any  wild  plant; 
wildling.  In  both  senses  ap- 
plied to  fruit-trees.  A  fruit- 
tree,  however,  which  has 
sprung  up  spontaneously 
within  cultivated  ground  is 
not  usually  called  a  Wilding, 
but  merely  a  "chance  seed- 
ling." 

WING,  (1)  any  thin  or  membra- 
nous appendage,  especially  a 
flattened  appendage  to  a  seed 


200 


Winged 


OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Zodiophilous 


which  enables  it  to  be  more 
readily  conveyed  by  the  wind, 
as  in  the  ash  and  maple;  (2)  one 
of  the  side  petals  of  a  papilio- 
naceous flower,  as  of  the  pea 
or  bean;  ala. 

WINGED,  bearing  a  membranous 
expansion  or  wing;  alate. 

WIN'TER  ANNUAL,  a  plant 
which  germinates  in  the  fall, 
lives  over  winter,  and  produces 
seed  and  dies  the  following 
season . 

WIN'TER  SPORE,  see  Resting- 

SPOKE. 

WITH'ERING,  see  Marcescent. 

WOOD,  all  that  portion  of  the 
stem  in  exogens  within  the 
bark  or  cambium  layer,  ex- 
cept the  pith  and  medullary 
rays.  It  consists  of  the  xylem 
portions  of  the  united  fibro- 
vascular  bundles.  The  term 
is  also  extended  in  popular  use 
to  all  parts  of  similar  texture 
in  plants.     See  Xylem. 

WdOD-FI'BRE,  an  elongated 
wood-cell  with  thick  wall  and 
narrow  cavity.  See  Bast- 
fibre. 

WOOL,  long,  dense,  curled  hairs. 

WOOL'LY,  see  Lanate. 

WOR'ONIN'S  HY'PHA,  a  coiled 
hypha  in  various  Ascomycetes, 
believed  to  be  morphologically 
an  archicarp,  but  in  which  fer- 
tilization is  either  wanting  or 
unknown. 

WRAP'PER,  see  Volva. 

XANTHIC  FLOWERS,  those 
which  have  yellow  for  the 
typical  color,  including  all 
colors  except  those  containing 
blue.  Compare  Cyanic  Flow- 
ers. 

XAN'THOPHYLL,  see  Phyllox- 

ANTHIN. 


XEN6GAMY,  see  Cross-fertili- 
zation. 

XEROPH  ILOUS,  growing  in  dry 
climates.     (Rare.) 

XIPH'IOID  (rare  in  botany), 
see  Ensiform. 

XIPHOPH  YLLOUS,  having  ensi- 
form leaves.     (Rare.) 

XY'LEM,  the  portion  of  a  differ- 
entiated tibrovascular  bundle 
which  contains  the  larger  con- 
tinuous air-containing  vessels, 
and  the  walls  of  whose  cells 
are  often  thickened  and  ligni- 
fied;  wood;  hadrome.  The 
xylem  is  separated  from 
another  part  called  Phloem 
by  the  cambium,  if  there  is 
any,  and  it  usually  occupies 
the  side  of  the  bundle  toward 
the  centre  of  the  stem.  Com- 
pare Phloem. 

XY'LEM-PLATE,  seeXYLEM-RAY. 

XY'LEM-RAY,  a  radial  plate  of 
xylem  between  two  medullary 
rays;  xylem-plate.  Compare 
Phloem-ray. 

XYLOcAR'POUS,  having  hard, 
woody  fruit.     (Obs.) 

XYLO'DIUM    (obs.),    see    Ache- 

NIUM. 

XYLO'MA,  a  sclerotoid  body 
which  produces  spores  inter- 
nally: found  in  Polystigma 
and  some  other  Ascomycetes. 

ZQAd'ULA  (pi.  Zoad'ulae)  (obs.), 
see  Zoospore. 

ZODIOPHILOUS,  pollinated  by 
the  agency  of  animals,  includ- 
ing, for  example,  Protozopbil- 
ous  and  Entomophilous.  It 
is  the  converse  of  Anthophi- 
lous,  said  of  the  insects  or 
other  animals  which  convey 
the  pollen.  Compare  Ane- 
mophilous  and  Hydrophi- 
lous. 


201 


Zonate      A  DICTIONARY   OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS.    Zymotic 


ZON'ATE,  marked  with  circular, 
colored  bauds;  zoned.  Ap- 
plied to  the  tetraspores  of 
Floridese  when  in  a  single 
row,  in  distinction  from  a 
cruciate  or  tripartite  arrange- 
ment. 

ZONE,  a  circular  band  or  stripe. 

ZONED,  see  Zonate. 

ZO  OGAmETE,      see      Plano- 

GAMETE. 

ZOOGLffi'A  (pi.  Zoogloe'ae),  a  ge- 
latinous colony  of  bacteria. 

ZOOGONIDTUM  (pi.  Zoogonid'ia), 
a  motile  gonidium,  usually 
called  zoospore.  Restricted 
by  some  to  a  zoospore  which 
grows  into  a  plant  directly, 
without  conjugation.  See 
Zoospore. 

ZO'OSPERM,  see  Zoospore. 

ZOOSPOrAN'GIUM,  a  sporangium 
enclosing  zoospores. 

ZO'OSPORE,  a  spore  or  gonidium 
having  the  power  of  independ- 
ent movement,  usually  by 
means  of  one  or  more  vibra- 
tile  cilia;  swarm  -  spore.  See 
Zoogoniditjm. 

ZOOTHECA  (obs.),  see  Zoospo- 

RANGIUM. 

ZYGOGO'NIUM,  the  female  con- 
jugating cell  in  Conjugates, 
together  with  the  accessory 
cells,  if  any.  Compare  Asco- 
gonium  and  Carpogonium. 


ZYGOMOR  PHIC,  applied  to  flow- 
ers which  are  monosymmetri- 
cal,  as  those  of  the  pea  and 
beau.  Compare  Actinomor- 
phic.  Sachs  extends  the  term 
to  such  irregular  flowers  as  are 
capable  of  bisection  into  simi- 
lar halves  in  two  directions, 
but  in  which  the  halves  pro- 
duced by  the  two  bisections 
are  of  different  shape,  as  in 
Dicentra. 

ZYG0M6R  PHOUS,  see  Zygomor- 

PHIC. 

ZYGO  sis,  see  Conjugation. 

ZYG  OSPERM,  see  Zygospore. 

ZYG  OSPHERE,  the  female  con- 
jugating cell  in  such  zygo- 
phytes  as  have  a  distinction  in 
sex.     Compare  Oosphere. 

ZYGOSPORE,  a  spore  resulting 
from  conjugation 

ZYGOTE,  a  general  term  for  the 
product  of  the  union  of  two 
gametes. 

ZYGOZO  OSPORE,  a  motile  zygo- 
spore. 

ZYMASE,  a  ferment  secreted  by 
certain  bacteria;  enzyme. 

ZYMOSIS,  (1)  fermentation  of 
any  kind;  (2)  an  infectious  or 
contagious  disease. 

ZYMOTIC,  (1)  pertaining  to  fer- 
mentation, or  caused  by  organ- 
isms capable  of  producing  fer- 
mentation; (2)  pertaining  to  an 
infectious  or  contagious  disease. 


202 


THE  AMERICAN  SCIENCE  SERIES. 


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Advanced  Courses  for  maturer  college  students,  Briefer 
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an  appendix  on  Reproduction  and  Development.  Copies  without 
this  will  be  sent  when  specially  ordered. 

From  the  Chicago  Tribune:  "  The  reader  who  follows  him  through 
to  the  end  of  the  book  will  be  better  informed  on  the  subject  of 
modem  physiology  in  its  general  features  than  most  of  the  medical 
practitioners  who  rest  on  the  knowledge  gained  in  comparatively  an- 
tiquated text-books,  and  will,  if  possessed  of  average  good  judgmenx 
and  powers  of  discrimination,  not  be  in  any  way  confused  by  statff 
men's  of  dubious  questions  or  conflicting  views." 


2  THE  AMERICAN  SCIENCE  SERIES. 

THE  HUMAN  BODY.— Continued. 

Briefer  Course.     i2mo.     364  pp. 

Aims  to  make  the  study  of  this  branch  of  Natural  Science  a 
source  of  discipline  to  the  observing  and  reasoning  faculties, 
and  not  merely  to  present  a  set  of  facts,  useful  to  know,  which 
the  pupil  is  to  learn  by  heart,  like  the  multiplication-table. 
With  this  in  view,  the  author  attempts  to  exhibit,  so  far  as  is 
practicable  in  an  elementary  treatise,  the  ascertained  facts  of 
Physiology  as  illustrations  of,  or  deductions  from,  the  two  car- 
dinal principles  by  which  it,  as  a  department  of  modern  science, 
is  controlled, — namely,  the  doctrine  of  the  "  Conservation  of 
Energy"  and  that  of  the  "  Physiological  Division  of  Labor."  To 
the  same  end  he  also  gives  simple,  practical  directions  to  assist 
the  teacher  in  demonstrating  to  the  class  the  fundamental  facts 
of  the  science.  The  book  includes  a  chapter  on  the  action  upon 
the  body  of  stimulants  and  narcotics. 

From  Henry  Sew all,  Professor  of  Physiology,  University  of  Michi- 
gan :  "  The  number  of  poor  books  meant  to  serve  the  purpose  of 
text-books  of  physiology  for  schools  is  so  great  that  it  is  well  to 
define  clearly  the  needs  of  such  a  work:  I.  That  it  shall  contain  ac- 
curate statements  of  fact.  2.  That  its  facts  shall  not  be  too  numer- 
ous, but  chosen  so  that  the  important  truths  are  recognized  in  their 
true  relations.  3.  That  the  language  shall  be  so  lucid  as  to  give  no 
excuse  for  misunderstanding.  4.  That  the  value  of  the  study  as  a 
discipline  to  the  reasoning  faculties  shall  be  continually  kept  in  view. 
I  know  of  no  elementary  text-book  which  is  the  superior,  if  the 
equal,  of  Prof.  Martin's,  as  judged  by  these  conditions." 

Elementary  Course.     i2mo.    261  pp. 

A  very  earnest  attempt  to  present  the  subject  so  that  children 
may  easily  understand  it,  and,  whenever  possible,  to  start  with 
familiar  facts  and  gradually  to  lead  up  to  less  obvious  ones. 
The  action  on  the  body  of  stimulants  and  narcotics  is  f  idly  treated. 

From  W.  S.  Perry,  Superintendent  of  Schools,  Ann  Arbor,  Mick.: 
"  I  find  in  it  the  same  accuracy  of  statement  and  scholarly  strength 
that  characterize  both  the  larger  editions.  The  large  relative  space 
given  to  hygiene  is  fully  in  accord  with  the  latest  educational  opinion 
and  practice;  while  the  amount  of  anatomy  and  physiology  comprised 
in  the  compact  treatment  of  these  divisions  is  quite  enough  for  the 
most  practical  knowledge  of  the  subject.  The  handling  of  alcohol 
and  narcotics  is,  in  my  opinion,  especially  good.  The  most  admira. 
ble  feature  of  the  book  is  its  fine  adaptation  to  the  capacity  of  younger 
pupils.  The  diction  is  simple  and  pure,  the  style  clear  and  direct,  and 
the  manner  of  presentation  bright  and  attractive." 


THE  AMERICAN  SCIENCE   SERIES.  $ 

ASTRONOMY.  By  Simon  Newcomb,  Professor  in  the  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  and  Edward  S.  Holden,  Director  of 
the  Lick  Observatory. 

Advanced  Course.     8vo.     512  pp. 

To  facilitate  its  use  by  students  of  different  grades,  the  sub- 
ject-matter is  divided  into  two  classes,  distinguished  by  the  size 
of  the  type.  The  portions  in  large  type  form  a  complete  course 
for  the  use  of  those  who  desire  only  such  a  general  knowledge 
of  the  subject  as  can  be  acquired  without  the  application  of  ad- 
vanced mathematics.  The  portions  in  small  tvpe  comprise  ad- 
ditions for  the  use  of  those  students  who  either  desire  a  more 
detailed  and  precise  knowledge  of  the  subject,  or  who  intend  to 
make  astronomy  a  special  study. 

From  C.  A.  Young,  Professor  in  Princeton  College  :  "  I  conclude 
that  it  is  decidedly  superior  to  anything  else  in  the  market  on  the 
same  subject  and  designed  for  the  same  purpose." 

Briefer  Course.     i2mo.     352  pp. 

Aims  to  furnish  a  tolerably  complete  outline  of  the  as- 
tronomy of  to-day,  in  as  elementary  a  shape  as  will  yield  satis- 
factory returns  for  the  learner's  time  and  labor.  It  has  been 
abridged  from  the  larger  work,  not  by  compressing  the  same 
matter  into  less  space,  but  by  omitting  the  details  of  practical 
astronomy,  thus  giving  to  the  descriptive  portions  a  greater 
relative  prominence. 

From  The  Critic:  "The  book  is  in  refreshing  contrast  to  the 
productions  of  the  professional  schoolbook-makers,  who,  having  only 
a  superficial  knowledge  of  the  matter  in  hand,  gather  their  material, 
without  sense  or  discrimination,  from  all  sorts  of  authorities,  and 
present  as  the  result  an  indigesta  moles,  a  mass  of  crudities,  not  un- 
mixed with  errors.  The  student  of  this  book  may  feel  secure  as  to 
the  correctness  of  whatever  he  finds  in  it.  Facts  appear  as  facts,  and 
theories  and  speculations  stand  for  what  they  are,  and  are  worth." 

From  \V.  B.  Graves,  Master  Scientific  Department  of  Phillips 
Academy  :  "  I  have  used  the  Briefer  Course  of  Astronomy  during  the 
past  year.  It  is  up  to  the  times,  the  points  are  put  in  a  way  to  inter- 
est the  student,  and  the  size  of  the  book  makes  it  easy  to  go  over  the 
subject  in  the  time  allotted  by  our  schedule." 

From  Henry  Lefavour,  late  Teacher  of  Astronomy,  Williston  Semi- 
nary :  "  The  impression  which  I  formed  upon  first  examination,  that 
it  was  in  very  many  respects  the  best  elementary  text-book  on  the 
subject,  has  been  confirmed  by  my  experience  with  it  in  the  class* 
room." 


4  THE  AMERICAN  SCIENCE  SERIES. 

ZOOLOGY.    By  A.  S.  Packard,  Professor  in  Brown  Univer- 
sity. 
Advanced  Course.     8vo.     719  pp. 

Designed  to  be  used  either  in  the  recitation-room  or  in  the 
laboratory.  It  will  serve  as  a  guide  to  the  student  who,  with  a 
desire  to  get  at  first-hand  a  general  knowledge  of  the  structure 
of  leading  types  of  life,  examines  living  animals,  watches  their 
movements  and  habits,  and  finally  dissects  them.  He  is  pre- 
sented first  with  the  facts,  and  led  to  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  a  few  typical  forms,  then  taught  to  compare  these  with 
others,  and  finally  led  to  the  principles  or  inductions  growing 
out  of  the  facts. 

From  A.  E.  Verrill,  Professor  of  Zoology  in  Yale  College:  "  The 
general  treatment  of  the  subject  is  good,  and  the  descriptions  of 
structure  and  the  definitions  of  groups  are,  for  the  most  part,  clear, 
concise,  and  not  so  much  overburdened  by  technical  terms  as  in  sev- 
eral other  manuals  of  structural  zoology  now  in  use." 

Briefer  Course.     i2mo.     334  pp. 

The  distinctive  characteristic  of  this  book  is  its  use  of  the 
object  method.  The  author  would  have  the  pupils  first  examine 
and  roughly  dissect  a  fish,  in  order  to  attain  some  notion  of 
vertebrate  structure  as  a  basis  of  comparison.  Beginning  then 
with  the  lowest  forms,  he  leads  the  pupil  through  the  whole 
animal  kingdom  until  man  is  reached.  As  each  of  its  great 
divisions  comes  under  observation,  he  gives  detailed  instruc- 
tions for  dissecting  some  one  animal  as  a  type  of  the  class,  and 
bases  the  study  of  other  forms  on  the  knowledge  thus  obtained. 

From  Herbert  Osborn,  Professor  of  Zoology,  Iowa  Agricultural 
College  :  "  I  can  gladly  recommend  it  to  any  one  desiring  a  work  of 
such  character.  While  I  strongly  insist  that  students  should  study 
animals  from  the  animals  themselves, — a  point  strongly  urged  by 
Prof.  Packard  in  his  preface, — I  also  recognize  the  necessity  of  a 
reliable  text-book  as  a  guide.  As  such  a  guide,  and  covering  the 
ground  it  does,  I  know  of  nothing  better  than  Packard's." 

First  Lessons  in  Zoology,     nmo.     290  pp. 

In  method  this  book  differs  considerably  from  those  men- 
tioned above.  Since  it  is  meant  for  young  beginners,  it  de- 
scribes but  few  types,  mostly  those  of  the  higher  orders,  and  dis- 
cusses their  relations  to  one  another  and  to  their  surroundings. 
The  aim,  however,  is  the  same  with  that  of  the  others ;  namely, 
to  make  clear  the  general  principles  of  the  science,  rather  than 
to  fill  the  pupil's  mind  with  a  mass  of  what  may  appear  to  mm 
unrelated  facts. 


THE  AMERICAN  SCIENCE  SERIES.  5 

PSYCHOLOGY— Advanced  Course.    By  William  James,  Pro- 
fessor in  Harvard  University.     2  vols.  8vo.,  689,  704  pp. 

From  Prof.  E.  H.  Griffin,  John  Hopkins  University:  "An  important 
contribution  to  psychological  science,  discussing  its  present  aspects  and 
problems  with  admirable  breadth,  insight,  and  independence." 

From  Prof.  John  Dewey,  University  of  Michigan;  "  A  remarkable 
union  of  wide  learning,  originality  of  treatment,  and,  above  all,  of 
never-failing  suggestions.  To  me  the  best  treatment  of  the  whole 
matter  of  advanced  psychology  in  existence.  It  does  more  to  put 
psychology  in  scientific  position  both  as  to  the  statement  of  established 
results  and  a  stimulating  to  further  problems  and  their  treatment,  than 
any  other  book  of  which  I  know." 

From  Hon.  W.  T.  Harris,  National  Bureau  of  Education:  "  I  have 
never  seen  before  a  work  that  brings  together  so  fully  all  of  the  labors, 
experimental  and  analytic,  of  the  school  of  physiological  psychologists." 

BOTANY.    By  Charles  E.  Bessey,  Professor  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Nebraska. 
Advanced  Course.    8vo.    611  pp. 

Aims  to  lead  the  student  to  obtain  at  first-hand  his  knowledge 
of  the  anatomy  and  physiology  of  plants.  Accordingly,  the 
presentation  of  matter  is  such  as  to  fit  the  book  for  constant 
use  in  the  labaratory,  the  text  supplying  the  outline  sketch  which 
the  student  is  to  fill  in  by  the  aid  of  scalpel  and  microscope. 

From  J.  C.  Arthur,  Editor  of  The  Botanical  Gazette:  "  The  first 
botanical  text-book  issued  in  America  which  treats  the  most  important 
departments  of  the  science  with  anything  like  due  consideration.  This 
is  especially  true  in  reference  to  the  physiology  and  histology  of  plants, 
and  also  to  special  morphology.  Structural  Botany  and  classification 
have  up  to  the  present  time  monopolized  the  field,  greatly  retarding 
the  diffusion  of  a  more  complete  knowledge  of  the  science." 

Essentials  of  Botany.     i2mo.     292  pp. 

A  guide  to  beginners.  Its  principles  are,  that  the  true  aim  of 
botanical  study  is  not  so  much  to  seek  the  family  and  proper 
names  of  specimens  as  to  ascertain  the  laws  of  plant  structure 
and  plant  life;  that  this  can  be  done  only  by  examining  and 
dissecting  the  plants  themselves  ;  and  that  it  is  best  to  confine 
the  attention  to  a  few  leading  types,  and  to  take  up  first  the 
simpler  and  more  easily  understood  forms,  and  afterwards  those 
whose  structure  and  functions  are  more  complex. 

From  J.  T.  Rothrock,  Professor  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania: 
"  There  is  nothing  superficial  in  it,  nothing  needless  introduced,  noth- 
ing essential  left  out.  The  language  is  lucid  ;  and,  as  the  crowning 
merit  of  the  book,  the  author  has  introduced  throughout  the  volume 
'  Practical  Studies,'  which  direct  the  student  in  his  effort  to  see  for 
himself  all  that  the  text-book  teaches." 


6  THE  AMERICAN  SCIENCE  SERIES. 

CHEMISTRY.    By  Ira  Remsen,  Professor  in  the  Johns  Hop* 

kins  University. 
Advanced  Course.     8vo. 

The  general  plan  of  this  work  will  be  the  same  with  that  of 
the  Briefer  Course,  already  published.  But  the  part  in  which 
the  members  of  the  different  families  are  treated  will  be  con- 
siderably enlarged.  Some  attention  will  be  given  to  the  lines 
of  investigation  regarding  chemical  affinity,  dissociation,  speed 
of  chemical  action,  mass  action,  chemical  equilibrium,  thermo- 
chemistry, etc.  The  periodic  law,  and  the  numerous  relations 
which  have  been  traced  between  the  chemical  and  physical 
properties  of  the  elements  and  their  positions  in  the  periodic 
system  will  be  specially  emphasized.  Reference  will  also  be 
made  to  the  subject  of  the  chemical  constitution  of  compounds, 
and  the  methods  used  in  determining  constitution. 

Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Chemistry.     i2mo.     389  pp. 

The  one  comprehensive  truth  which  the  author  aims  to  make 
clear  to  the  student  is  the  essential  nature  of  chemical  action. 
With  this  in  view,  he  devotes  the  first  208  pages  of  the  book  to 
a  carefully  selected  and  arranged  series  of  simple  experiments, 
in  which  are  gradually  developed  the  main  principles  of  the  sub- 
ject. His  method  is  purely  inductive  ;  and,  wherever  experience 
has  shown  it  to  be  practicable,  the  truths  are  drawn  out  by 
pointed  questions,  rather  than  fully  stated.  Next,  when  the 
student  is  in  a  position  to  appreciate  it,  comes  a  simple  account 
of  the  theory  of  the  science.  The  last  150  pages  of  the  book 
are  given  to  a  survey,  fully  illustrated  by  experiments,  of  the 
leading  families  of  inorganic  compounds. 

From  Arthur  W.  Wright,  Professor  in  Yale  College  .-—The  student 
is  not  merely  made  acquainted  with  the  phenomena  of  chemistry,  but 
k  constantly  led  to  reason  upon  them,  to  draw  conclusions  from  them, 
and  to  study  their  significance  with  reference  to  the  processes  of 
chemical  action — a  course  which  makes  the  book  in  a  high  degree  dis- 
ciplinary as  well  as  instructive. 

From  Thos.  C.  Van  Nuys,  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Indiana 
University: — It  seems  to  me  that  Remsen's  "Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  Chemistry"  meets  every  requirement  as  a  text  or  class  book. 

From  C.  Les  Mees,  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Ohio  University: 
— I  unhesitatingly  recommend  it  as  the  best  work  as  yet  published  for 
the  use  of  beginners  in  the  study.  Having  used  it,  I  feel  justified  in 
saying  this  much. 


THE  AMERICAN  SCIENCE  SERIES,  J 

CHEMISTRY—  Continued. 

Elements  of  Chemistry.     i2mo.    272  pp. 

Utilizes  the  facts  of  every-day  experience  to  show  what  chem- 
istry is  and  how  things  are  studied  chemically.  The  language 
is  untechnical,  and  the  subject  is  fully  illustrated  by  simple  ex- 
periments, in  which  the  pupil  is  led  by  questions  to  make  his 
own  inferences.  The  author  has  written  under  the  belief  that 
"a  rational  course  in  chemistry,  whether  for  younger  or  older 
pupils,  is  something  more  than  a  lot  of  statements  of  facts  of 
more  or  less  importance;  a  lot  of  experiments  of  more  or  less 
beauty;  or  a  lot  of  rules  devised  for  the  purpose  of  enabling 
the  pupil  to  tell  what  things  are  made  of.  If  the  course  does 
not  to  some  extent  help  the  pupil  to  think  as  well  as  to  see  it 
does  not  deserve  to  be  called  rational." 

Chase  Palmer,  Professor  in  the  State  Normal  School,  Salem,  Mass.: 
— It  is  the  best  introduction  to  chemistry  that  I  know,  and  I  intend  to 
put  it  into  the  hands  of  my  pupils  next  Fall. 

A.  D.  Gray,  Instructor  in  Springfield  {Mass.)  High  School : — Neat, 
attractive,  clear,  and  accurate,  it  leaves  little  to  be  desired  or  sought 
for  by  one  who  would  find  the  best  book  for  an  elementary  course  in 
our  High  Schools  and  Academies. 

GENERAL  BIOLOGY.  By  William  T.  Sedgwick,  Professor 
in  the  Mass.  Institute  of  Technology,  and  Edmund  B.  Wil- 
son, Professor  in  Bryn  Mawr  College.  Part  I.  8vo.  193  pp. 
This  work  is  intended  for  college  and  university  students  as 
an  introduction  to  the  theoretical  and  practical  study  of  bi- 
ology. It  is  not  zoology,  botany,  or  physiology,  and  is  intended 
not  as  a  substitute,  but  as  a  foundation,  for  these  more  special 
studies.  In  accordance  with  the  present  obvious  tendency  of 
the  best  elementary  biological  teaching,  it  discusses  broadly 
some  of  the  leading  principles  of  the  science  on  the  substantial 
basis  of  a  thorough  examination  of  a  limited  number  of  typical 
forms,  including  both  plants  and  animals.  Part  First,  now 
published,  is  a  general  introduction  to  the  subject  illustrated 
by  the  study  of  a  few  types.  Part  Second  will  contain  a  de- 
tailed survey  of  various  plants  and  animals. 

W.  G.  FARLOW,  Professor  in  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass..' 
— An  introduction  is  always  difficult  to  write,  and  I  know  no  work  in 
which  the  general  relations  of  plants  and  animals  and  the  cell-struc 
ture  have  been  so  well  stated  in  a  condensed  form. 


8  THE  AMERICAN  SCIENCE  SERIES. 

POLITICAL  ECONOMY.    By  Francis  A.  Walker,  President 

of  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology. 
Advanced  Course.    8vo.    537  pp. 

The  peculiar  merit  of  this  book  is  its  reality.  The  reader  is 
brought  to  see  the  application  of  the  laws  of  political  economy 
to  real  facts.  He  learns  the  extent  to  which  those  laws  hold 
good,  and  the  manner  in  which  they  are  applied.  The  subject 
is  divided,  as  usual,  into  the  three  gr§at  branches  of  production, 
exchange,  and  distribution.  An  interesting  and  suggestive 
"book"  on  consumption  is  added,  which  serves  to  bring  in  con- 
veniently the  principles  of  population.  The  last  part  of  the 
volume  is  given  to  the  consideration  of  various  practical  appli- 
cations of  economic  principles. 

From  Richmond  Mayo  Smith,  Professor  in  Columbia  College, 
N.  Y.: — In  my  opinion  it  is  the  best  text-book  of  political  economy 
that  we  as  yet  possess. 

From  Woodrow  Wilson,  Professor  in  Princeton  University \  JV.  J.: 
• — It  serves  better  than  any  other  book  I  know  of  as  an  introduction 
to  the  most  modern  point  of  view  as  to  economical  questions. 

Briefer  Course.     i2mo.    415  pp. 

The  demand  for  a  briefer  manual  by  the  same  author  for  the 
use  of  schools  in  wnich  only  a  short  time  can  be  given  to  the 
subject  has  led  to  the  publication  of  the  present  volume.  The 
work  of  abridgment  has  been  effected  mainly  through  excision, 
although  some  structural  changes  have  been  made,  notably  in 
the  parts  relating  to  distribution  and  consumption. 

From  Alexander  Johnston,  late  Professor  in  Princeton  Univer- 
sity, N.  f.: — Using  the  "Briefer  Course"  as  a  text-book,  suited  to 
any  capacity,  lam  able  at  the  same  time  to  recommend  the  "Ad- 
vanced Course  "  to  those  who  are  better  able  to  use  it  as  a  book  of 
reference,  or  more  inclined  to  carry  their  work  further. 

Elementary  Course.     i2mo.     323  pp. 

What  has  been  attempted  is  a  clear  arrangement  of  topics ; 
a  simple,  direct,  and  forcible  presentation  of  the  questions 
raised;  the  avoidance,  as  far  as  possible,  of  certain  metaphys- 
ical distinctions  which  the  author  has  found  perplexing ;  a  fre- 
quent repetition  of  cardinal  doctrines,  and  especially  a  liberal 
use  of  concrete  illustrations,  drawn  from  facts  of  common  ex- 
perience or  observation. 

HENRY  HOLT  &  CO.,  PUBLISHERS,  N.  Y. 


APR     76 


yjj       N.  MANCHESTER, 
INDIANA 


